Transpersonal e Research Methods for the == Social Sciences Honoring Human Experience William Braud Rosemarie Anderson 6 ‘SAGE Publications ora sto ang Peon! hr TreuandOsie Lenn New Oshoy Mi tps a id mrs el ron © 198, "he ‘hey son rch ing Despont ‘Somge and ea ye tnt pros ning hom he sen Reformation Eom oethrybcon Stone ied Region Poa rman crpereee! Wma nd Roca hndeon Inca epi crc an ie. SSbNo aio 103 anova a pope ISBN 0741-10151 pee pe ‘who Recach Nea 2 Tape inerhacr ag hn ear Bas ‘recta bol Dae CONTENTS lace x Insodtion me omar don PARTE: Critiques and Extensions 1 1. Conventional and Expanded Views of Research 3 ilo Brandan Romar ddron 21 APreviw of New Methods ” Rosemarie Anderson an Willa oud PART Ik Expanded Methods of Disciplined Inquiry 33 2 Integral Inguiry: Complementary Ways ‘of Knowing, Being, and Expression 35 Via Brn 4, Intuitive Enquiry Transpersonal Approach ° Rosemarie Andevo 5. Tanspersonal Awareness in Phenomenological Tnguity: Philosophy, Relletions, and Recent Research 95 Ron ile and Mary Mae6. Organi Reseatch Feminine Spiivality ‘Mees Tanspersonal Research emir Clots, Dorothy Eig, Dis ent eed Lis Sle 7, Becoming More Human as We Work: ‘The Reflerve Role of Exceptional Human Experience her A White PART I: Applying the Principe Selected Examples 8. Alternative Was of Knowing (Encountering and Collecting Dat) Images and Symbols ‘ane Fagor Novel Interviews Kater Bart Ditece Knowing ‘Shr Vn Rae Kaowing Through Are Sh Ly Beenger Ince Inquiry ‘oni einer 9, Altemative Ways of Working With Data ‘Engaging and Confronting Data) Levee of Listening ora Eling Tnxeral Events and Archetypes ‘Alek lant Keawing Through Moving on Faber Seung Intention and Asesing Change Sophie AuoNewyen a ns 147 1st ss 1s 163 166 169 176 176 179 186 | | | | | | j 10, Alternative Ways of Presenting Ress (Espresing and Communicating Fading) 192 Integrated, Feminist Wig 19s Tit Sls Reader nteracsive Creative Syathesis 198 Wendy Reges erative Reflections 201 Ses J Neto UUnplanaed Pariipane Outcomes 206 "nds shel Sponcer PART IV: Further Extensions an 11, An Expanded View of Validity 213 Wil rod 12, Additional Suggestions, Ethical Considerations, ‘and Future Challenges 238 Rosemarie Andonon ad Willian Broad Appendix A: Synopses of Five Transpersonal Approaches wo Research 256 Appendix B: Synopses of Six Related Research Approaches| 264 Appendix C: Synopses of 17 Conventional ‘Methods of Ditiplined Inquiry 270 Centers for Tanspersonal Studies 284 References 27 Index 307 About dhe Contributors 37We dedicate this book to our teachers and students. PREFACE ABOUT THE ROOK “This book introduces tanspersonal research methods othe study ofthe ransformatve oF spiiual dimension of human experience. Although these new approaches can also be applied to more tadional ropes of ‘nguit,the methods ace intended primarily for studying extraordinary or ulsimate human experiences, such as univ consciousness, pak exper nee, transcendence, bliss, wonder, group syeray, and exteasensory and Icerspecesawatenes, The ists endless because ordinary experiences can hhave numinous dimensions aswel Researchers in anspersnal psyco ‘ony (ot more generally anspesonal studies 2sappliedtomany wadsional fehl); humanistic psychology existential peychology; and appied ares sucha consciousness studies, learning communities in corporate busines, ‘eanspersonal medicine, and psychospiriual immunology wil find these ssanspersonal approaches directly applicable o studying the more extraor- inary dimensions of human experience. More radio researchers may find these methods complementary to other research methods because trurpessocalypprosctes pend the oral dimension fr sping aman experience by directly employing alternative modes of awareness and Intuition inthe conde of esearch, This book is intended to be used along with more tational texts in advanced undergraduate and graduate research courses in psychology andrelated disciplines. Most ofthe methods presented inthis book ae qual tative in nature because in-depth approsches tend ro beter suit the \iographicand personal narare oftanspesonal experiences. Quantative pproachesare presented only bily an ussly nthe context of blending them wih wanspetsonal approaches. An overview of qualitative and ‘quasratve research methods presently avlable in paychologyi ven in the appendixes. "This book is about ways of knowing and mahods of inguiry that are specially appropriate to transpersonal topics and ¢o human experience generally Because of the nature ofthe approaches andthe subject mater, "eis necessary to address certain aspects of epaemology aswel a certain ‘sumptions and practices of cence isel This book isnot a history of teanspersonalpycholog, although signifcanc aspects ofthe i's story and development are presented inthe introduction. Nor dos this book stempt to preent the many finding, coneepts, and theories that have tise frm eanspersonal studies and scholarship—with the important exceptions of spectic content needed to contexaalize and elcidate pat ticular esearch assumptions, approaches, and methods Readers are cautioned that one of the unique properties of applying twanspersnal approaches research isthe potential tanaformation ofthe researcher. Because these methods asthe researcher wo ue inition and ‘ppl alternative state of conciousness ach a direct knowing, dream and imagery work, and meditation to the research process, pursing these ‘wanspersonal methods potently becomesa elf-ealiing ct. In following these techniques and procedures, the encounter withthe transcendent dimension ofthe topic of inquiry nor only can infor bu also can change the researcher, sometimes radically. Transpersonal researcher lear abot the topic and about themseves, an, therefore, rend to engage research with a spit of adventure, anticipation, and some eepidation. We, the Authors ofthis book, know-—we have ben ther. Selfreaization i after alla riky busines. Uinatelyis the source for itaing and realizing suthente change in our world WILLIAM BRAUD'S STORY. Ata profesional conference, not long ag, the pascipants were asked to sy a few words about themwelves, When t came my sir to introduce snysell I heard mel saying that I seemed 1 he on four simultaneous teaectores in my fe and work rom matte o spn, fom experimental to experiential, rom quantiative to qualiaive, and from seeking t0 scvice. This spontaneoas ateranee surprised me Beene I ad nor pre- ‘ously dveledon such posse patemsin my worker my path through Iie. Late, in considering those four dimensions more cael | found that they did indeed, summarize much of where U had been and wheee I seemed tobe heading, both professionally and personally Tnmy variegated advenutesasa researcher, was fortunate so havebeen exposed 0 and to have become proficient in an extensive set of research spproaches and methods. [absorbed natural seience methods and view points in my undergraduate physics studies. In doctocal work i exper ‘ental peychology athe University of ows, [war tained in the behavioral tnd hypotheico deductive approaches ofthe HullSpence leering theory ‘eadtion and studied pilosophy of sence, epistemology, and ontology vith Gustav Bergmana, a member ofthe Vienna ctl of logical postive Late, shrongh tniversty and medial center appoinements in Howston, ‘Texas, I supplemented behavioral approaches co learning, memory, and motivation with inal, prychophysolosial, and pharmacologial meth- fos. Aa private esearch laboratory (Mind Science Foundation San Anconio, “Tenn worked omnew reset methods for exporingtopicsin biofeedback, physiological sellegulation, altered states of consciousness, and parapey- ‘chology sith eollaborators several health science centers, Teondacted stadis inthe then new fil of psychoneuroimmunology. ‘The number and diversity ofthe research approaches encountered at the Universy of Lowa, che Univer sity of Houston, the Mind Science Foundation (San Antoaio, Texas), Universiy of Nebraska-Lincoln, Wake Forest University University of ‘Maryland’ Asian and European Divisions, and he Instte of Tansper- sonal Poychology. ‘Special thanks and acknowledgments are extended to our generous sents atthe Issue of Transpersonal Psychology wio have asked treepy and salvifi questions ehwartedil-founded dresons, checked our ‘bias grandiosity, encosraged our hiking, honed ur inchoate formulae tions and tasted ws slicer to try out these new ideas in their own research, Weve had wonderful ime. Thank you ‘A Note From William Brau especialy wish ro acknowledge the inal Sble suppor and contributions of my wife, Winona Schroeter, chroughout all ages of ny involvement with chi book. He opal encouragement and her superb ein and copyengsilsimmeasuably contributed tothe final realization of those scias ofthe hook or which I had chit responsi. PERMISSIONS Grateful acknowledgment is made co he fllowing for permission to sepeit material: rosso Eloy ofthe Athenian Soci fo Scene an Human Developmen, Torus a the tbl ete "Report of Group 4” fom the Report na Inratonl Symposion on Since, Tel, ad the Emermant (Ganary 3-7, 1990) bythe Glaal Co Operation a2 Beer Work, ‘Athess, Gece, Copy ©1980 by Gotel Co Operation fora Beer ‘World Reprinted by permis. Jewute of Note Scieets, for we of Table, rom Wills WE Harman, A Re anton o te apc adios of Moen Sos Noe Report CF), lta of Nore Scenes, Seumalto, CR. Copyright © 1951 by ose of Noes Scenes, Repel by permion ‘ian Jouephnon, fr we of material rom inn Jnehuon and Bevery Rabi "The Chalenge of Canciones, Reseach” 1982, Ponte Pospcien, St), 151% Cape & 1982 by Bran Jouphan an Berely Ruble api ty persion, Davi Lorimer, for we ofthe table ented “Complementary Approaches o Sen fall foa) fom Davi Lone, Ted Nw Sines ‘A Cnt! Appel of Ste Klee, pope peeted the 7th ‘aml Conference of the Uny oft Sey Lo ngeeg Ch Nove 2437, 1988. Coprogh © 1988 Dass Loner Repel by pein Random Howe Ine, for mate on The eee Petry of Rainer Mar le ‘by Rane Maca file, taney Stepben Michell Copyright © 1982 laStepen Mich. Rept by ers of Rondon: Howe, ne Maj Apolonia Rode, for us of oxigial artwork appearing on the cover (negation “The Sed “Iplention". Coppeahe © 1994 by Na ‘Apelora Rt, Ued with permion, evenly Rabi for of materi om ria open and Bevel Rabi “The ‘Challenge of Conscious Rese” 1992, rote Peete 30, 15-19" Coprghe © 1982 by Bean orepheon and Bevel Rabi Re priate by permision. Winona Schroter, ore fail enor sppenting a Fig 12.1. Copy ‘ht © 1997 by Winona Shot, Repl ty pemision, Hiton Smith fru eae pearing in"Chape 0: Reyondthe Moers "Weserh Minder Huston Sth ejond th Mt Mader Mind(pda and Revie, Sd Quo Pring, 1992, Wheaton, Hs Ques ‘Thesophal Fubiting Hose: Copyright © 1989 by Histon South State Univery of New Yr Pes, or quotation fom Jen Rus The Matinau, Voi, Wily Chit Wanltor ond Eo, The Sef a (fone ie Spit Tsching of Ras, Abs: State Uses of New ‘Bac Prew Cony © 198% by State Unicity of New Yor Pe Reprinted with penis. “Tycolé Rooks, fr qutton from Jean Rumi The seni Rami olen Bhs soft Moyne, ral; and een Oper Sect, John Moyne an Coleman Bars azltrs: Putney, VT. Threshld Books Copy © 1995 an 1983, respecte by Tread Books: Repeed bypermiion INTRODUCTION Rosemarie Anderson ‘The field of ranspersonal psychology cmerged amid the cltral melee of ‘the 1960 in the United States. Te challenges and exaggerations of che 1960s awakened many of us, asf we had been sleeping while awake and laces unaware. The Vieni Wie raged in Asa. Experimenting with Prychedeles was commonplace. American culate rocked wit voies of onfict and derision. Fresh, even fabulous, perspectives rushed in, a if replacing vacuum. Ancien spiritual lineages, notably hose fom the East, ‘were openly dcased and explored, and young people went partially Yo Asa to explote things for themselves. Inthe context ofthis vigorous soning ot and shifting of new ideas and values, the Bld of wanspersonal payehology began ia rather humble ways—ftiends gathered to ralkin hei homes, met with others while om the rsd leering, and exchanged ltrs Withers around the world. Among the erst innovator were Abra har H. Maslow, Anthony Stich, James Fadiman, Robert Frage, Stanislav Gof, Sona Margulis, Michael Murphy, and Miles Vick “Ths tanspersonal vanguard was “epientered” ia northeen California, Everyone “in the koow” atlas vite Son Fatcico inthe 1960s lis {ico toimagine how the nel emerging field of wanspersonalpsychol ogy with limited funds and few reoares other than a dedicated cst of voluncers, could have been nurtured and sustained without the zany,bigh-olege atmosphere ofthe San Francisco Bay Ava of the 19603 and 1970s. Even now, with is present international audience, the feld still, tends to be home-based inthe Bay Aeea. The Joural of Banspersonal Prchology, the ofces of the two lange professional asocations (he Asociation for Transpersonal Paychology and the Inernational Teansper- sonal Associaton), andthe five graduate schools where doctoral stds in ‘eanspersonal psychology can be atively pursued on ste (California Insti tute of Integra Stade, Instte of Temspersonal Psychology, John Kennedy Universi, Rsebidge Graduate School of Integrative Pychol- ‘ogy and Saybrook Insite) are all within 2 2-boue deve of each oer in the greater San Francisca ay Area (See Centers for Transpersonal Stadia tthe end ofthis book for acarrent it of eranspersonal graduate programs in che United States) I the notices snd flyers arsving in ose fcsley railoxes are any indication, the plethora of wanspersonally oriented tesningsand workshops available in the Bay Area, and increasingly around the world sounding ‘Since the late 1980s, however, many unigue wanspersonal associations and imeres groups have been forming global. In patcala, momenta has been growing in Earope, with te founding of national associations, the Bsropean Tanspersonal Association (EUROTAS), and many other ‘more informal interest grovps. FUROTAS presently aks groups fom 13, rember nations (European Teanspersonal ASocision Links,” 1997). Unlike their North American counterparts, many European tansprsonal psychologists are often ins publi istiucons, caching and working in Wvel-known universes and mal centers Although he American Trychologieal Associaton has decined wo atemprs to form a division {ocased on tanspersnalpaychology, the Bish Psychological Society has recently formed anew Tanspersonal Seton to provide a “much-needed Jmpetus for research, os well as ofeing 4 forum in which ideas and ‘ntaives canbe exchanged and developed” (Fontana 8 Sack, 1996, 269). ducted in a broad and clsial understanding of human nature and es identified with the postisticbeavoral perspective, European peycholo- {gst seem more aeommodting of ranspesonal perspective and ling toacknowledge he importance of situal experiences determining and ‘mocivating individ] snd eral atts and actions, Ip Aastalia and Japan, professionally focused teanspersonal associations have also been formed (se McLean, 1997, for nformtion on the Japanese Tanspeesonal Asociton) We might well anicipae unique and complementary forms of teanspersonal prycholgy to develop soon, especially in Europe, Nalimor nodcton 2 4 Droglina, 1996) and in ther counties in which lascaland metaphysi- Gly nena education hasbeen historically prevalent. Tn many indigenoas communis and Asan counties, i parila, spirit pd wanscendent values are alteady so wel negated in everyday Ie tht one wonders if = disine profesional diciplne is relevant ot inves except where academic disciplines have adhered to a Western rowel Mark Epc (1995), for example, has persuasively argued chat he “pplication of Buddhist thoaght i form of depth psychology worthy of Inaking any psychoanalyst proud. Indeed, from is inception inthe late 1360s, one ofthe diingishing characteris oF tanspersonal psy ‘ogy hasbeen a keen deste even an urgency, to nterae the earnings and Sporitual practices of indigenous and ancient spiral waditions specially forms ofshamanism around the word, Buddhism, and Hinduism, In more cent year mystical and indigenous forms of Judaism, Christianity, and [slam (especially Sufism) have also been inreasingly influential in shaping the anapersnalorenation to understanding human experience DEFINING TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY ‘As afield of researc, scholarship and application, tanspersonal pychol- ‘ogy seeks to honor human experience ins falls and most ansformative ‘xpresions I isusullyentified asthe “fourth force" pyshology, with pavchoanalyi, behavior, and humans psjchoogies ais historical Predecenors. The word trenspersonl has ts etymological roo: in two [sin words: trons, meaning Beyond ar through, and personal, meaning mask or facade—in other word, beyond or through the personally iden ted aspect of elf Whenever possible, transpersoal psychology seeks delve deeply ino the most profound aspects of human expriene, sich as mystical and aniive experiences, persoaal waasfoumation, medicative suarenes, experiences of wonder and cess, and alternative and expan ‘iv sates of consciousness. In these experiences, we appeat to go beyond fur eaval Mentfcation with oar limited biological and. psychological selves. As the field has mitered, 2 moce general sudy ofthe common boundary between spiinality and psychology has expanded inch the shared antes between “the tranpersomal” and an increasingly wide Spectrum of professional endeavors including anthropology; sociology ‘medicine; and especially immunology, parapsychology, consciousness stad-si TRANSTERSONAL RISER SETS ies, pilosoph, religion, Yoga, the creative ans, and variety of bodywork and healing practices. (Oxgialysanspersonal pychology was conceived asthe sul of “those ubimate arian capacises and ponte” special elited the mpi scenic dy of, esponileimplemsntaton of the find ing elevate, becoming, invita speats-wie meee inate vale, unit conciousness, pak experienc, Bales, etary, Intel expeencs, ae bing, elt actlaion, eset li wonder, imate meaning eatsendenceof sl pint oneness onic avarenes, inva and species wide snergy, maximal iterpetsonal encoun, ‘tcralzton of everyday ie, Wansendental phenomena, comic self. Iumot and playfulness, maital sensory sarees esponsvenes rd cexpession; and related concepts, experiences std actin. Satie, 198, 15) In surveying the many definitions oftrnspersonalpychology proposed between 1968 and 1991, Lajoie and Shapiro (1992) conse by defining the comtemporary field of eraspetsonalpochology as concstned withthe szudy of humaniy’s highest potent, and withthe recognition, under ‘sanding, and realization of unitv, spttual, and tanscendent sates of consciousness (p. 91). Many definitions of tenspersonal psychology sess the “beyond the limits of ego and personality” feataze of transcendent arenes (e., Walsh & Vaughan, 1980, p. 10. Especially in therapeutic ‘and healt-elated fields, chee is particule focus on understanding the factorsand dynamics tat encourage o init tranapersonal experiences and the ffet of hese experiences on the indviduacon and iteration ofthe sell Through ine, tanspersonal pychology (and, moce generally tan spersoal studies) has become a more generously inclusive field both senting tothe many contusions of psychoanalytic, imanisi and 'shaviorlnqsizy within peychology and drawing on the scengths of chee related disciplines ax it endeavors to further understand the expansive potential of human experience. Although transpersonal psychology ie ‘obviously an inerdisciplinary approach, i might be possible wo consider it sspareof asl ager frame of reference. As recently suggested by Chats ‘Tar (1995), ll “conventional scholar disciplines and acvtes ae subsets ofthe general eranspersonal perspective” that seek to understand “our fundamental unity and oneness with each other and life" (9. Tianspersonal psychology i one ofthese subsets focusing on the paycho- Topica features ofthis general transpersonal perspective. "Another common approach understanding tanspersona psychology isto consider ica basic orientation applicable to all aman endeswors and texperences. Roger Walsh and Frances Vaughan (1980 ell his orientation 4 pospectvist approach. Ordinary expesences ae noe typically thought. ‘ofa wanspersnal or potently ransformative in nature, Nevertheless, to nguite about thei tanspersonalnatute or potent changes the frame of reference for understanding these ondary experiences As fou in all spiral cadvons, impli in tanspersonal peychology are sense of ‘wonderment about the commonplace, an acceptance of ife as precoun, anda recognition ofthe miraculous stata of al experiences. Considered alchemical i's onary ingredients may suddenly add up to peconal and culotltansfumation. Wheche studying extraordinary and uncon ‘mon experiences such a5 uniive experiences a altered states of com ‘ciousness or more ordinary experiences uch as gif and joy, work td play and Tove and pain ranspeesonaliss sek ro sscralie the oedinry. Althouphit isnot the purpose ofthis book to review the many hiscorcal roots of tanspersonal pychology, we note that many psychoogiss have Jai important groundwork, most nesably Wiliam Jame, Car June, Otto Rank, Karen Horney, rich Feomm, Viktor Fran Ludwig Binswanger, Meda Boss Roberto Asagioli Rollo May, andmany others The rings ‘of Wiliam James and Carl Jang continue to have an enormous influence ‘on the theory an everyday pracce of many tanspesonal psychologists, 1 do the contemporary weiings of Ken Wilber, Wilber—os a theorist, rather than as @teseaecher—has contributed influential idess regarding ways of knowing, stages of psychospirital development, and the nature and development of consciousness, bending Fastern and Weseern insights Assinge quote fom Wiliam James (1909/1977) wil fice eo ilasteate the ‘canspersonalcrres of thought evden among these teat hikers. We with oa lives tik sands inthe eo ike tes in the forest The tuple and the pie may whisper to eachother wih the lene, nd Conair and Newpor her eachother Fghors Bat the tees al comming thei rots inthe tks unrground, ad the lan also fang together hough the ea’ atom, Jno thre conn of cosmic consconine, gi which ur ndvlity bud bt acide foc and ino which ou several mie plunge av nto a theres ot reser Our “normal” comsiuse i ecamorbed for aaqeaon #0oe TWANGPLISONAL ISEARC METHODS ureter erthy envionment bat he feces weak in pos and fl Inu from bond lea i owing the thei ame com son connection (pp. 798.798) “THE BEGINNING YEARS OF ‘THE JOURNAL OP TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY “The story of tanspersonalpeychology begins in the turbulent 1960s. In carly January 1966, two prominent figures ix humanistic psychology, [Abraham H, Maslow and Asdhoay J. Sutch, were pariipating in seminars tt the Esalen Init in Big Ser, California, During one of the seminars, Sn unexpected occureence—like wind blown seeds alighing in good sol— ‘aly some of thee emerging thoughts in surprising ways As Sutich (19763) ells the sory, In on exchange wth a mamber of Jens pee the question was sd, “Tas any oof you ever had a myst or sina eriomal experence?™ “The anower nas No.” Very shorty afer titer was another question, "sian offical poly onthe prof he cute osptamatcly encourage An fone the tainene of ysl experince om te pat of ac ay tmember of your chuck?” The answer again was "NO (9.5) “The humanistic peychologissin attendance were surprised: Akhoughit isunlikely that sich an exchange would occur today—tecause, by ow he Cre 00, hs changedl—in 1966, amid backdtop of experimentation and exploration, the trgidity of this quail policy was aresting. In fxplorig the vast domains of mysscal experiences, “tbe concept of Selfactulzation was no longer comprehensive enough” Sui, 19762, >. 7h. This singular encounter, along with oer evens and the prevailing Expansive amoxphere ofthe 1960s, provoked diguiting questions about ‘the base humanistic perspective ‘Conversations parc continued among frends who gathered around “Anthony (Tony) Stich, who together with Abraham Masiow had founded the Jounal of Humanistic rychology, the fst sue appearing in 1961. Stich had already begun to explore anew the implications of peak and inpstial experiences when applied to ranseendence ofthe set Masiow tras well nown public igure and traveled exensivly. Such was a busy Doychotherapise and organized his private practice and profesional activ esat home. Asa esl ofan acide in a baseall are at age 12 leading ee to progresive arthritis, utch was severely disabled, For years, he used his home in Palo Alto, California, a gmthering place fo innovative thinking sn conversation. Following the salen event, akin of salon formed in Sih livingroomto discus the forming of s new journal ha recognized this emerging new “fourth force” in psychology (Miles Vieh & Sonia ‘Margulies, pesonal communication, October 27, 1996). By mid-1967, Sutich was actively searching for a comprehensive term 10 name this meting fore and engaged inthe exacting work of canifyingterminology for this new endeavor. In January 1967, he wrote Maslow asking him 0 write the foundational definition for what they then tentatively called a transbumanistc prychology.Satch (1976) evencualy wrote it himself, incorporating Maslow’s suggestions ‘On September I, 1967, Abraham Maslow gave s public address atthe Fig Unitarian Church in San Francisco, which generally regarded asthe first open and formal resentation concerning what he considered the next step. the fourth force to addres transcendent experiences and vals. [About midway in that addres, Masiow (1968) state, “The fly developed fan ey frtnate) human being working unde the best conditions tends to be motated by valcs which waren is sel, ‘They are no slish anymore inthe ol sere of tha term. Beaty ot itis on ski ors ate oe order. One an hardy clas thse dese {Sselshn the sense that my dese for ood migh be. My satsfction with {ehlvingo allowing juice mo ihe my om sii doe oe lang Iny ates [regal ote and isd therfore has taacended the geographies of the sl, The one bogie eo talk about ‘eanshumanis psychology (p. 4) By 1968, the salon atthe Sui home had become an eral board forthenew Journal of Hansprsonal Peycholoy. Local editors metar Toys home every Wednesday afternoon andinto the evening to review submited manuscripts, discuss the latest developments, and converse with guests representing wide variety of piritaltraiion. Although ately eet: ing around the counzy, Abraham Maslow was occasionally present. Be: cause of his extensive tate schedle and dehning health, Maslow’ influence was felt most through his writing and lively correspondence With Sutch (excerpts rom eters n Sich, 1976, 19765). Niles Vie, Sonja Margulies, James Fadman, and Thomas N. Weide were active sdicors from the outet and sil are. Frances Vaughan joined in chenid-1970s, Other editors aroun the Woeld reviewed incoming papers and paticipated cough corespondence. When editorial review was com pleted forthe day invited guess and authors, suchas Daniel Goleman, Stanislav Grok Michel Murphy lye and Elmer Green, Chogyam Tangpa, Ram Dass and many others, would dop by to vst (Miles Vich & Sonia Margulies personal communication, October 27,1996) In June, 1969, the first issue of the new journal was published. Is opening article (Maslow, 1969) was Maslow's September 1967 San Fran eo aves ded “The Farther Reaches of Human Nacue.” \WHAT IS EMPIRICAL? From the beginning of launching the new journal, Abrabam Maslow and ‘Anthony Sutch were convinced as were others, that mainstream research in psychology (cen primarily behaviorinic) was too limited. To deal with the rich cope of transpersonal phenomena ia more inchsive yet tem atic way, Maslow advoated keeping the articles empirical, otha at east they should have an empicical hase (Sonja Margulies & Miles Vichy personal communication, October 27, 1996). A wide variety of methods Im psychology and other social siences were encouraged, Nonetheless, impli in their early discussion war recognition that methods more fing othe nature of anspersnal phenomena would evenualy have 0 be eeaed and validated within he seensie community. As pat ofthis discussion an expanding defrtion of whats empirical” mast eventually be clarified in veltion so mystical and transcendent experiences, which by ther natre ace usally private and unobservable by an external observes (Miles Vieh & Sonia Margulies, personal communication, October 27, 1996) Ie was enormously encouraging to us, as authors, to realize chat many ofthe research methods proposed in this book wete core—almoxe tcherypal—concepes among the founders of he fld. HONORING HUMAN EXPERIENCE Honoring the fll measure and depth of human experience is esenialt0 cmduting consequential tanspersonal research and to sientifcingulry ‘nore general Atrinimtmy,honornghuman experience asthe researcher to incorporate, advocate and verify the ll and expansive measure of any human experience studied, however present itself o awareness. Ideal, 1 comprehensive definition of human experience also ancipates the Jncoson of appreciation, hum and wonder as iin ales fund metal scientific nuit. Perhaps itis impossible for us to uly appreciate the vase potential of human experience. Some of our ie experiences connect ux deeply with the esenceof our sense of being, otbers seem wanscendent, other experi “nce remain myterions or enigmatic, and il other experiences seem 0 ‘Sonnet us with evens and people faraway, even ouside oue time and place. The metaphor ofa diamond might help to explicate the vate of Experience. We might imagine shar each human being encounters fe as if experience were a exystal ora damoad, with each individ fact reflec jig another's experience to create a yet more brliant diamond reflecting four essential communal and interconnected nature. Our experiences, ‘pecially uncommon experiences ead to transcendent reales beyond ‘he limits of our egos and personalities. Reflected in those elites, we an become more integral and whole, finding our more authentic and retire selves ln finding ourselves, we lear ort impulses toward transcendent reals beyond ou limited selves. "Abit, when we fist opened our eyes, the suprises and explorations began. Honoring human experienc i an ordinary human exploration, practiced herein te focused content of research. It partculaely requires Sppvoaching each research topic with «beginner's md, an atid that feels Wonder, enjoyment, surprise playfulness, awe, and deep appreciation. Iecsise every scientific ingoty nan explortion into unknown triton, ‘he sketchy maps lf by previous researchers take us oaly short distances fon the journey. If esearch doesnot feel enlivening and ray perhaps itis best left for someone ele odo. Ifthe wonder ele inthe mide of che rudy we ean ty resting more, and follow the procedares lovingly af tending a child. We need an imaginative, even ouladsh, sience to vision the potential of human experince and awarenes, not jus more ‘dy repors. ven the mote repetitive and laborintensive moments of research (and there are mary canbe imbued with gatitude—they seed Knowledge and insight albeit painstakingly sowiy. To honor human expe rience isto unconditionally appreciate all he dimensions oediarly com siderod—ineluding cognitive, emotion, propiocepive, kinesthetic tual and tansendent-—and the dimensions yet uniagined, When the nguiy proceeds further than che sketchy maps ft by others fllowing he rurprises and “chance” oourrences ofthe inquiry will guide the way 10 ‘note gratifying insights and farresching conclsions and tndertanding.Homan experienee, as understood inthis book, s spacious and mult- mensional, tore like» panoramic photo than a snapshot. I tansper- onal research, the landscape of a paticularexpecience may have many Tayersand qualities, A penetrating andreveang porteayalisgeneraly more desirable and complete; comprehensive meaning soften conveyed more Fly cough sublry and nae. Even tine has lastcityfroma ransper sonal point of view Ina study ofthe experience of soon; for example, the researcher may wa gather incervow dat, on-aite observations at svakes depictions in ftion, and desripons from sacred ext The range in sources enkances the diinctivenes, flies, and complexity of he suing porraya. Ina stady ofthe experience of othe esearcher may tant to attend celebrations and cord spontaneous conversations, vide ‘rape fans when thei favorite team wis te play-off gather a focus roup together shatetheis understanding of joy, oF analyze che carefully thought through, peteflecive constituents that occur prior to expevine= ing jy itsel. The diversiy of data soares lends ise eo rich and fall portayal. Because the researcher i sccking to describe the qualities and ‘Synamies ofthe experience commonalities and ferences across time and laze might well be porwayed inthe partcipans own vices, allowing them to speak for themselves without neces tesolsng the tensions besween diferent voice. Obviously exploring and envisioning these “tr ther reaches of human nature” require loosening up on some of the onvencional ves of experimental control, espeally what hasbeen known ts intemal vaidsy Much ofthe containment of control and the appeal of ‘objective isunatainabl, a a growing namber of siensts Rave attested in the past decade oe so, lates of tightening contol, in cis book we are proposing the rigors of fill disclosure and complexity. Tn tranpersonal research the Renaissance view ofthe att may present 1 more complete model for istestigaing human experience than that of the Ith-century physical sient. Evaluated candidly che mos eloquent ‘speakers today on the human experienc often seem be poets novelists Playwright ilanakers, storytellers and sheologans—and, more rare, psichologiss, anthropologist, sociologis and other scien. By copy” Ing the objective al poiivi views of the physical scientists (who are ‘now abandoning that model thesclves and ovingadical positivism and povchological Behaviorism asthe epistemological imprimatur, psycholo- ‘sts and other huran scientists have ignoced and even tsivlized vast Fealms of fascinating haman experiences. A wel-known existential clinical Pyeoogist, James Bugental, puts the lemma quite suciney: “The bjestivit view of pochology .. eeguds all that isnot familiar as {Sangero0s thi, or nanextent (tein lle & Haling, 198, 9.) ren when invesigating extraordinary human experiences, researchers fofen seam concent with meaning-diminishing methodologies. Wihowt Supporting methodologies, rch zopicssuch asthe seu of pasion making Jove giving hie, grieving estas, quietade, and mystial experiences ae too often neglected. Frequent, research methods fall fat before the faloes of being human, the exteaordnary experience of being human doyto-day. Having ceded the exploration of the expansive nate of beng, Jamas co others by default we may find it time to reeschant our methods of inguiry and related epstemologes with the goes of imagination and ‘nore fully dimensonaized concepts and thecries. ‘THE “REENCHANTMENT OF SCIENCE” ‘The paradigms of science ate shifting, The stageis se for change. To quote Adsienne Rich (1979), we must gt beyond te “assumptions in which we ae drenched (p35) Along with the theories and ertigues pcoposed by teanspersonal psychology and scents in lated eld, other develop ments and entique have loosened the exclusive hold on psychological ‘escach thatthe experimental method has enjoyed, Some of these ltr: ‘ative viewsstem rom the councerculue ofthe 1960sand 1970s, feist, criigue and theory exstenil-phenomenological theory and pheno ‘menological methods deconstuctonism and the posemodeen critique of Calre, the epistemological insights of quam and high-eneey ysis, purapsycholopcal investigations, nareasve methodsand discourse analysis, in-depth case suds, heuristic methods, and the concerns abou external tnd effectual validity taking place within experimental paychology. Tete has been erie of eriques within psychology self notably from Bruner (1990) in econcepualzing cognitive psychology a8 folk psychology, and ‘nom recent developmentin the human sienes, in general. Once thought of as unassailable epistemologes,buhaviozism and some aspects of copa tive since have been besieged by sill more eomplete and freaching ideas and methodologies. In wave upon wave, these ceiqus have ea ‘ened scientific dacourse as academic disciplines once again search fo ‘more suitable epstemologies and methods of inquiry “The transpersonal research methods and epstrologies presented in this book provide new methods and frameworks from which 0 furterexplore ie father reaches of human nature" Abraham Masiow (1969) Pati 0 well 30 years ago. In exploring the vast and mudimensionsl nature of human experince, our methods need to be as dynamic asthe experiences studied. These tanspersonal research methods incorporate inion, diect knowing, creative expression, akmative sates of con- sciousness, dreamwork, storytelling, mediation, imagery, emotional and bodily cues and other internal events as posible siatepes and procedures ‘val phases of research inquiry. Bh the topics of esearch nuit and the tethods employed are potentially sranspersonal or spritual in nate Researchers, participants and eadere tay be enlivened even ranformed, by the ranepersonal elements ofthe stud. Despite che demanding and often tedious aspects of all scholarly inquiry itishoped that ranspersonal esearch willbe imbued with arent of wonder and joy. Discovery fo its ‘own sake is joyous, and more seemingly seendiprous events may bring a ‘windfall of new understanding. "Along with these ranspetsonal research pprosches ofcourse, conven sional qualitative snd quantitative methods may also be employed, depend- Jing om how well they or lend of methods, ut the topic of gui By presenting thes transpersoal approaches 0 research, we hope enliven Secholaelyand scientific ingoiry in many fields with transpersonal ap- proaches fo investigating the nature and poten af human experience nd, more generally, to support renewed imagination, eeativsy and ‘vonderwonderment thoughout all scenic inguiry and discourse. "The methods provided ae intended for researchers in ll professional field in which understanding the scope of human experience i essential to the fruition oftheir endeavors. Ie is a unique pleasure and honor for both of sto afer ranspersonal methods and insights a atime when the Scenic community welcomes new explorations and insights piste ‘ogy and methodology. We ae geateol forthe opportunity. ‘OVERVIEW OF THE ‘CONTENTS OF THE BOOK “The need for, and the concepspresnzed in, this book steady have been stated in he contexts four stories (Preface) and ofthe ied of tansper- sonal studies (his Introduction. We present her, by way of preview a brief description ofthe svete ofthe book asa whole | ‘ve book is divided int four pars. Pat 1 (Cetques and Extension) “onus the ssumpsons and practices of conventional esearch approaches ‘Shh the complementary assumptions and practices ofthe extended and ‘Npanded appeoschesto research that are developed and advocated in this {ook Fare (Expanded Methods of Disciplined Inguiy), the heart af the took deseibes how dhe new assumptions, concepts and practices take parca, conereeformsin five specific methods of tanspersonalingity (tesa Saquiry, icaive inquiry, transpersonl-phenomencogical in tin, organic eetearch, and ingot informed by a emphasis on excep tromal human experince). Part I (Applying the Principles: Selected Examples) presents ways in which the major principles of the ive tranper sonal approaches have actualy bee apliedin parila research projet “The apliations of the new principles are onganiged into thee mae lamers: new ways of aquiing informatio, new ways of working with ‘he date acquied, and nee ways ofexpressing an conmunicating findings tovasiousandiences In Part 1V Futter Extensions), we consider how the estes ofthe new methods laminate ses ofthe validity of knowledge clans and how they contribute co a model of transformative inegration thar blends aspecs af esearch, practic apphstion, and the gowth ad development of everyone couched by the research projet. This pre also treats additional implications of the new methods, ethical considerations, and fore challenges ‘We include thee suctinc, yet dese, appendixes chat we feel will be specaly useful ready resources fr students and prastioners. Appendix [A provides synopses of the five new tanspersnal research approaches, Appendix B summarizes the major features of sk elated approaches to restarch (phenomenological, haus, feminist, experiential cooperative, tnd participatory approaches). Appendix C provides srumaries ofthe raat, sengrhs and weaknesses of 17 more conventional qualiative and ‘quantitative research methods. The book concades with a listing of traduate degree granting ceters tht emphasis tanspersonal ties an Integrated efeence isting an inde, and notes on the coteibutorsEE CRITIQUES AND EXTENSIONSCONVENTIONAL AND EXPANDED VIEWS OF RESEARCH William Braud Rosemarie Anderson Many of the mos sigiiant and exiting life events and extraordinary expeiences—moments of dart illumination, and healing-—have been systematically excluded from conventional reseateh, along with the ways ‘of cecogining and encouraging thes exceptional experiences, Such unfor- tunte exclusions, through which we deprive ourselves of new and now ishing forms of knowledge and experience are atibutble othe marco nes of conventional coneepualzaions of research and ofthe appropriate methods for is conduct. By privileging only certain ways and aims of lnowing-—and by jgnoring or devaluing aera, a eseatchersin the social oF human sciences, are unnecesarly and unwisely limiting the ‘content and approaches of our disciplines, Indications that we have gone astray are feelings of dissatisfaction and isppoinement among both the prodicers and consumers of research— fecings that somethings mising, that important topics ate being ignored ‘or are noc ecivng the atetion or honor that they deserve, and that our findings ae nt having sufficient impacts on the growth and expansion of‘our conceptuaiations and theories or on our practices ourselves and out ‘worl. Indeed, we offen experience tensions or incompatibilies between ‘esearch and sevice (lnc, socal eiatona, ror forms practice tr application) oe berweensesearch and our own personal experiences, frome, and development. The mote sigificant the sojec matter and the treater its relevance to vital ises and concerns, the greater are these feelings of tension and unease. In ranspersonal psjchology—which con cers self with aes of consciuanes alternative sates of consciousness txceptional experiences, twansegoic development, and humanity’ highest potentials and posible ransformation his tension between subject ma {erand research strongly fl Both radents and practionersask whether itis pole to research the transpersonl without violating, distorting, © tuvaliing what we ate sudyng sit posible to lve, appreciate and honor out tanepersona pecs and our most purpostful human qualities hil, atthe same tine, conducting systematic research into these most Signifcan facet of ox being? "We maintain that iis possible o conduct significant and satstying researc on al feet of human experience—even the most sensitiv, ‘exceptional and sacred experences-ht only if we modify our assump tions abou esearch and extend out rescarch methods tha they become as creative and expansive asthe ubjet matter we wish to investigate. The tendons and tneae mentioned above need occur only if research is identified with type of quantitative experimental appreac shat models ial afer the methods of x particular eypeof natural cence, Iwe broaden four conceptalzation of research to inlade complementary qualitative, ‘nonexperimental method and if we acknowledge and include alternative nodes of knowing and of working with and expressing our finding, his ew research approach more thy honors complex and exceptional hhuman experiences and the bothersome easions and uncase dissolve and can even dsappet. ASSUMPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF ‘CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES TO RESEARCH Reseatch programs tat ave the respect and suppor of editorial boards of well-regarded professional journals isttations of higher Teaming and fuingorgainaions nally are guided, either explisiy or ait bythe following sumpsions and research practices «Research ita special human activity that provides unique acess to Secure ald knowledge and possesses unique safeguards again: eror that ae not found in ther human activities. + Researchisvaluefee and shoud therefore, be disingushed frm ober fuman endeavorsin which valusand meanings play important roles hat isendeavors sich a practi! applications (linia, soil eduction, another practices and services) and work contributing othe researcher's ‘rows, development, and posible tansformation. + Thesnsjor aim of esearch the disoveryofeneal principles or univers laws tit provide the posit of explanation, prediction, and cone + Quantitative method are privileged over qualitative methods, and more Experimental approaches are privleged over more naturalistic approaches. {Qualitative andor natralisic methods of inquiry are recommended only as intevim strategies that might provide suggestions or hints for later ganitaive andr experimental determinations +The profered empiri and eheoesil research approaches model them ‘verter those ofthe physical scenes ofthe Lh and 19th centuries. +The only valid knowledge ofthe world is obcined via data derived Through the senses, consensaly validated by others, and extended and ‘expres wa logiily sound mathemarcal and linguistic formalisms. + researcher's ideal stance ito he as nesta, involved, and dsaneas posible wth espectto what isbeing studied. Because researchers qualities Ine ireevantt0 thee objective observation, researchers may be ite ‘hanged. Virwlly identical findings are expected from all researchers who ‘peat the research procedares, provided they ae appropriately skilled nd have heen propery tained, + The deal rtearch envionment sila fom oer infences and charac ‘eae by simplest of variables or eves whose mutual interactions canbe stighforwarly analyzed to deternine sources and directions of caus, Parposveandrcleologicl considerations haveno place seiouseeseatc, and the consciousness of the research personnel can have no dicect lnlaenceon the phenome being studied, + The researcher is the expert, the authority whose observations, views, hypodkese and interpretations ate priveged over hos ote research bec. + In reviewing the literature for relevant findings and interprerations the ‘escacher goes primarily or slay to research reports that have been5 aque AND ETNIONS published in the premier profesional journals ofthe dicipline daring the past $10 10 years, Older repors, or observations appearing ouside ‘Scientific eratare, are not especially valued or useful 1 The researcher's main energies are devoted to the accumulation of ‘riginal empirical findings andthe development of models and theories thachelp explain chose findings. + The prefered outlets for original research findings and interpretations ae peer-zeviewed jouralatices and profesional conference presentar tions the researcher eommuniates primarily wit profesional colleagues. THE LIMITATIONS OF THESE ASSUMPTIONS AND PRACTICES ‘During dhe past dvce decades, we have become increasing aware ofthe limitations of these sumption and paces They havebeenseutnied, ‘questioned, and critcszed by theorists and pracitoners within the homan sciences (Polkinghorne, 19835 Tesch, 1990), he human services (Monette, Sullivan, & DeJong, 1990), education (Borg & Gal, 1989), health and nursing research (Morse, 1991, 1992; Parse, 1996), naturalistic inquiry (Cincoln & Guba, 1985), feminist research (Nien, 1990; Reinhare, 19928), and those wi have been exploring the philosophical foundations of science itself (Harman, 1991; Harman & DeQuincey, 1994; Lorimer, 1988; kolimowski, 1994; Smith, 1976, 1992. The gis of these erties ‘shat although such assumptions and practices have been useful in certain ares of sience for certain purposes, they ate incomplete, contain unnec ‘sar biases, ae unsatisfactory for addressing complex human actions and ‘experiences, and are inadequate even within the natural sciences then selves. More important, uch assumptions and practices yield a picture of the world, nd of human nator and human possblty, tha nazo¥ constained, fragmented, disenchanted, and deprived of meaning and ‘ale. Such view i more conssene with flings of emptiness, isolation, and alienation than with feelings of echnes, interconnection, creativity, Freedom, and optimises. “To counter this prevling conception of sien and of research, a numberof contemporary thinkers have offered complementary assup- tions and practices to corect previous imbalaness and provide a more complete view of science and research shat can more adequately apprehend the complexity bread, and depth of our world and of humanity. Inthe | | | | Comemoal and ded ews ? “TABLE 1A. Comparison ofthe Maesn Westen Mind Set With ts Logical lenatie Modere Wester, Mins eel Aerative ose pein fate desman ner Nate. Tamers reve Alension Ealilinen meres of concsenes and breviy we present some of these complemen tary conceptualiztions in the form of sk tabular summaries. In these tables he tems modert Westone mindet, orthodox science, positive ‘poral, and separatist scence ate wed to denote the previ, conven- ‘onal vew of scence and research, whereas the er alternative, comple mentary, naturalist wholeness, and extonad since denote the complemen tay feat, axioms asprin and practi that arbeing proposed. These terms are not ous but those ofthe hikers whose views we ate mmarzing ‘TABLE 12 Charters of Onhodox Science ad he Propose Complementary Scence Complementary lamer psa nitive ante ‘fie cay Monocots Stee dot pesrinl cy Coe lcs oar Sei nf ae alae vn he te we ama ec ttn nn in iNet ras oy Bed te pea8 cEQUES AND EENONS TABLE 13 Contain ont and Natural Asoo some oe Poss Paradigm Nai Paradie Teens freer Rely al gl, Reis map tothe laoem tedden sain, erie pra tewsiton feowalntersometete sneer mand wong Sotemen} a poe ype iopaphe ‘Semen se pul Seimesah thet oping ot ce ‘ontop Not tbe mando sng htt vers Sumac o Lovne an Lincoln snd Gauss a ies yan 12 ‘Whetns Lorimer (ible 12 ws te te scent arcing in 2 complneacary tina, Haman (ble 1.4) ian partner ‘Ponce nen pea ned twin on extended whoo soe track aaa Newnan pyc couldbe codes pc ed Re hin mee ene ps | “ole 1s epee th carer fhe rating espa digs os propo satire csc unig ted tye pari ia a raion! Sapo on Seen, easy and th Eom fel en Creo 180 (lob Con Operon fora Bre Wl 199) To yea lite in ea 192, Send Iteration Sympoioon Scent a Concise wa eld Aes (Ahern Soy for ‘Sconce ad Hhpn evelopment andthe Bete Kaa Ws pried User, 1992) o develop the chee ht ad ten he ‘pyr Sone of ier of icone veel ie Ct and pale by Jeon a Rubik (992), buh of whom Bad part ste sips eats (ne Ele) Wee ts ‘omenonl and panded ews ‘ tables of special intrest hecase of extensive and inclusive nature and ‘esuse it war prepared by indvidals fom within the natural science CSramasityBetan Josephson sa physicist and Nabe laeate and Bevery aki biophysics ‘We fndt productive and satisfying to view eh emphases ofthe lef and rightsideso ables 1 though 1.8 stray complementary postions. Each falf ofeach able describes an approach thai valid and usefl for some puposes but not for others Fach ide ofeach able provides only a part [count ofthe whol; cach side addresses what che other side omits, The “Sromptons and emphases ofthe left side of each cable ae especialy ‘ppeopiate for che scdyofrelativelysimplesystemsthatareselé-contained fn isolaed from dynamic interactions wath other systems. These ap proaches ate well suited to physical phenomena ofthe mide zeal (ty the fami, eroscopic realm in which Neveonian and Euclidean prin ‘ples preval) and oa range ofbolopcal, psychological and sociological plenomens thi are simple enough to resemble those of the physical Ine eal. These approaches, however, become les usefl and incest ingly inadequate when a researcher attempts to study physical phenomena ‘outside hie idle eal ue those evenemsocined with exteemely are Inasses, extremely high velocities, and extremely small and energetic patie to which the different—non-Newtonian and noa-Euclidean— Principles of relativity theory and quantum mechanics now appl}; com: plex physical oc chemical stems that are dynamically eracive and fat from equim; complex living systems that defy entropy and move toward increasing order, or complex paychoogial systems characterized by volition, parposes, awareness, sell avarenes, and consciousness. For te ater, he axioms and approaches described inthe right sides of the tables now become more appropriate and more adequate. ASSUMPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF AN EXPANDED APPROACH TO SCIENCE, RESEARCH, AND DISCIPLINED INQUIRY Infoemied bythe content of Tables 11 through 1.6, and by our own cqsimtance with the objet methods, and findings of varity of forms fof research, we propose the fllowing sumptions and practices as com plementary guides to an expanded view of science, research, and dis lined inquiry.1” ‘RIMQUES AND EXTENSIONS TABLE 1 Characeiisof Sepuratenes Scene andthe ropost ‘Whoenee Sener ‘conventional and bpande ews [TABLET Continued “Spotone Sone Whole eee “Teves bce, {dat which re pare om ‘Beanie commetns ct ls Ascetic caplnation of ‘Hessen cg cre) ‘elcertp see ie ‘imac onunation weld (arma tne end cow ‘hetondmenl pressed quan icon na ae ih ‘holmes ne he pal world. Pagnell ces elon tanec pheno pe comes for apse poe ‘lose bern naeate sd eh ‘Gderis cere int pea won at ‘Shee ee om psy of ‘abun course Gon coatonnen yc hy oe ik cena aie (cece) etn wel ee) Ie een pil eos lp eden ome a rom eine toch abet mea ely le throm ing wa he hee bconng oe wit obec towed nde ny at sees “Te concptol comple deine ese ah nin eh ‘sa set me Speen” smo ae po eso “Tein spose sme ta rating Hence plaints the rs te pe, Colones frre mae we Allein nae Bacon daw Gamat ‘Sirti heed ‘ong te pyle “Te tumtnormaton sont he Searle is Fre ober en ny ‘Reaton plc so per i esto be ly rower ep ny ‘dow poe en ate ele ie mio Sipe Sco ‘Whole Sone “Thee oe evens oe ‘Firentsbe mvc oes Sie we nas ae pt of ewe ‘Spence hier erp che ‘tea eng gre, cv! nd ‘Sts wel ar pend “ats vet 0p tion thewle Te mivese mabe ey Meaning cic cet 0b pan ot es spent prs. $Reawaton ptt cm ep ‘patna conan bat teh ins not caer “nowean we alia hain pheno ‘pence pene oe ‘shingled slsamens when o ore nw appear angi ‘Somoced bere ceil Sec common ma sly EXthwetherto aves yal” Why doa ae omaibe tote fick meely lism hepa” ‘Tee cniespecin oft of conounes eof reagan "tr denon elt Sch ‘pecs etc he a fa ‘Shr ang oom Thy hae enamel the es ‘pont ome al win tele nena at soins etetatont an eed fete mee someting mons Non sual tt of coon Senin ye Penomene ‘hued ey he Sect fe atop nde nempogsnesyrepeeration and ‘ined opel sone eco tesa tem ated opr ister a We Warm 9 aoc en See Shlain ch + Research (disciplined inquiy) is simply a modified form of a more teneral approach to life, and to our profesional activites, in which we ‘mrensvely make observations and thoughtally draw conclusions abouta argues Axo oeNSIONS “TABLE 15 Symposium Summary of he Pain td Aerie Sine Porn Pring aad Meh, cons, fatality ome ‘pred sre oly aly ese Sr ‘gece ober edd a “ch ce ‘omnes ede ad page “Sipe nga ott ‘AlerativePradip Tani “ais achaowead let ‘he ante pot fh ere pen alae mechanised ora wit eras, he Inte sent tk bere and a wo aed” and “le” Mules component bt tac eth arate epee Dicom ee (Coninan yl bee Cloed moran compstve Opn ddevieacocpetine ‘sole Piha) 2eopecoa elaine apie Hearted Deneere neta ope due beth acs dine sd beteen ce tntocoy Aeopet Hamble Morale pee ‘tocar pare olaahed” Aino ler epee” om oo eseompretemte rao ore age Hs | | | | comitencies inconsistencies, and patterns. Ideally, we do this wth min fainess and discernment, basing ovr jdgments on all avalale eelevant ‘nformation and weighing the sources of thes judgments for tei hiss fof acuracy and ase. foctal research, we simply are moe careful aid nore explicit about our observational and desonal process Although tre have created formal decision rles—evidenial and statistical help th in cr research endeavors, these are not always effective safeguards fgsnst error Utiatey, responsibilities for determining the adequacy of Sonowledge claims eest sn the informed judgments of investigators and seach consumers, «+ Reseach is value laden. Our eesearch methods are influenced by jad ‘nent abou thee soundaes,trantworthines, ad use, and these involve Considerations of value and worth. Methodolgial and theoretical citeia sachs consistency, parsinuny, and elegance ate, themselves, not value= fre, Inividoa, soca, and cara values inflvence the types of abject mater, topics, and research questions we study a alo influence how We carryout our work and how that wor s supported, encouraged comme rented, and eeceived, + An im of research isthe dicovery of general priniples or univers ws «hc prosde the possilty explanation, prediction, and contol. An equally acceptable and valid amis the fll description, understanding, and appre tiation of individual cases or instances. Windelhand (1894/1904) din. ‘ished nomodhaic (Concerned with seiner ith always) and ‘Migraphi (concerned with was enol war—what once was) approaches to research In our view these eo sims have equal places in research, + Quantiative methods ate not privileged over qualitative methods, nor arcexperimentlke methods privileged over more natralisic approaches Quantkatveexperimental nd quliatvenatraliie methods provide Aitierent types of information about diferent domaine of inquiry. The focmeris appropiate for eta esearch questions ans, and abject mate ‘whereas the lane isappropiae for oer questions interes and ope. The ture ofthe research question determines which method i ehanen, The investigator sinters and temperamental iaence method choice. Qual ‘ative and quanstative methods may be used sone o in combination + We acknowledge she achievements of mechanic research approaches, ‘specaly in the physical sciences and technologies. Physics itselt howeves, has demonstrated the intations of ts moce conventional views. These limitations are highlighted by developments inthe downs of relativity“ CaIQUES AND OERSIONS "TABLE 1.6 Suramar of Symposium Views on Consus anon Extended Scene Tess of omnes sade concer oj ih tos of cncouns bc wh despots ose of apron. Teper enonne sel beaded nh pe tiny ed spencer thin ede ro bce sas ma te hee wince ‘alg Arey nn td ath ensp a ones ‘ce deen seo o the coke + Thecnnded wince evn tis ris cominam fav nig irom ieee wt corey race oh anaes he and pss ‘ncudag gh ha nay pnd km mp ogee ‘oly ince conocer he af Soa nd mee th oe he ig al pate an 4 Theeare maya dues o boom bythe xed sinc, Thee aie or er wer rg oo omen ms oe oat bin hr const oy dd ‘ale nde ded phery ade oer sce {lnttbedvoee ope ben ne svar ome php Teh cnct king, + Weneed movi he agen ede rset prio onpeseny anda tometer" o-hehe taking The ‘central mtn cay aoa nd pyc acd te bene ta ‘Seto of eto of aio, nn ecomectson nd craton The ‘ova tram the conte amen prety tery ae Tyme othe rand hr long spa nhl Aan arb ‘Lopnaed dno ng o apres pp te soe ee of ‘eth nen slenerhlb pe oan elplapshes| + Whe seme hs omen en rep a oben enero ela ‘beethsmerthe ara af ety we estou sieved rrr Ini Bemg conen penne mds cpm at a spre ely sree Me osedse oaie hn fene spnhes ‘eit, nd hentai Fd ple nour wove opr {rower aed tough open The ingore tans corse sera he cosy wh oceans mo fi ‘chnowedl nga cn nl ve nee mea espleing ‘usb wht as revue charted bang py ace “The nended sen wl deo in ap ond bce amet ‘hegre tines of ng od lg dwn the mpc be ‘pia quan The range of ene iorsatn wlan cle he ‘esl ante meets Clan nd tyra ag ‘nlermaon aed 0s developed Therese tpn an expe Imi he ended sec cops min ta alin een graced Comentorl and pind es 6 “TABLE LS Continued “nay dee made nc tbe nae nthe ew acne, The lt ‘My dma he erty ee amy = clea he ce we woe | {Ege lat cone un Ne ror Tht cee aig sre at {TetS ine fond dogmas se sce odoin scence, he prereqte ‘deol cing the eons pea forthe ate than rei Inpuscee bps onthe phenome The poche ‘ted ci a rl msn mb ‘ped edt ead; tse ananton on ep he ceo oon morc «The inv ole fc ee ce clei i te ee seem {Poo cet ening mein to nnd te bcm so Sestnena ed waking poles aa te cnn the ina bol be utr onsng at hep eSmonasoap + oy on conse mt achnowee henbrent wlee a ny ‘Gand solely ed ni pt thal eon: The lite por of ‘Nee courage amsecy hghy sce skate of mig = ‘Cation ited etn ue br estes py ems ese ‘Sto uy consume nl sry nto apne Sep “Shovel th elm be sca, + Tee fomisins ol omer ee i sian shoud bah a ‘ood hy al ne Pracne: We ese thi nd (Dogs rset diate for ermine of concoumem commen ‘ote ret bese onto angel stun he pyc ence “The sce, cece with oth concn an omen leone el ‘wiht comer of wii to enna ys wale wr it {Renee ey oft perl an lane bl be tei ie ‘eo: Teptetl eo il a edie hol sol tb “mpm he pai of word gas es prs le ew cece ‘hod lp pie slo cmc hms ie lee, Ie epment of pale racer wich! a onderandog and {Soueue Roqeeme WH, 8 pyaar ey Se jan ad Bed Ra are 7 theory, quantum mechani, the 2ero-poine fel, dsipatve serctres ‘aos, and complet We, therefore, recognize the shortcomings of the carliee physical views that several comtemporary disciplines sil use 356 cHMIQUES AND BTERSIONS templates for sound sien thinking and practice. Expanded approaches toresearch(dsiplined inquiry ate informed bythe more ecent develop tents in physic and alo by allematve research developments fom thology, ecology systems theory, aneropology, sociology, all areas of psvehology and the human seiences in general + In ation so recognizing that most of our knowledge is obtained ‘rough sense dat eapable of being consensually validated by others and ‘extended and expressed vialogialy consistent mathemascal ad linguistic focmalsms, we also recognize the posibility of alternative forms of knowing and of extending and expressing knowledge. We recognize the importance of tack or personal knowledge and of knowledge obtained through intton diest knowing, empathic sesitviy and what might be ‘eonsieted paranormal means: We recognize that alternative modes of ‘ccessng, processing, and sharing knowledge may occur in nonordinary Sates of consciousness and that it may be posible to develop state-specific Sciences based on these modes and states 26 envisioned by Tat (1972). “Ment important, we tecogiae the vl of working withthe subjective experiences of teearch partipats and researchers, We emphasize pi vate ise pervon experiences and experiential accounts as valid forms of Ienowing that complement third person accounts of wht is publicly ob servable, We spplement outer (tic) esericions with inne (mi) ones, tnd we do noe privilege the former over te later either epseemologically ‘or ontological «+ The researcher i an extremely important component of any research “Hor: Personal characteristics ofthe researcher may have pround im pacts on the outomies ofthe research project. Characteristics sich a the Fesearchets background taining, sil, senstiites, biases, expectations, jndgmens, and temperament can affect, and pocencally distor, any and tll phases of a research projec, acuding framing the research question, Selecting the research method; drawing partpans ito the study inter ‘ting with partiipans and condctng the actal eseare; an collecting processing, imterpreing, and cmmanicting the data and findings. The searcher’ preparation and even his or her very Being may importantly in lence the nature and outcome ofa research study, and some ofthese factors ean be quite auble and operate theough equally subtle means. A Sandardied, distanced, and objective reseaecher who remains apart fom Wat is std isan illson. Investigators cannot be inerchanged or Substsuted for one another with an expectation of virally identical study catcomes. Because the oof the investigators so crcl in his expanded. ew of research, we wil devote more attention to researcher chara tevin a later section ofthis chapet «Simple ail, weal esearch environments or rectch ste eons my yield comespondngy simple, arf and miseading find Ing conclsion, and tea. Topis feat meating and most an txperenes, ae usally too comple, ach, and contextualized to be ‘ele spl sala designation datoring or even valiing the top or expences. To atm sip or smu such expe coce in elated pecs aan, c0 detersine tht Sampo and whi for infer wh ter aor alas sky Soe inpossie wo asomplsh wi yr suc, The express ‘xis process that ain dyamicinteracton with ther process ad tisdifesior imposible tostady hese athe sence of el generating En supporting elds. A complementary principle seems operative hee ‘The researcher must give Up the poslliy of certainty 36 to exact component and cers srto source and ireton otal cowboy fd fly appeebend ich xpeencs The ecrcher can aaa an ‘seem componentsand deny mrces and ireions onset only ofexperiences tht ae inplicions nd artical analogs ofthe sel hig Sipeant human expeienes ae apd ae sane i a- tees that ae, busch context lo arch in ambiguy + Te purposes tention, and goals ofall esearch personnel researches, paricipant, and audience) conebat sigaicanl tothe design, conduct, sndoutcomesof esearch studies, Parapychologiclresearchindcatestht onaiousnes may have det influences onthe physical world and ot ‘her people, Direct consciousness interstons wth remote systems cx Provide veridical knowledge about chose ster and ako ca influence those systems in measurable ways, Direct consciousness interactions may ‘ceur among personnel in all phases of research, interact with more ‘Conventional pathways of knowing and of intence, and contribute t0 ‘what happens and what i learned in 2 stad. + tan expanded view of research (disciplined inquiry), the researcher's Stasi or importance isnot privileged over that of tke other eeseatch patipants, Theres demnoctatnation ofthe esearch enterprise, with all Personnel coneribting inputs an able to comment on a studs iterpee: {ations and concusons. The tests corsercher and participant ace used, ther than the tem cube, to emphasize an egalitarian tance toward all8 ‘rMQUES AND ETENSIONS ‘contributors othe research projet. Those who ae most familia withthe experienets being studied—ae areal of having hal hese experiences are the true experts in any investigation of those experiences. The re- Searcher submits raw material, and often the interpretations of those materials, t0 the participants, who check them for accuracy and for agreement with their own interpretations; these member checks provide dina indications ofthe validity ofthe sudy’s conclusions. + Although emphasizing recenc research epors within the discipline, the researcher does not ignore older reports of felevant observations and thoughts found outside this discipline when ceviewing the literature or searching for data and conceptaliztions related tothe topic being ce Persons ouside e professional discipline can approach topics with fresh eye, or beginner's mn, enabling them to ace things new olin orginal and creative ways impossible for members ofthe ingroup. The laters perceptions and ways of thinking may hive become ovely marcowed, strucrared and rigiified through excessive exposure to, and overeating Of limited approaches. Ie is not uncommon to heat psychologists remark that philosophers, novels, poets, arts, musicians, and chose familiar with enduring spiimal or wisdom teadions frequertly have more pro- found understandings ofthe human psyche and are beter abe to comma- nicate those understandings than profesional or seademic psychologist For this reason, eis wise noc to overlook the insights of persons outside the researcher's imtnediae and related fields Equally ancient thoughts contin to have contemporary relevance; there are no linstations of expiration dates for valid knowledge or wisdom, + Much ofa researcher's energy is devoted to making orginal empirical cbservtions and to creating theories, model, or conceptalizations that help account for those findings. There are, however, ether forms of scholarship, research, and disciplined inquiry that involve conceptualizing or integrating old idngs or efferene areas of learning, developing and implementing practical spplications of research, and disseminating re search findings 10 others through traning and teaching. A researcher's amtention and energy also go toward exploring the imphetions and practical outcomes or fruits of a research projec. Significant eescarch contributes eo the knowledge gain of the dicpline but alto provides ppurposefl experiences and beneficial opportunites forthe researches, che Participant audience ofthe esearch reports, and society at age Comentoral and andes ews 2 «A esearch continues co publish oxginal research findings and ice Settons in peeteviewed jourals and to present these findings and Fencept a profesional conferences to share cesearch outcomes with lxeague ado obtain feedback from pers. In addition to these oles, ‘Tresnarcher disseminates his or her thoughts to other sudieneesin the {oom of remipopulr books; popular articles; media presentations, and Tecures, seminars, workshops, and taining for professionals and for the feneral public. These diverse publieaons and presentations ensre that [Bereseachers coninbuions do aot emain estectedto only cetainsmnal {foups bat ater are saced withthe community large 3 that a many EE posible may benefit from the eesearc, Unlike the conventional view, {he expanded view of research and disciplined inquiry does not privilege Shy fort of communication or education over another each appreach is ‘lve and appropriate for its own porposes “These axioms and practices ate elaborated elsewhere in chs book, speci in the chapters of Pat I. Several ofthese, however because they Ure especially salient and are common tall dhe approaches described in Pare lly deserve special tention here ‘THE SUBJECT MATTER OF [EXPANDED RESEARCH PROGRAMS “The expanded approaches to eeseatch and disciplined inguiry that we present in this volume are especialy sited co research topics involving human experiences tha are personal, subject, sgeificant, and relent Reson experiences ae thos that researchers have dicey encountered in ther own lives that chey consider o be significant, and about wich ‘hey would ke to learn more. These evens typically have Been private, subjective, and inwaedly expesienals they may oc may not have bad ‘bri external concomitant that coud have been noticed, ar the tne the experience occured, by exernal observers. These experiences at rich, |however and provide new insights, new and effective ways dealing with cor transcending cries difclis, and nee appreciations ofthe exper ‘enct's deper nature and ofthe natre of others and ofthe wore They have had profound iapacts and signin, perhaps radically wansforma "vg inflsenceson the experience’ life, They may allow the experencer» ceIQUES AND DTENSIONS so recone remembw and ele apts of bing and of lf tha had been forge, gored neler, he epernc tata ane rote te expert aloe thy ae oer 2 well Thee impacts may beon signe ikem, nly tee Sends and aequaieances, or soy at lage, Actions bed Yo wee ‘ated these expen hae prof pte soa ance onseqeses Oe, thy nie ceane eaprenions vous a, ance, drama, postr reer form of wen chat ae lates geniing inpraconalinisence In sor, we ae desing hee wen Beat Thirsty ces ont or and desc rescch met tat eg pomecaland encoping athe expences hae ‘THE QUALITIES AND ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER ‘The expanded methods recogni thecal importance ad peretive soe of th reseacher uate sna, and eg in al ee ‘ces projet. Theydonotatempe omnia terlcalthereeciee 4 stems to teat invent enas ns moyen fo be on Beneath tory veil of abjcve method tage pretending tha sch neers cen tobe ane when iy arene Ree tole ofthe investor ighiphted and emphained ia se tastes sonal pproaches ‘There ka view hc one ofthe dino betwen li practice and cecatch that inthe former he practioner en comet day oho become pt ofthe experienc the ccm wheres the ae ‘seach mos reminds, prot and anilve wi sas bei staid. We dono stereo thaKichtomy peeing ined, to dsl the usally Frm bundy hewee hse wo ave, Meck a be lnm by sharing and parting of expenence wth pups in resecch proj, nd much cen be acomplabed toaeh tonsa, Suan crn ehrton i cle race Ths a con tent human qualita have thi appropiate We avealeadymentonedthereachervnvlveentinteclcton ofthe tpi obese, how he esearch uct Fmd oe the sesarch methods are chore an enployed Te ine’ faiiy with, and anderandings of the experienc Bey ed onto any reach fore Te each penal guise eduposton infasnce patna section, and the gules of pe: eelcn th arp dng wach aon infonce he ‘re and depth ofthe infomaon that dled Abou the ‘Roaches nein many wayseveninbjectve usm {Seach dees in gual apraches the reser the aca ‘SSering nar and so er qed sess become 2a inporan Al meee called, proceeds inerpred d Speed og he esha athe each eon quaien Ta pounded theory ences que ee ecpuoedn the onapt ofthis went, nich te ovesigsor pr far wh Shan udedsnd bor her oberon ad neers exeteces Tse inform theca reingdevcloed long wth dt ieractons thoughout the reseach poet (lar 1978. opie. phe Her Skoimows (1994 aout phlowpy of pr Son in wich mind condones evn, ely anid a odaof owing becg.anbecningas ation ch yin ‘oui ofl cae ad creates Rx aan or paeclay Sil deaspon of the perm fo varios tet, nd oat ‘aly cored hough tow tenes. For Skanova, "The srl ino th wpe! mind. When te id rept, Sought soange tng costes wih che aver Ges i Sena.) “hr nocon of repardnes i added by ecotominilotpher Schumacher (197, p. 39-40), who mana at tooo ape tendo exprcce way rai, th one adhi othr feng opi tbe prope tnd epeopitl pared ote knee, appre o xpi; ay he owes tt hve adapt adegstene) with net otha which Be own Ara rca lee he micencopi or Mra ean fom anette paste fre bogota aly ‘hath le of he plots plates veal Schumacher ces es thane illest om te Maja Niky, LEX Bai tex (One can no sy atin supreme knowledge al toes ony by 2 gral ‘ein. gtadlaeton, + grades usoig, does one ain ptt soles In wha manos? A man comes, nove by confines; having ore hosts Having joel eaten sean, he eves the doting: having esnedthe dete, he remembers ie examine the sme of he ‘hig eer from examining the sense, the things are approved of;rms ano oreNsONS having approve, desi is or; e ponders pondering, he eget esns ‘ims and apr eining msl, he mental sels he ges tah Island, penetrating by mean of wisdom, ses (7) Realty (being) and knowing ate covonstiutive, We can perceive and ‘know only tha for which our sensitiies have prepared us and these sensitivities depend on aspects of our being. The perennial wisdom rich In acknowledgments of this principle "We behold that which we ate (Undetil19111968,p. 423). "Only the Real can no Realy” (Underil, 1911/1968, p. 436). "No man san create anyching greater than his own soni” (Witherspoon, 1951, p. 1013). “Inthe word of sia realities, cnowiedgeis always fnction of being: the natu of what we experience isdetermined by what we ourselvesare” (Aldous Holey quoted in Heard, 1949, p. 78). "To listen tothe soul, chy most inten with che soul (Gerald Heard, quoted in Whi, 1984, p. 37)“ we change ourelves, changing ‘our power of apprehension, we change the universe confronting Us (Geard, quoted in White, 1984, p. 62). "Every night tothe outer world must be Balanced by an equally enlarged knowledge of ous tue an fll rnarure” (Heard, quoted in White, 1984, p. 62) As rescarchers, our preparedness, adzquati,senstvites and being are shape by our experince, by what we lea from ethers in ou esearch ed application projet, andy the changes and trnsormations that ost us ‘Seough our personal growth and spiiual development. What happens ad iat we lear and become in each ofthese ates feed and are fed by the ‘others, and every person influences ad is inflvenced by all thes. Ths continual, dynamic ierply among research, practical aplication, and personal development loosens and disolves the boundaries among these three ares. The states of being that develop in one aea allow pacticlar types of knowing to occu in other areas, and sensitivities mold being ad being mold sensivtes in an endless creative, logical dance. ‘TELEOLOGICAL AND [NARRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS Since the 1960s, cognitive psychologists such as frome Brunet (1986, 1990) have advocated the importanee of maraive and sory in resting ‘meaning throughout the human developmental cyl. Narrative therapict have recency bacomepopularas forms of therapeutic intervention whetein eae ee ee Conventional and rane ews a is rome hongh ine cee wv of Ie cn he psi hp edge se ticloil analysing analogous puters between mee sen We the Me foe's commniy ad te oie fs ba central to both Jewish and Christian thought—both scholar an lea lar—forlongtine.Evichedbypychologeainnshe teas ohn alert creel Goldberg, 1982; Stroup, 1981). oe Nursery lat te Slo onsen theresa cence ‘eat neces eager Ah Hin eS othe hon pt an ee, is pchioeamepceonsn ae ‘Secon suet annonce ea a on Sesh ling en lh a ng al teen denen phen eae oe ene an sores of one' if othe inportant series of one scare on oe Tiling oe semen and ld see besa ise ue Wel saressced see and, as we tell them, we teansport the me ofthe aan enortrt te puvinae thowsh menor snipe. np phesomelog sfc ‘noi ton prec (awh eae em fing tk pr neon ine) ance gam iuidinsineofmnie pons Tose ee ‘odin ont pref nae ‘ie ments bg enna mie aes ney pe een ele fi. The ankown tran fe fhe seems ore kona sd se tote hail, andes nti he oe ‘poles ofthe fre, weve itoonr reson ae ‘ster binaahatves Thomann che pecor a “may even cteate new events in av sia amreesspaies an eae inwindwihou theories tat Of cen, ster ae ey ‘shoe an imine. whe pang trugh crac tay have helped create a projection of conciousness a be eo commonly knowx ‘aMQUES AND ETENSIONS For tanspersonal researchers, stores about spsitual experiences affect personal and consesual reales ro support their vlc. In tengo ‘wn stores of spinal experiences and hearing those of eters, spittual experiences seem more vivid, imaginable, an, fom the view of conscious ness, more likey t oeeur again. Pt directly, the more we can imagine outeelves experiencing the inffbl, the more possible the experiences ser In that sens, we ae dreaming oar way ino the ftae. Through the telling of sores amore flly enriched spiritual vanes seme not only possible bu more probable SCHOPENHAUER'S QUERY This discussion of nacaiveandlclogy brings to mind a wonderlesay of Arthr Schopenhauer (1881/1974). InTramcendent Speciation onthe [Apparent Delteratenes in the Fate ofthe Individual” Schopenhauer points out how when one views anes fe retrospectively seems thar“the course of an individuals life, however confused ie appears to be, i @ Complete whol, in harmony wih tell and having definite tendency snd didacve meaning, as profoundly conceived a6 isthe finest epic" (p. 204)—dhat here an “inner compas, [] mysterious characteristic hat brings everyone correctly onto hat path which for bm she ony suitable ‘ne; bt only ler he has covered it does he become nae oft uniform ection” (p. 206). He elaborate his idea “The extemal pettion of eicumstances had to asi one anor the oure of tm’ Me sch a way that, teem hereof when had ‘een eun deo, they made apes lke a welsh and preted ‘vor a lbouh previo, wken wali the ling a Inthe ese a every planed work of art the apeaance of Being aten ‘thou any pln or rarpre. Bar whoever came slong fer completion closely considered would teitably ze i stonishnet a sich 2 ours of ie a the work of the mont detest foreigh,widom and ersten. p. 207) Tle aknowiedge the ary ofthe ina fe 2 deer, we Should] note the diferece hatin te mere dea the elation onesided ony one ego actly wil ad el whee theresa noting bat hoon the eat dea of io the other han, 3 tal retin Sect sne no nly doc the te igure i the eam of he ther xy 2s incesary, but ao tha theses in his dream, Thay wit of 3 eal harmon praca, everyone dees oly what is appropiate 19 Fam and athe dreams of ate wo igeioly orerwoven that etyone get oknow what bent to his ad a he ame tne does {Brose whi ineesary Ie ithe great dream ta i desmed by thar one ety buen sack way dha lis persons ream ttogeter pp 319220) Sch thoughts bring to mind similar notions that are Latent inthe participatory snverse (Whecer, 174) and anthropic principle (aerow 8 {Tile 1946; Polkinghorne, 1987) ideas of moder physiesand cosmology. ‘Aconding 10 these views, the universe must have exactly the eight and ‘lie Balance, and extremely fine wing, of is physical constunts pigscal constants, ws of operation and (pethape special itl cca ances asthe universe now has for i wo contain and susan sestient {eatures sich as human beings who can inhabit, observe, and theorize Shout soch a universe. "These theories, as well as Schopenbaue's musings, comin the tle- logical favor of persons or histories being able to coordinate or asst themselves in bringing abost optimal or expected ends ox gols—besigaly incervening on thee ow behalt They contain suggestions tha frure gals peaps may beable to inflence carer event is curious time-displaced ways: Could dhe endings of out stores somehow determine their Begin rings and intermediate eoarses? ‘WORDS “The commonly understood meaning of research isto invesigate thor ‘oughly. The research methods presented this volume arebeing developed tot ony to honor the breadth and depth of human experience but also to honor the thoroughness ofa research endeavor. The proposed methods {nemoreinchsve and more intensive than conventional esearch methods; nly through sachfallaess can they do justice to the rch topics toward which they ae directed Wwelooke more closely at the meanings of research wesee atthe word also suggests searching agin, anew, back; going about again or going ‘wound again; and icing around again, Ths icing around again and in provides a fine metaphor fr the research enterprise: By moving ound atopic examining carefully fom many perspectives we even ally gai 4 more complete understanding of what we are examining. TheEa conus image ofthe cece suggests completeness, wholeness, cegulaiy order, and, indeed, disciplined ingucy ise. The image and metaphor bring to mind 4 satement Carl Jung (1965) made in connection with personal growth and development: “There eno linear evolution, there i only crcuma. bplasion ofthe self” 196), As we circle around the objec of inquiry, we look atic again and agin Another word also cartes che favor of eepeated ooking: respect. When ‘we respect someone oe something, we look aain (respect), we pay speci attention, we honor. The resemblances ofthese word gest that at some Important level, research and respec are synonymous Both imply falliness ‘of attention, with minimal distortion, mintnalSkering, minimal rojo ‘ion, minimal denial and minimal preferences or bases, Duvelling more deeply ona few addtional wordscan convey a reat desl shout the naue of several approaches to research, The conventional, postvst approach to research describe, explains, predicts, contra. The heuristic appeoach describes, aeertands, appreciates. The fii ape proach tll ltens,emancipats, empowers The wanspersonal approach expands, enlarges, enriches, opens, interconnects (within and withow), integrates, ores, awakens, ransconds, ansforms, and (stimately and hopefully enlightens a A PREVIEW OF NEW METHODS Rosemarie Anderson Willian Braud Ina time when the sciences are expanding and the scientific community and he wider public are more atentve o spiral values, researchers are seeking innovative and sigorousreseatch methods to explore both the ‘experiential and transformative nature of human expesencs. As we ex plored in depth in Chapter 1, these rich domains of human experience ‘ccmingly are often missed o trivialized within the scientific dsourse of ‘Suh-eetary posts and 20th centaty behaviors and cognitive si ney within the broad specteum of science in general and within paychol ogy is pat, Thus, the field of wanspersonalpeychology and related endeavors— suchas wellness health at, tanspersonal medicine, ming. body therapies Psyhospritual dimensions of counseling, and conscious stadis has atten in the past 25 years to investigate these rich pycholegial and teansformacive domains of human experience. The field of tanspersonal Prychology has been immersed during these years with exablihing ital ' an academic discipline, The pevaing concerns of tanspesonal py. ‘hologits during this pesiod have been defining the dipline, especialy ‘he tanspersonal;dtngushing the uniquely tansformative aspects of »2 camques Axo eTNSIONS spiritual development and maturiy from emotional ad intellectual mas ‘rity; an establishing the discipline’ institatione and traditions of ine! Iectual discourse. There has jst been so much t0 do that developing ‘eseareh methods uniquely tlevanto exploring the transformative dimen: sions of human nature has not received focused attention, Texnspersonal researchers and graduate students tended oborcow research methods fon the postivisticparadign, rater shan eeate their own This book seeks to remedy this sation by providing tansprsonal research methods that uniquely complement she dynamic ature of existential and teansormative human experience ‘Ar time when sciensiieparadigns ate shifting, the presenction of these new ranspervnal research methods is imely. The widespread inter «stim prualconcers has created a more congenial semosphere. Within the scientific community, the needs of conventional and transpersonal researchers ae converging, the point shat is sometimes hard to keep the plyetssuaighe. Transpersonal researchers are starting eo sound like ‘conventional researchers concerned with ality liability, baselines, and proximal stimuli and hard” sient are talking about the subjectivity of ‘bvervation, the interconnectednesof mind and mater, and he infects ‘of spiritual values and pratces on physical helt and well-being, During ‘the past 25 years or so, conventional sietsts in many dsiplins have sradualy grown weary of conventional research methods and attendant spitemologies, Some of them have already moved ino 2 postpostivin paradigm. The fed of wanspersonal peychology is also ready—indeed eager—to engage the scenic community with its perspectives and in- sighs. In this book, we and our colleagues iawoduce five new transpersonal research appeouches. Each approach seeks to honor the diversity and expansiveness of human expriencesby facilitating comprehensive dessip- tions, analses and presentations ofthe farther reaches of human nate,” 2s Abcaham Maslow (1968, 1971) beau expressed i neatly 30 years go. The uaiional values of precsion rigor an laity are extended snd ‘deepened wo comprehensively explore topesaddtesing the ransformative ature of human experiences, such as imagery and healing, synchronicity and personal growth ndigenovs windoms and ealing the psychosprtual dimensions of martial ats, creative itstion, and synergitileadersip ‘The usual ways of knowing, analyzing dara and expressing findings are ‘expanded o incl alternate forms of knowledge, novel ways of working with collected dita and ereaive ways of expressing these findings. Quane eso Naw Mato » utve methods that measure and isolate variables are nolnger privileged rte n-depth and relational metho of qultatve research. Quant have methods are encouraged, or blended with other methods, when “GGrooriate 10 the fazer of experience being sudied. Seeking bslance terween guanttacve and qualitative methodsisa distinguishing fearre of (aspersonal research. Soyeral ofthese methods advocate combining snd bending qubiative and quanttaeve method to provide rich and compee- Fenive portayalsof esearch topics. nits own way, each ofthe wansper= tonal retearch methods inoduced i this hook encourages expansion it “eentinal sient icourse and inthe cond of research, especially {nthe conceptuaizaton, analysis, and expression of research findings. PREVIEWING THE FIVE ‘TRANSPERSONAL RESEARCH METHODS, “The fire new tanepersnal cetearch methods presented in Pat Hl are raed to accommodate the nature of spiritual and transcendent exper nce The understanding of empirical is defined closer ot etymological roots includ ll experience. In Chapter 3, “Tnvgtal Inquiry: Complementary Ways of Knowing, Beng, and Expression,” integral ing is introduced by Wiliam Brand Integral inguiey provides bh a comprehensive overview of psichological research methods and means to apply and blend these methods to & arcla research rope. Beginning with the affiemation that human experience is mulileveled and complex, resatch methods must be core spondinly mulsaceted and pluralistic Researchers and practioner in {pple areas ate encouraged to expand and extend conventional research,