Neodredeni integrali

Definicija. Za funkciju F : I R, gde je I interval, kazemo da je primitivna

funkcija funkcije f : I R ako je

F 0 (x) = f (x)

za svako x I.

Teorema 1. Ako je F : I R primitivna funkcija za f : I R, tada je i

funkcija F (x) + C, C R, takode primitivna funkcija funkcije f.

Definicija. Skup svih primitivnih funkcija funkcije f naziva se neodredeni

integral funkcije f i oznacava sa
Z
f (x)dx.

Osnovne osobine neodredenog integrala:

R
0
1o f (x)dx = f (x) ,
R
2o F 0 (x)dx = F (x) + C ,
R R
3o f (x)dx = f (x)dx, R \ {0} ,
R
R R
4o f (x) g(x) dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx .

Cuvajmo drvece. Nemojte stampati ovaj materijal, ukoliko to nije neophodno.

1
2

Tablica integrala
Z
R xn+1 dx
xn dx = + C, n 6= 1 = ln |x| + C
n+ 1 x
Z Z
dx arctan x + C, dx 1  x 1 
= = ln  +C
1 + x2 arcctg x + C x2 1 2 x+1
Z  Z p
dx arcsin x + C, dx
= = ln |x + x2 1| + C
1x 2 arccos x + C x2 1
R x R x ax
e dx = ex + C a dx = + C, a > 0, a 6= 1
R R ln a
sin x dx = cos x + C cos x dx = sin x + C
Z Z
dx dx
= cot x + C = tan x + C
sin2 x cos2 x
R R
sinh x dx = cosh x + C cosh x dx = sinh x + C
Z Z
dx dx
= coth x + C = tanh x + C
sinh2 x cosh2 x

Osnovne metode integracije:

METOD SMENE
R R
Ako je f (x)dx = F (x) + C, tada je f (u)du = F (u) + C. Uzmimo da je
x = (t), gde je neprekidna funkcija zajedno sa svojim izvodom 0 . Tada

Z



f (t) 0 (t)dt = F (t) + C.

METOD PARCIJALNE INTEGRACIJE

Ako su u i v diferencijabilne funkcije i funkcija uv 0 ima primitivnu funkciju,
tada je
Z Z
udv = uv vdu.
 3

Primeri najcesce koriscenih smena:

1
dx = d(ax + b), a 6= 0, smena: t = ax + b, dt = a dx,
a
1
xdx = d(x2 ), smena: t = x2 , dt = 2xdx,
2
1
xdx = d(ax2 + b), a 6= 0, smena: t = ax2 + b, dt = 2axdx,
2a
1
xn1 dx = d(xn ), n 6= 0, smena: t = xn , dt = nxn1 dx,
n
dx
= 2 d( x), smena: t = x, 2t dt = dx,
x
dx 2 2
= d( ax + b), a 6= 0, smena: t = ax + b, t dt = dx,
ax + b a a
dx dx
= d(ln x), smena: t = ln x, dt = ,
x x
dx
dx
= d ln ax , a 6= 0, smena: t = ln ax, dt = ,
x x


ex dx = d ex , smena: t = ex , dt = ex dx,


eax dx = d a1 eax , a 6= 0, smena: t = eax , dt = aeax dx,

sin x dx = d(cos x), smena: t = cos x, dt = sin x dx,

cos x dx = d(sin x), smena: t = sin x, dt = cos x dx,

dx dt
= d(tan x), smena: t = tan x, = dx,
cos2 x 1 + t2
dx dt
= d(cot x), smena: t = cot x, = dx,
sin2 x 1 + t2
sinh x dx = d(cosh x), smena: t = cosh x, dt = sinh x dx,

cosh x dx = d(sinh x), smena: t = sinh x, dt = cosh x dx,

dx dt
= d(tanh x), smena: t = tanh x, = dx,
cosh2 x t2
1
dx dt
= d(coth x), smena: t = coth x, = dx.
sinh2 x 1 t2
4

METOD REKURZIVNIH FORMULA R

Odredivanje integrala In = fn (x)dx, funkcija koje zavise od celobro-
jnog parametra n, moguce je primenom parcijalne integracije ili nekog drugog
metoda, svesti na izracunavanja integrala Im , 0 m < n, istog tipa. Takve
relacije, oblika
In = (In1 , . . . , Ink ),
zovemo rekurzivne formule. Da bi se na osnovu njih odredila vrednost integrala
In , neophodno je poznavati uzastopnih k integrala In1 , . . . , Ink , kao i prvih
k integrala I0 , . . . , Ik1 .

INTEGRALI SA KVADRATNIM TRINOMOM

Z
mx + n
1. I = dx
ax2 + bx + c
Z Z Z
n dx n dx n dx
m=0: I= = =

ax2 + bx + c a x2 + ab x + ac a b 2 c b2
Z x + 2a + a 4a 2
  n dt
 b 2 
= t = x + 2a , h2 = | ac 4a
b
2 | = .
a t2 h2
Z Z
xdx dx
m 6= 0 : I = m 2
+n 2
= mI1 + nI2 ;
ax + bx + c ax + bx + c
Z Z
xdx 1 2ax dx
I1 = 2
= 2
ax + bx + c 2a ax + bx + c
Z Z
1 2ax + b b 1 d(ax2 + bx + c) b
= 2
dx = 2
I2
2a ax + bx + c 2a ax + bx + c 2a
1 b
= ln |ax2 + bx + c| I2 .
2a 2a
Izracunavanje integrala I2 opisano je u prethodnom slucaju (m = 0).
Z
mx + n
2. I = dx, analogno tipu integrala pod 1.
ax2 + bx + c
Z
dx 1
3. I = , smenom mx+n = svodi se na slucaj 2.
(mx + n) ax2 + bx + c t
Z p
4. I = ax2 + bx + c dx, resava se dovodenjem na potpun kvadrat izraza
pod korenom
   c b2 
2 b 2 c b2
b  
ax +bx+c = a x+ + 2 = a t2 h2 , t = x+ , h2 =  2 .
2a a 4a 2a a 4a
 5

INTEGRACIJA RACIONALNIH FUNKCIJA

P (x)
Funkcija , P (x) i Q(x) su polinomi, jeste prava racionalna funkcija
Q(x)
ukoliko je stepen polinoma P (x) manji od stepena polinoma Q(x).
Prava racionalna funkcija

P (x) P (x)
= n m ,
Q(x) Y Y
ki
si 2
(x ai ) x + pi x + qi
i=1 i=1

gde su nule kvadratnih trinoma x2 + pi x + qi , i = 1, . . . , m kompleksne, ima

razvoj

P (x) A11 A12 A1s1

= + 2
+ +
Q(x) x a1 (x a1 ) (x a1 )s1
A21 A22 A2s2
+ + 2
+ +
x a2 (x a2 ) (x a2 )s2
+
An1 An2 Ansn
+ + 2
+ +
x an (x an ) (x an )sn
B11 x + C11 B12 x + C12 B1k x + C1k1
+ 2 + + + 2 1
x + p1 x + q1 (x2 + p1 x + q1 )2 (x + p1 x + q1 )k1
B21 x + C21 B22 x + C22 B2k x + C2k2
+ 2 + 2 2
+ + 2 2
x + p2 x + q2 (x + p2 x + q2 ) (x + p2 x + q2 )k2
+
Bm1 x + Cm1 Bm2 x + Cm2 Bmk x + Cmkm
+ 2 + 2 2
+ + 2 m .
x + pm x + qm (x + pm x + qm ) (x + pm x + qm )km

Konstante Aij , Bij , Cij nalazimo metodom neodredenih koeficijenata.

INTEGRACIJA IRACIONALNIH FUNKCIJA:

Z h  ax + b p1 /q1  ax + b p2 /q2 i
1. Integral R x, , , . . . dx, gde je R neka ra-
cx + d cx + d
cionalna funkcija i pi Z, qi N, uvodenjem smene

ax + b
= tn , n = NZS{q1 , q2 , . . . },
cx + d
svodi se na integral racionalne funkcije.
6
Z p Z
P (x)dx dx
2. n = Qn1 (x) ax2 + bx + c + ,
2
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c
koeficijente polinoma Qn1 (x) i odredujemo metodom neodredenih
koeficijenata nakon diferenciranja gornje jednakosti.
Z
dx 1
3. Integral smenom x + = svodi se na slucaj
n 2
(x + ) ax + bx + c t
pod 2.
Z p
4. Integral R(x, ax2 + bx + c)dx, gde je R neka racionalna funkcija,
primenom Ojlerovih ili trigonometrijskih/hiperbolickih smena svodi se
na integral racionalne funkcije.

Ojlerove smene:

I) Ukoliko je a > 0, uvodimo smenu ax2 + bx + c = t a x ;

II) Kada je c 0, smena glasi ax2 + bx + c = xt c ;
III) U slucaju 2
ax + bx + c = a(x x1 )(x x2 ), x1 , x2 R, koristimo
smenu ax2 + bx + c = t(x x1 ).

Trigonometrijske i hiperbolicke smene:

(a) ako se u integralu javi a2 x2 , smena: x = a sin t ili x = a cos t;

(b) ako se u integralu javi a2 + x2 , smena: x = a tan t ili x = a sinh t;
a a
(c) ako se u integralu javi x2 a2 , smena: x = ili x = ili
sin t cos t
x = a cosh t.

5. Integracija binomnog diferencijala:

R
p
I = xr a + bxq dx, za a, b R, p, q, r Q
q1 r1
a) U slucaju p Z, q = , r = , gde su q1 , r1 Z i m N,
m m
uvodimo smenu: m m1 dt. Polazni integral tada
Z x = t , dx = mt

p
postaje I = m tr1 +m1 a + b tq1 dt.
r+1 s
b) Kada je Z, p = , smena: a + bxq = tm ili x = t1/q .
q m
r+1 s
c) Za slucaj + p Z, p = , smena: x = t1/q ili axq + b = tm .
q m
 7

INTEGRACIJA TRIGONOMETRIJSKIH FUNKCIJA

Neka je R neka racionalna funkcija. Posmatramo integral oblika

Z
I = R(sin x, cos x)dx.

1. U slucaju

R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), smena: t = cos x;

R(sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), smena: t = sin x;
R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), smena: t = tan x.
x 2dt
Inace, smenom t = tan , dx = , imajuci u vidu transformacije
2 1 + t2

2t 1 t2
sin x = , cos x = ,
1 + t2 1 + t2
polazni integral postaje integral racionalne funkcije.

2. Transformacije proizvoda u zbir

1

sin ax sin bx = cos(a b)x cos(a + b)x ,
2
1

sin ax cos bx = sin(a b)x + sin(a + b)x ,
2
1

cos ax cos bx = cos(a b)x + cos(a + b)x ,
2
svode integrale oblika
Z Z Z
sin ax sin bx dx, sin ax cos bx dx, cos ax cos bx dx,

na elementarne integrale.
R
3. Za I = sinm x cosn xdx, gde su m, n Z razlikujemo sledece slucajeve:

n = 2k + 1 (m = 2k + 1 analogno):
Z   Z
 t = sin x 
I = sin x(cos x) cos xdx = 
m 2 k  = tm (1t2 )k dt;

dt = cos xdx
8

m = 2k, n = 2l : Snizavamo stepen trigonometrijskih funkcija pod

integralom primenom transformacija
1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = , cos2 x = ;
2 2
m = k, n = l, k, l N :
Z Z
dx 1 dx
I = =
k
sin x cosl x sin x cosl2 x cos2 x
k

Z
1 dx
= k
sin x l+k2 cos2 x
cos x
cosk x
Z

l+k2
= tank x 1 + tan2 x 2 d(tan x)

R
dt
4. R tan x dx, smena: t = tan x, dx = , takode
1 + t2
R
dt
R cot x dx, smena: t = cot x, dx = .
1 + t2
5. Hiperbolicke funkcije analogno, uz napomenu o jednakostima koje vaze
za ove funkcije:
ex ex ex + ex sinh x
sinh x = , cosh x = , tanh x = ,
2 2 cosh x
cosh2 xsinh2 x = 1, sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x, cosh 2x = cosh2 x+sinh2 x,
r r
x cosh x 1 x cosh x + 1
sinh = sgn(x) , cosh = ,
2 2 2 2
tanh x 1
sinh x = p , cosh x = p ,
2
1 tanh x 1 tanh2 x
   
arc sinh x = ln x + x2 + 1 , arc cosh x = ln x + x2 1 ,
   
1  x + 1  1  x 1 
arc tanh x = ln  , arc coth x = ln  ,
2 x 1 2 x + 1
   
x 1  x + a  x 1  x a 
arc tanh = ln  , arc coth = ln  ,
a 2 x a a 2 x + a
 9

Zadaci

1. Dokazati za a > 0 i b 6= c :
Z Z x + b
dx dx 1  
a) = log |x + b| + C, b) = ln   +C,
x+b (x+b)(x+c) cb x+c
Z Z x + a
dx 1 x dx 1  
c) 2 2
= arctan + C, d) 2 2
= ln   + C,
a +x a a a x 2a xa
Z Z
x2 x x2 a  x + a 
e) 2 2
dx = x a arctan + C, f ) 2 2
dx = x ln   + C,
a +x a x a 2 xa
Z Z
dx x dx  p 
g) = arcsin + C, h) = lnx+ x2 a2  +C,
a2 x2 a x2 a2
Z Z p
x dx 1 x dx
i) 2 2
= ln |a2 x2 | + C, j) = a2 x2 + C,
a x 2 2
a x 2
Z   Z  2 
dx 1  x 2
 dx 1  a x2 a 
k) = ln +C, l) = log  
x a2 x2 ) 2a2
 2
a x2

x a2 x2 2a  a2 x2 +a  +C,
Z p
xp 2 a2 x
m) a2 x2 dx = a x2 + arcsin + C,
2 2 a
Z p p p
x a 2  
n) x2 a2 dx = x2 a2 ln x + x2 a2  + C.
2 2
Z Z
dx d(x + b)
Resenje: a) = = log |x + b| + C.
x+b x+b
Z Z Z Z
dx 1 (x+c)(x+b) 1  dx dx 
b) = dx =
(x+b)(x+c) cb (x+b)(x+c) cb x+b x+c

1  x+b 
1.a)  
= log  +C.
cb x+c

Z Z
dx 1dx
c) Kako je I = 2 2
= 2 x 2 ,
a +x a
1+
a
x
uvodenjem smene t = , dx = a dt, polazni integral postaje tablicni
a
Z
1 dt 1
I= = arctan t + C.
a 1 + t2 a

1 x
Vracanjem smene, konacno dobijamo I = arctan + C.
a a
10
Z
dx
d) Integral I = jeste zapravo specijalan slucaj integrala pod b) za
x2 a2
a = a i b = a. Tako na osnovu rezulata pod b) zakljucujemo da je
1 x + a
 
I= ln   + C.
2a xa

Z Z Z Z
x2 a2 +x2 a2 2 dx 1.c) x
e) dx = dx = dxa = xa arctan +C.
a2 +x2 2
a +x 2 2
a +x 2 a
Z Z 2 2 2 Z Z
x2 x a +a 2 dx 1.d) a  x + a 
f) dx = dx = dx+a = x ln   + C.
x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2 2 xa
Z Z   Z
dx 1 dx  t= x  dt
g) I = = q =  a =

2
a x 2 a x 2 dx = a dt 1 t2
1 a2
x
= arcsin t + C = arcsin + C.
a
Z Z   Z
dx 1 dx  t= x  dt
h) I = = q =  a =
x2 a2 a x2 dx = a dt  t2 1
a2
1
r
  x x2  p
 
= ln t + t2 1 + C1 = ln  + 1  + C 1 = ln |x + x2 a2 | + C,
a a2
gde je C = C1 ln a.
Z   Z
xdx  t = a2 x2  1 dt 1 1  
i) I = 
= = = ln |t|+C = ln a2 x2  +C.
2
a x 2 2xdx = dt  2 t 2 2
Z   Z 1
p
xdx  t = a2 x2  1 1 1 t2
j) I = =  = t 2 dt = +C = a2 x2 +C.
a2 x2 2xdx = dt  2 2 1/2
Z Z 2 Z Z
dx 1 a x2 x2 1 dx 1 x dx
k) I = = 2
dx = 2 2
2
x a x ) 2 a x a x2 2 a x a a x2
2

1 1  2   2 
1.i)
= log |x| log a x2  + C = 1 log  x 
 + C.
a2 2a 2 2a2 2
a x 2

 
Z
dx x dx
Z  t = a2 x2 , x2 = t2 a2

 
l) I = = = 
x a2 x2 2
x a x 2 2  dt = x dx
a2 x2

Z
dt 1.d) 1 t a 1  a2 x2 a 
   
= = log  +C = log   + C.
t2 a2 2a t+a 2a a2 x2 + a
 11

m) Oblast definisanosti podintegralne funkcije a2 x2 integrala
Z p
I= a2 x2 dx

 
je segment Df = a, a . To opravdava uvodenje smene x = a sin t, pri tom
je dx = a cos t dt, kada t na primer prolazi segment t [/2, /2]. Za takav
izbor vrednosti nove nezavisno promenljive t vazi cos t 0. Tada je
Z p Z p
2 2
I =a 2 2
a a sin t cos t dt = a 1 sin2 t cos t dt
Z Z Z Z 
2 2 a2 a2
=a cos t dt = (1 + cos 2t)dt = dt + cos 2t dt
Z 2 2
a2  1  a2  1 
= t+ cos 2t d(2t) = t + sin 2t + C.
2 2 2 2
x x
Primetimo da je sin t = , t = arcsin , kao i
a a
r  x 2
p 2x 2x p 2
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t = 2 sin t 1 sin2 t = 1 = a x2 .
a a a2
Tada imamo
a2  x xp  xp 2 a2 x
I= arcsin + 2 a2 x2 + C = a x2 + arcsin + C.
2 a a 2 2 a

 
Z p  u = x2 a2 , du = x dx 
 R x2 a2 
n) I = x2 a2 dx = 
 dv = dx, v = dx = x 
p Z p Z 2
2 2
x2 dx 2 2
x a2 a2
= x x a =x x a dx
x2 a2 x2 a2
p  Z p Z 
dx
= x x2 a2 x2 a2 dx a2
x2 a2
1.h) p p
= x x2 a2 I a2 ln |x + x2 a2 |.

Odatle je p p
2I = x x2 a2 a2 ln |x + x2 a2 | + C1 ,
12

odnosno
xp 2 a2 p
I= x a2 ln |x + x2 a2 | + C.
2 2

Jos jedan pogodan nacin izracunavanja integrala I dat je u nastavku.

Z p Z p Z
2 2
x2 a2 2 2
dx
I= x a dx = dx = (c0 x + c1 ) x a +
x2 a2 x2 a2
Diferenciranjem ove jednakosti nalazimo

x2 a2 p x dx
= c0 x2 a2 + (c0 x + c1 ) + .
2
x a 2 2
x a 2 x a2
2

Posle mnozenja sa x2 a2 i sredivanja izraza, dobijamo

x2 a2 = 2c0 x2 + c1 x c0 a2 + .

Izjednacavanjem koeficijenata uz iste stepene promenljive x dolazimo do sis-

tema jednacina

1 = 2c0 , 0 = c1 , a2 = c0 a2 + ,

cije je resenje
c0 = 1/2, c1 = 0, = a2 /2.
Time trazeni integral postaje
Z
xp 2 a2 dx 1.h) x p a2 p
I= x a2 = x2 a2 ln |x + x2 a2 | + C.
2 2 x2 a2 2 2

2. Odrediti sledece integrale:

Z Z Z
0
3 0 2 20 0 x dx
1 x(x + 2) dx 2 x (1 + x) dx 3
(x + 9)10
Z Z Z p
0 dx 0 dx 0
4 5 6 1 2x2 + x4 dx
x2 + 4x + 4 x2 + x 2

Z Z


Resenje: 10 x(x + 2)3 dx = x1/2 x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 dx
 13
Z


= x7/2 + 6x5/2 + 12x3/2 + 8x1/2 dx
 2 4 12 3 24 2 16 
= x x + x + x + x + C.
9 7 5 3

Z   Z Z
 t=1 + x 
20
x (1 + x) dx= 
2 20  = (t 1)2 t20 dt = (t2 2t + 1)t20 dt
dt = dx 
Z

t23 t22 t21
= t22 2t21 + t20 dt = 2 + +C
23 22 21
(1 + x)23 (1 + x)22 (1 + x)21
= + + C.
23 11 21

Z   Z Z
x dx  t=x+9 

30
=   = (t 9)t10 dt = t9 9t10 dt
(x + 9)10  dt = dx 
t8 t9 1 1
= 9 +C = 9
+ C.
8 9 (x + 9) 8(x + 9)8

Z Z
dx d(x + 2) 1
40 = = + C.
x2 + 4x + 4 (x + 2)2 x+2
Z Z x 1
dx dx 1.b) 1  
50 = = ln   + C.
x2 + x 2 (x + 2)(x 1) 3 x+2
Z p Z p Z 

x3 
60 1 2x2 + x4 dx = (1 x2 )2 dx = 1x2 dx = x +C,
3
za 1 x2 0, tj. x [1, 1].
Za x (, 1) ili x (1, +) vazi
Z p Z 

x3 
2 4
1 2x + x dx = 1 x2 dx = x + C1 .
3
14

3. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z Z
0 x3 dx 0 x7 dx x8 dx
1 2 30
x8 2 (1 + x4 )2 (x3 1)3
Z Z Z
x9 dx 1 x7
40 5
dx 50
2 60
dx
x +1 10 x 1 + x7
Z Z x x +1 Z 
xdx dx 1 p 2
70 80 90 x+ x + x + 1 dx
1+x 4 x x2 + 1 2

Z Z  4 
x3 dx 1 d(x4 ) 1.d) 1 x 2
Resenje: 10 = = ln   + C.
8
x 2 4 (x4 )2 ( 2)2 8 2 x4 + 2 

Z Z   Z
x7 dx x4  t = 1 + x4  1 t 1
20
= 3
x dx =   = dt
(1 + x4 )2 (1 + x4 )2 dt = 4x3 dx  4 t2
Z
1
1

= t1 t2 dt = ln |t| + 1/t + C
4 4
1
1 
= ln 1 + x4 + + C.
4 1 + x4

Z Z   Z
x8 dx (x3 )2  t = x3 1  1 (t + 1)2
30
= x2
dx =  = dt
(x3 1)3 (x3 1)3  dt = 3x2 dx  3 t3
Z
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 
= + 2 + 3 dt = ln |t| 2 + C
3 t t t 3 t 2t
1 2 1 
= ln |x3 1| 3 + C.
3 x 1 2(x3 1)2

Z Z
Z 5
0 x9 1 x5 d x5 1 x +11

4 5
dx= 5
= 5
d x5
x +1 5 x +1 5 x +1
Z Z 5

!
1
d x +1 x5 1  
= 5
d x = log 1 + x5  + C.
5 x5 + 1 5 5
 15

Z Z   Z
dx x9 dx  t = x10  1 dt
50

2 =
2 =   =
9
dt = 10x dx  10 t(t + 1)2
x x10 + 1 x10 x10 + 1
Z Z Z
1 t+1t 1 dt 1 d(t + 1)
= 2
dt =
10 t(t + 1) 10 t(t + 1) 10 (t + 1)2
1b) 1
 t  1 1  x10  1
   
+C.
= log  + +C = log  10 + 10
10 t+1 10(t+1) 10 x +1 10 x +1

Z Z   Z
1x7 1x7  t = x7  1 1t
60
dx= 6 

x dx =   = dt
x 1+x7 7
x 1+x 7 6
dt = 7x dx  7 t(1+t)
Z
1 1 + t 2t 1 |x7 |
= dt = log
2 + C.
7 t(1 + t) 7 x7 + 1

Z Z p
xdx 1 d(x2 ) 1  
70 = p = ln x2 + 1 + x4  + C.
1+x 4 2 1 + (x )2 2 2

 
Z
dx
Z
x dx  t = x2 + 1, x2 = t2 1 
 
80 = = x dx 
x x2 + 1 x x + 1  dt = x2 +1
2 2 

Z    
dt 1.d) 1  t 1  1  x2 + 1 1 
= = ln  + C2 = ln  + C2 .
t2 1 2 t + 1 2 x2 + 1 + 1 

Z   
1 p 2  t = x2 + x + 1 
90
x+ x + x + 1 dx = 


2 dt = (2x + 1)dx = 2 x + 12 dx
Z
1 1 t3/2 1p 2
= t dt = +C = (x + x + 1)3 + C.
2 2 3/2 3
16

4. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z Z
0 dx 0 x 0

4
1 2 dx 3 1 4x dx
5x 2 1 4x
Z Z
dx dx
40 50
x+1+ x1 x+3 x2
Z Z Z
0 x5 0 x dx 0 x3 dx
6 dx 7
3/2 8
3
1 x2 1 + x2 r x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Z
2 3 2 x
90 2
dx
(2 x) 2+x

Z Z
dx 2 2
Resenje: 10 = d( 5x 2) = 5x 2 + C.
5x 2 5 5

Z   Z
x  t = 1 4x, x = 1t2  1
20

dx =   2
 = 8 (t 1)dt
4
1 4x dx = 12 t dt
1  t3  1
= t +C = 1 4x (1 + 2x) + C.
8 3 12

Z   Z
 t = 4 1 4x, t4 = 1 4x  5
30 4 
1 4x dx=   = t4 dt = t + C
x = 1t
4
3  5
4 , dx = t dt

4x 1
= 4 1 4x + C.
5

Z Z Z
0 dx x+1 x1 1

4 = dx = x+1 x1 dx
x+1+ x1 x + 1(x 1) 2
Z Z
1 1
= x + 1 d(x + 1) x 1 d(x 1)
2 2
1 (x+1)3/2 1 (x1)3/2 1

= +C = (x+1)3/2 (x1)3/2 +C.
2 3/2 2 3/2 3
 17

Z Z Z
0 dx x+3+ x2 1

5 = dx = x + 3 + x 2 dx
x+3 x2 (x+3)(x2) 5
2

= (x + 3)3/2 + (x 2)3/2 + C.
15

 
Z
x5
Z
x4  t = 1 x2 , x2 = 1 t2 
0  
6 dx = xdx =  x dx

1x 2 1x 2  dt = 1x2

Z p 1 
2
= (1 t2 )2 dt = 1 x2 (1 x2 )2 (1 x2 ) + 1 + C.
5 3

Z   Z
x dx  t= 1  1
 1+x2 
70 =

3/2  dt = x dx  = dt = t+C = +C.
1+x 2 (1+x2 )3/2
 1+x2

  Z
Z
x3 dx  t = x2 + 1, x2 = t2 1  t2 1
 
80
3 = x dx = dt
x2 + 1 x2 + 1  dt = x2 +1  t6

Z

t3 t5 1 1
= t4 t6 dt = +C = p p +C.
3 5 2
5 (x +1)5 3 (x2 +1)3

 q 
Z r  
2 2x  t = 3 2+x
2x  3Z
 r 
90 3
dx=    = t dt
(2 x)2 2+x  dt = 4/3 3 2x 2 dx  2
 (2x) 2 2+x 
s 
3 2 3 3 2+x 2
= t +C = + C.
4 4 2x
18

5. Metodom smene izracunati:

Z Z Z
0 dx 0 x + ln x 0 ln 2x
1 2 dx 3 dx
x ln x x x ln 4x
Z Z Z
dx ln(1 + x) ln x
40 50 dx 60 xx (1 + log x)dx
x ln x x(1 + x)
Z
2
x ln(1 + x) + ln(1 x)
70 dx
x2 1

Z Z
dx d(ln x)
Resenje: 10 = = ln | ln x| + C.
x ln x ln x

Z Z Z Z
0 x + ln x dx x1/2
2 dx= x1/2 dx + ln x = + ln x d(ln x)
x x 1/2
1
=2 x + ln2 x + C.
2

dx
30 S obzirom da je d(ln 4x) = i ln 4x = ln 2x+ln 2, uvodimo smenu t = ln 4x :
x
Z Z Z Z
ln 2x t ln 2 dt
dx = dt = dt ln 2 = t ln 2 ln |t| + C
x ln 4x t t
= ln 4x ln 2 ln | ln 4x| + C.
Z Z
dx
40 = (ln x)1/2 d(ln x) = 2 ln x + C.
x ln x

 
Z Z  t = ln 1+ 1



ln(1+x)ln x ln 
1+ x1 x 

50 dx= dx =  1 dx dx 
x(1+x) x(1+x)  dt = 1
1+x x 2 = x(1+x) 
Z 
t2 1 1
= t dt = + C = ln2 1 + + C.
2 2 x

 
R  t = xx , log t = x log x  R
 
60 x
x (1 + log x)dx =   = dt = t + C = xx + C.
 dt = (1 + log x)dx 
t
 19

Z
2 Z  2


x ln(1+x)+ln(1x)

x dx  t = ln 1x 
0 
7 dx = ln2 1x2 2 = 
x2 1 x 1  dt = 2x dx 
1x2
Z
1 1 1

= t2 dt = t3 + C = ln3 1 x2 + C.
2 6 6

6. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z Z x
0 dx 0 dx 0 e 1
1 x
2 3 dx
e +1 1 + e2x 1 + 3ex
Z Z 2 1/2 Z
2 x e(1+x ) x+1
40 ex 1 x dx 50 p dx 60
dx
(1 + x2 )3 x 1 + x ex

Z Z Z
dx dx d(1+ex )

Resenje: 10 x
= x x

= x
= ln 1+ex +C
e +1 e 1+e 1+e
ex

= ln x
+ C = x ln 1 + ex + C.
1+e
Isti rezultat mozemo da dobijemo i na sledeci nacin.
Z Z Z Z x Z

dx 1 + ex ex e dx d ex + 1
= dx = dx =x
ex + 1 ex + 1 ex + 1 ex + 1


= x ln ex + 1 + C.

Z Z   Z
dx dx  t = ex 
20
= =   = dt
1 + e2x ex e2x + 1 dt = e dx 
x
t2 + 1
p p
= ln |t + t2 + 1| + C = ln(ex + e2x + 1) + C
ex p

= ln + C = x ln 1 + 1 + e2x + C.
1 + 1 + e2x

 
Z x
e 1
Z x
e 1 ex dx  t = ex 1, ex = t2 + 1 
 
30 dx = x = 1 ex dx 
1 + 3e x x
e +3 e 1  dt = 2 ex 1 
Z 2
t 1.e) t ex 1
=2 2 dt = 2t4 arctan +C = 2 ex 14 arctan +C.
t +4 2 2
20

Z   Z
x2 1
 t = x2 1  1 1 2
40 e x dx =    = et dt = ex 1 + C.
dt = 2x dx  2 2
 
Z 1  1
(1+x2 ) 2
 Z
xe (1+x 2 ) 2  t = e  1
  (1+x2 ) 2
50 p dx = (1+x

2) 2
1
= dt = t+C = e +C.
(1+x2 )3  dt = e x dx 
 2
(1+x ) 2
3 

Z Z  
x+1 (x + 1)ex  t = xex 
60
dx=
dx =  

x 1 + x ex xex 1 + x ex dt = (1 + x)ex dx
Z  t   xex 
dt 1.b)    
= = ln   + C = ln  x  + C.
t(t + 1) t+1 xe + 1

7. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z
R dx dx
10 tan x dx 20 30
cos x 1 + cos x
Z Z
R dx dx
40 cot x dx 50 60
sin x 1 + sin x

Z Z
R sin x dx d(cos x)
Resenje: 10 tan x dx = = = ln | cos x| + C.
cos x cos x
Z Z Z
dx cos x dx d(sin x) 1.b) 1 1 + sin x
20 = = = ln + C.
cos x cos2 x 1 sin2 x 2 1 sin x

1 (1 + sin x)2  1 + sin x 

 
= ln 2 + C = ln  +C
2 1 sin x cos x
   
 cos x2 + sin x2   1 + tan x2 

= log   +C = log   +C.
cos x sin x 
2 2 1 tan x  2

Z Z Z

dx dx d x2 x
30 = x = x = tan + C.
1 + cos x 2 cos2 2
2
cos 2 2
R
40 cot x dx = log | sin x| + C.
 21
Z
dx  x
50 = log  tan  + C.
sin x 2

Z   Z Z
0 dx   dt dt
6 = x = t + /2, dx = dt = =
1 + sin x 1 + sin(t + /2) 1+cos t
x
7.30 x 2 tan 2 tan 4
= tan t/2+C = tan +C = +C
2 1+tan x2 tan 4
tan x2 1 cos x 2
= x +C = +C = + C1 .
tan 2 + 1 1 + sin x 1 + cot x2

8. Metodom smene odrediti:

R R R
10 cos2 x dx 20 cos3 x dx 30 cos4 x dx
R R R
40 sin2 x dx 50 sin3 x dx 60 sin4 x dx

Z Z Z
R 1 + cos 2x 1 1
Resenje: 10 = cos2 x dxdx = dx + cos 2x d(2x)
2 2 4
x sin 2x
= + + C.
2 4
Z Z Z
3 2

sin3 x
20 cos x dx = cos x cos x dx = 1sin2 x d(sin x) = sin x +
3
C.
Drugi oblik primitivne funkcije moze se dobiti snizavanjem stepena trigo-
nometrijske funkcije pod integralom.
Z
R R 1

cos3 x dx = cos2 x cos x dx =
1 + cos 2x cos x dx
2
Z Z
1
1 1

= cos x+cos 2x cos x dx = cos x+ (cos 3x+cos x) dx
2 2 2
Z
1
3 1
= 3 cos x+cos 3x dx = sin x+ sin 3x+C.
4 4 12
22

Z Z Z  Z
0 4

2
2 1+cos 2x 2 1+2 cos 2x+cos2 2x
3 cos x dx= cos x dx = dx = dx
2 4
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= dx + cos 2x d(2x) + (1 + cos 4x)dx
4 4 8
3 1 1
= x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
8 4 32

R x 1
40 sin2 x dx = sin 2x + C.
2 4
R 3 1 cos3 x
50 sin3 x dx = cos x + cos 3x + C = cos x + + C.
4 12 3
R 3 1 1
60 sin4 x dx = x sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
8 4 32

9. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z Z
dx dx dx
10 2 0 30
cos3 x cos4 x sin x cos2 x
Z Z Z
0 dx 0 dx 0 dx
4 3 5 6
sin x sin4 x 2
sin x cos x
R R R
70 tan2 x dx 80 tan3 x dx 90 tan4 x dx
Z Z
0 sin 2x 0 sin x cos3 x
10 dx 11 dx
4 cos x + 9 sin2 x
2 1 + cos2 x

Resenje: 10 Za x 2+ 2k, 2 + 2k , k Z, imamo cos x > 0. Tada je
 
Z Z  t = tan x, dt = dx2  Z p
dx 1 dx  cos x 
= =  = 1+t2 dt
cos3 x cos x cos2 x  cos x = 1 

1+t2

1.n) t p 1  p 
= 1+t2 + ln t+ 1+t2  +C
2 2
 tan x 1  1 
= + ln  tan x +  +C
2 cos x 2 cos x
sin x 1  sin x + 1  sin x 1  cos x2 + sin x2 
= + ln   + C = + ln   + C.
2 cos2 x 2 cos x 2 cos2 x 2 cos x2 sin x2
 23

Integral, takode mozemo odrediti na sledeci nacin:

Z Z Z Z
dx sin2 x + cos2 x sin2 x dx dx
= dx = +
cos3 x cos3 x cos3 x cos x
  Z Z
 u = sin x du = cos x dx  sin x 1 dx dx
= = +
d(cos x)
dv = cos3 x v = 2 cos2 x 1  2
2 cos x 2 cos x cos x
Z  x 
sin x 1 dx 7.2 sin x
0 1  1 + tan 2 
= + = + log  + C.
2
2 cos x 2 cos x 2
2 cos x 2 1 tan x2 

 
Z Z  t = tan x, dt = dx 
dx 1 dx  cos2 x 
20 = =  
cos4 x cos2 x cos2 x  cos2 x = 1
= 1+t 1 

1+tan2 x 2
Z
t3 1
= (1 + t2 )dt = t + + C = tan x + tan3 x + C.
3 3

Z Z Z Z
0 dx sin2 x + cos2 x sin x dx dx
3 = dx = +
sin x cos2 x sin x cos2 x cos2 x sin x
Z  
d(cos x)  
7.50
= + ln  tan x  = 1 + ln  tan x  + C.
cos2 x 2 cos x 2
Z
dx 1 1 1  1 
 x 
40 = x 2 x + 2 log tan 2 + C.
sin3 x 8 cos2 2 sin 2
Z
dx 1
50 4 = cot x cot3 x + C.
sin x 3
Z  
dx  cos x2 + sin x2 
60 = log   1 + C.
sin2 x cos x cos x2 sin x2  sin x
Z Z Z Z Z
sin2 x 1cos2 x dx
70 tan2 x dx = dx = dx = dx = tan xx+C.
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x

Z Z Z
0 3 2 1 cos2 x
8 tan x dx= tan x tan x dx = tan x dx
cos2 x
Z Z
7.10 1
= tan x d(tan x) tan x dx = tan2 x + ln | cos x| + C.
2
24

Z Z Z Z
0 4 2 1cos2 x 2
9 tan x dx = tan x dx = tan x d(tan x) dx tan2 x dx
cos2 x

9.70 tan3 x
= tan x + x + C.
3

Z  
sin 2x  t = 4 cos2 x+9 sin2 x  1 Z dt 1
 
100 dx=  = = ln |t| + C
4 cos2 x+9 sin2 x  dt = 5 sin 2x dx  5 t 5

1

= ln 4 cos2 x+9 sin2 x + C.
5

Z   Z
sin x cos3 x  t = 1 + cos2 x  1 1t
11 0
dx=  = dt
1 + cos2 x  dt = 2 cos x sin x dx  2 t
Z Z 
1  dt 1 1
= dt = ln |t| t + C
2 t 2 2
1 2

1 + cos x
= ln 1 + cos2 x + C.
2 2

10. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z Z
0 x arctan 2x 0 sin 2x
1 2
dx 2 dx 30 1 sin 2x dx
1 + 4x sin x + 1
Z Z Z
1 dx
40 cos 50 sin x cos2 x dx 60 cos2 x sin 2x dx
x x2
Z Z Z
dx dx dx
70 80 90
sin x + 2 cos x + 3 2 cos x + 3 4 3 cos x
Z Z Z
0 tan x 0 dx 0 sin 3x + cos 3x
10 2
dx 11 12 dx
(1 + cos x) (3 + cos x) sin x sin 3x cos 3x
 25

Z Z Z
x arctan 2x x dx arctan 2x
Resenje: 10 2
dx = 2
dx
1 + 4x 1 + 4x 1 + 4x2
Z Z
1 d(1 + 4x2 ) 1
= arctan 2x d(arctan 2x)
8 1 + 4x2 2
1 1 arctan3/2 2x
= ln(1 + 4x2 ) +C
8 2 3/2
1 1
= ln(1 + 4x2 ) arctan3/2 2x + C.
8 3

 
Z
sin 2x
Z
sin x cos x  t = sin x+1, sin x = t2 1 
 
20 dx=2 dx =  1 cos x 
sin x+1 sin x+1  dt = 2 sin x+1 dx 
Z

4 4
=4 t2 1 dt = t3 4t + C = t(t2 3) + C
3 3
4
= sin x + 1 (sin x 2) + C.
3

Z Z p
0

3 1 sin 2x dx= sin2 x + cos2 x 2 sin x cos x dx
Z p Z
= 2
(sin x + cos x) dx = (sin x + cos x)dx


= sin x cos x + C, za sin x + cos x 0.

Z Z
1 dx 1 1 1
40 cos = dcos = sin + C.
x x2 x x x
Z Z Z
0 2
(sin x)3/2
5 sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x dx = sin x d(sin x) = +C,
3/2
za x (2k, 2k + /2), k Z, gde je sin x, cos x 0.

Z Z Z
0 2 3
6 cos x sin 2x dx=2 cos x sin x dx = 2 cos3 x d(cos x)
1
= cos4 x + C.
2
26

Z   Z
dx  t = tan x 2dt
dx = 1+t  dt
0  2 2 
7 = 2t 1t2  = 2 2
sin x+2 cos x+3  sin x = 1+t 2 cos x = 1+t2 t +2t+5
Z
d(t + 1) t+1 tan x2 + 1
=2 = arctan + C = arctan + C.
(t + 1)2 + 4 2 2

Z  
dx  t = tan x , dx = 2dt  Z 2dt 1.c) 2 tan x2
 2 1+t2 
80 = 2  = = arctan +C.
2 cos x+3  cos x = 1t
1+t2
 t2 +5 5 5

Z  
dx  t = tan x , dx = 2dt  Z 2dt
 1+t 
2
90 = 2
1t 2 =
4 3 cos x  cos x = 1+t2  1 + 7t2
1.c) 2 x

= arctan 7 tan + C.
7 2

Z Z  
tan x sin x dx  t = cos x 
10 0
dx = =  
(1 + cos x)2 cos x(1 + cos x)2  dt = sin x dx 
Z Z Z Z
dt 1+tt dt d(1 + t)
= 2
= 2
dt =
t(1 + t) t(1 + t) t(1 + t) (1 + t)2
 
1.b)  1 + cos x  1
= log  + + C.
cos x 1 + cos x

Z Z  
dx d(cos x)  t = cos x 
11 0
= =  
(3+cos x) sin x (3+cos x)(1cos x) 2 dt = sin x dx 
Z Z
dt 1 t + 1 (t 1)
= 2
= dt
(3 + t)(t 1) 2 (3 + t)(t 1)(t + 1)
Z Z
1 dt 1 dt
=
2 (3 + t)(t 1) 2 (3 + t)(t + 1)
1.b) 1
     (1cos x)(3+cos x) 
 t1  1  t+3  1  
= log   + log   +C = log   +C
8 t+3 4 t+1 8 (1+cos x)2
 27

Z Z Z  
sin 3x + cos 3x dx dx  t = 3x 
12 0
dx = + =  
sin 3x cos 3x cos 3x sin 3x  dx = dt 3

Z Z   t  
1 dt 1 dt 7.20 ,7.50 1  1+tan 2   t 
= + = log   +log  tan  +C
3 cos t 3 sin t 3 1tan 2t 2


 3x 3x 
1  1 + tan 2 tan 2 
= log   + C.
3  1 tan 3x2


11. Metodom smene odrediti:

Z Z
dx sinh x
10 20 dx
sinh x cosh 2x
Z Z
0 sinh x cosh x 0 dx
3 p dx 4 3
sinh4 x + cosh4 x cosh x tanh2 x
2

Z Z Z
dx 1 dx 1 dx
Resenje: 10 = =
sinh x 2 sinh x2 cosh x2 2 tanh 2 cosh2 x2
x

Z

d tanh x2  x
= x = ln  tanh  + C.
tanh 2 2

Z Z Z
0 sinh x sinh x dx 1 d(cosh x)
2 dx = p = q
cosh 2x 2 cosh2 x 1 2 cosh2 x 1
2
 r
1.h) 1  1 
= ln  cosh x + cosh2 x  + C.
2 2

Z Z
0 sinh x cosh x 1 sinh 2x dx
3 p dx = q
4
sinh x + cosh x 4 2
(sinh2 x)2 + (cosh2 x)2
Z Z
1 sinh 2x dx sinh 2x dx
= q

= q
2 cosh 2x1 2 2
2 + cosh 22x+1 2(cosh2 2x + 1)
  Z
 t = cosh 2x  1 dt 1  p 
=   = = ln t+ t2 +1  +C
dt = 2 sinh 2x dx  2 2 2
t +1 2 2
1 p

= ln cosh 2x + cosh2 2x + 1 + C.
2 2
28

Z Z
dx
tanh2/3 x d(tanh x) = 3 tanh x + C.
3
40 =
2 3
cosh x tanh2 x

12. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

Z Z
dx x2 dx
10 20
(a + x2 )2
2 (x2 a2 )2
Z Z
x3 x3
30 dx 40 dx
a2 + x2 Z a2 x2
dx
50
5
x a2
2

Z Z
dx 1 a2 + x2 x2
Resenje: 10 = 2 dx
(a2 + x2 )2 a (a2 + x2 )2
Z Z Z
1 dx 1 x2 1.c) 1 x 1 x2
= 2 dx = arctan dx
a a2 +x2 a2 (a2 +x2 )2 a3 a a2 (a2 +x2 )2
 
 u=x du = dx 
 Z 
=  x dx 1
2
d(a + x ) 2 1 

 dv = (a2 +x2 )2 v = 2 2
(a + x ) 2 2
=
2(a + x ) 
2 2
 Z 
1 x 1 x 1 dx
= 3 arctan 2 +
a a a 2(a2 + x2 ) 2 a2 + x2
1 x x
= 3 arctan + 2 2 + C.
2a a 2a (a + x2 )

Z   Z
x2 dx  u=x dv = x dx  x 1 dx
 (x 2 a 2 )2 
20 2 2 2
= = +
(x a )  du = dx v = 2 2  1 2(x a ) 2 x a2
2 2 2
2(x a )
x 1 x a
1.d)  
= + log   + C.
2(a2 x2 ) 4a x+a
 29

Z  
x3  u = x2 du = 2x dx 
 
30 dx =  1.j) 
a2 + x2  dv = x2dx 2 v = a2 + x2 
a +x
p Z p p Zp


= x2 a2 +x2 2 x a2 +x2 dx = x2 a2 +x2 a2 +x2 d a2 +x2
p q
2 2 2
2
3 x2 2a2 p 2
=x a +x a2 +x2 +C = a +x2 +C.
3 3
Drugi nacin odredivanja ovog integrala podrazumeva koriscenje rezultata
Z p Z
Pn (x)dx 2
dx
= Qn1 (x) ax + bx + c + .
2
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c
Z Z
x3 2

p dx
Tada je I = dx = c0 x + c1 x + c2 2 2
a +x + ,
2
a +x 2 a + x2
2
gde c0 , c1 , c2 i odredujemo metodom neodredenih koeficijenata.
Diferenciranjem poslednje jednakosti po x dobijamo

x3 p
x
= (2c0 x + c1 ) a2 + x2 + c0 x2 + c1 x + c2 + .
a2 + x2 a2 + x2 a2 + x2

Nakon mnozenja sa a2 + x2 i sredivanja, izraz postaje

x3 = 3c0 x3 + 2c1 x2 + (2a2 c0 + c2 )x + a2 c1 + .

Jednacenjem koeficijenata uz iste stepene od x na levoj i desnoj strani jed-

nakosti, dobijamo

1 2a2
c0 = , c1 = 0, c2 = , = 0,
3 3
x2 2a2 p 2
sto ponovo daje vrednost integrala I = a + x2 + C.
3

Z  
x3  u = x2 du = 2x dx 
 
40 dx =  1.j) 
a2 x2  dv = x2dx 2 v = a2 x2 
a x
p Z p p Zp


= x2 a2 x2 +2 x a2 x2 dx = x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 d a2 x2
p q
2 2 2
2
3 x2 +2a2 p 2
= x a x a2 x2 +C = a x2 +C.
3 3
30

Drugi nacin odredivanja :

Z Z
x3
p dx
I= dx = c0 x2 + c1 x + c2 a2 x2 + .
a2 x2 a x2
2

Diferenciranjem po x i sredivanjem koeficijenata uz iste stepene od x do-

bijamo
1 2a2
c0 = , c1 = 0, c2 = , = 0,
3 3

x2 + 2a2 p 2
tj., I = a x2 + C.
3

Z Z Z Z
0 dx 1 x2 (x2 a2 ) 1 x2 1 dx
5
5 = 2 5 dx= 2 5 dx 2 3
2
x a 2 a 2
(x a ) 2 2 a 2
(x a ) 22 a (x a2 ) 2
2
 
 u=x dv = x dx 
 2
(x a ) 2 5/2 
= R 
d(x 2 a2 ) 
 du = dx v = 12 1
= 3(x2 a2 )3/2 
(x2 a2 )5/2
 Z  Z
1 x 1 dx 1 dx
= 2 +
a 3(x2 a2 )3/2 3 (x2 a2 )3/2 a2 (x2 a2 )3/2
Z
1 x 2 dx
= 2 2 3/2
2
3a (x a ) 2 3a (x a2 )3/2
2
Z 2
1 x 2 x (x2 a2 )
= 2 2 dx
3a (x a2 )3/2 3a4 (x2 a2 )3/2
Z Z 
1 x 2 x2 dx
= 2 2 2 3/2 4 dx
3a (x a ) 3a (x2 a2 )3/2 x2 a2
 
 u=x x dx
dv = (x2 a2 )3/2 
 
= R 
d(x 2 a2 ) 
 du = dx v = 12 1
= x2 a2 

(x2 a2 )3/2
 Z Z 
1 x 2 x dx dx
= 2 2 2 3/2 4 +
3a (x a ) 3a x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2
2 x 1 x x 2x 3a22
= 4 2
3 + C =
3 + C.
3a x2 a2 3a x2 a2 3a4 x2 a2
 31

13. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

Z Z Z p
log x

10 log x dx 40 2
dx 7 0 log x + a2 + x2 dx
x
Z Z Z p
0 2 0 log2 x 0 2


2 log x dx 5 2
dx 8 x log x + a2 + x2 dx
x
Z Z Z
0 2 2 0 2+x 0 x log(x + 1 + x2 )
3 x log x dx 6 x log dx 9 dx
2x 1 + x2
Z   Z
 u = log x du = dx 
Resenje: 10 log x dx =  x  = x log x dx

dv = dx v = x
x
= x log x x + C = x(log x 1) + C = x log + C.
e

Z   Z
 u = log2 x du = 2 log x dx 
20
log x dx = 
2 x  = x log2 x2 log x dx

dv = dx v =x
 x 
13.10
= x log2 x 2x(log x 1) + C = x log2 + 1 + C.
e

 
Z  u = log2 x du = 2 log x dx  Z
 x  x3 2
30 2 2
x log x dx =   2 2
2 x 3 = 3 log x 3 x log x dx
 dv = x dx v = 3 
  Z
 u = log x du = dx  x3 2  x3 1 
 x  2 2
=  = log x log x x dx
 dv = x2 dx v = x3  3 3 3 3
3
1 2 2 x3  
= x3 log2 x x3 log x+ x3 +C = 9 log2 x6 log x+2 +C
3 9 27 27
x3

= (3 log x 1)2 + 1 + C.
27

Z   Z
log x  u = log x du = dx  1 dx 1 1
0  x 
4 dx=   = log x+ = log x +C
x2  dv = dx v = x1  x x2 x x
x2
1 1
= (log x + 1) + C = log ex + C.
x x
32

 
Z 2
 u = log2 x dv = dx  Z
log x  x2 
50 dx =   = 1 log2 x+2 log x dx
x2  x x2
 du = 2 logxx dx
v = x1 
13.40 1 2 1

= log2 x log ex + C = log2 ex + 1 + C.
x x x

 
Z  u = log 2+x dv = x dx  Z
2+x   x2 x2
60 x log dx =
2x
= log 2+x +2 dx
2x 4 dx x2  2 2x x2 4
 du = 4x 2 v = 2

1.f) x2 2+x 2+x x2 4 2+x
= log +2x2log +C = log +2x+C.
2 2x 2x 2 2x

 
Z p  u = log x+ a2 + x2
dv = dx 

 
70 log x+ a2 + x2 dx =  

 du = adx
2 +x2
v=x 
p Z p

x dx 1.j)
p
= x log x+ a2 +x2 = x log x+ a2 +x2 a2 +x2 +C.
a2 +x2

 
Z p  u = log x + a2 + x2
dv = x2 dx 

 
80 x2 log x + a2 + x2 dx =  3


 du = adx
2 +x2
v = x3 
p Z
x3 2 2

1 x3
= log x + a + x dx
3 3 a2 + x2
12.30 x
3 p
x2 2a2 p
= log x + a2 + x2 a2 + x2 + C.
3 9

 
Z  u = log x + 1 + x2
dv = x dx 
2
x log(x + 1 + x )  1+x 2 
90 dx =  
1 + x2 dx
 du = 1+x v = 1 + x 2 
2

p p Z p p



= 1+x2 log x+ 1+x2 dx = 1+x2 log x+ 1+x2 x+C.
 33

14. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

R R R
10 x3 sin x dx 20 x sin2 x dx 30 x2 cos 2x dx
Z Z Z
0 dx 0 7 0

4 5
dx 5 tan x dx 6 x sin x dx
cos x
Z Z Z
dx
70 (2x 1) sin 3x dx 80 sin3 x cos3 x dx 90
(sin x + cos x)4
 
R  u = x3 du = 3x2 dx 
Resenje: 10 
x3 sin x dx
=
dv = sin x dx v = cos x 
 
R 2  u = x2 du = 2x dx 
= x cos x + 3 x cos x dx = 
3 

dv = cos x dx v = sin x
 R   u = x du = dx


= x3 cos x + 3 x2 sin x 2 x sin x dx =  
 dv = sin x dx v = cos x 
3 2
R
= x cos x + 3x sin x 6 x cos x + cos x dx

= x3 cos x + 3x2 sin x + 6x cos x 6 sin x + C.

Z  
 u=x dv = sin2 x dx = 1cos 2x
dx 
20 2 
x sin x dx =  2
du = dx v = x2 14 sin 2x 
Z  
x2 x x 1
= sin 2x sin 2x dx
2 4 2 4
x2 x x2 1 x2 x 1
= sin 2x cos 2x+C = sin 2x cos 2x+C.
2 4 4 8 4 4 8

Z  
 u = x2 du = 2x dx 
30 2 
x cos 2x dx = 
dv = cos 2x dx v = 12 sin 2x 
Z  
x2  u=x du = dx 
= sin 2x x sin 2x dx =   
2 dv = sin 2x dx v = 2 cos 2x 
1
Z
x2 x 1
= sin 2x + cos 2x cos 2x dx
2 2 2
x2 x 1 2x2 1 x
= sin 2x+ cos 2x sin 2x+C = sin 2x+ cos 2x+C.
2 2 4 4 2
34

Z Z Z Z
0 dx sin2 x + cos2 x sin2 x dx
4 = dx = dx +
cos5 x cos5 x cos5 x cos3 x
  Z
 u = sin x du = cos x dx  sin x 3 dx
=  = +
dv = sin x5dx
cos x
v = 4 cos1 4 x  4 cos4 x 4 cos3 x

sin x 3 sin x 3  cos x + sin x 

9.10  2 2
= + + log   + C.
4 cos4 x 8 cos2 x 8 cos x2 sin x2

Z Z  
sin7 x  u = sin6 x du = 6 sin5 x cos x dx 
50 7
tan x dx = dx = 
cos7 x dv = sin x dx
v = 6 cos1 6 x 
cos7 x
Z  
1 sin5 x  u = sin4 x du = 4 sin3 x cos x dx 
= tan6 x dx = 
6 cos5 x  dv = sin x5dx v = 1 4 
cos x 4 cos x
Z
1 1
= tan6 x tan4 x + tan3 x dx
6 4
9.8 1
0 1 1
= tan6 x tan4 x + tan2 x + log | cos x| + C.
6 4 2
Integral se moze takode izracunati i primenom metoda smene.
Z Z Z
1 cos2 x
tan x dx = tan x tan x dx = tan5 x
7 5 2
dx
cos2 x
Z Z Z
1 1cos2 x
= tan5 x d(tan x) tan5 x dx = tan6 x tan3 x dx
6 cos2 x
Z
1 1
= tan x tan x + tan3 x dx
6 4
6 4
9.8 1
0 1 1
= tan6 x tan4 x + tan2 x + log | cos x| + C.
6 4 2

Z   Z
 t = x, x = t2 
60
x sin x dx =   = 2 t3 sin t dt

dx = 2t dt
14.10

= 2 t3 cos t + 3t2 sin t + 6t cos t 6 sin t + C

= 2 x3 cos x + 6x sin x + 12 x cos x 12 sin x + C.
 35

Z  
 u = 2x 1 dv = sin 3x dx 
0
7 (2x 1) sin 3x dx =  
du = 2dx v = 31 cos 3x 
Z
2x1 2 12x 2
= cos 3x+ cos 3x dx = cos 3x+ sin 3x+C.
3 3 3 9

Z Z  
1  u = sin2 2x du = 4 sin 2x cos 2x dx 
0
8 3 3
sin x cos x dx= 3 
sin 2x dx = 
8 dv = sin 2x dx v = 12 cos 2x 
Z
1
= sin2 2x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x cos2 2x dx
2
Z
1
= sin2 2x cos 2x cos2 2x d(cos 2x)
2
1 1
= sin2 2x cos 2x cos3 2x + C.
2 3

Z Z
0 dx d(sin x + cos x)
9 4
=
(sin x + cos x) (cos x sin x)(sin x + cos x)4
 
 u= 1
du = (cossin x+cos x
dx 
 cos xsin x xsin x)2
=  d(sin x+cos x)


1
 dv = (sin x+cos x)4 v = 3(sin x+cos x) 3 
Z
1 1 dx
=
3(sin x+cos x) (cos xsin x) 3 (cos xsin x)2 (sin x+cos x)2
3
Z
1 1 dx
= 2
2 2
3(sin x + cos x) (cos x sin x) 3 (cos x sin2 x)2
2
Z
1 1 dx
=
3(1 + sin 2x) cos 2x 3 cos2 2x
1 1
= tan 2x + C.
3(1 + sin 2x) cos 2x 6
36

15. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

Z Z Z
x
10 arcsin x dx 20 arccos dx 30 x2 arccos x dx
2
Z Z Z
0 2 0 2 0 arcsin x
4 arcsin x dx 5 x arcsin x dx 6 dx
x2
Z Z
0 x arcsin x 0
7 dx 8 arcsin x arccos x dx
1 x2

Z   Z
 u = arcsin x dv = dx  x dx
 
Resenje: 10 arcsin x dx =  dx  = x arcsin x
 du = 1x2 v = x  1x2
1.j) p
= x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C.

Z   Z
x  u = arccos x dv = dx  x x dx
 
20 arccos dx =  dx
2
 = x arccos +
2  du =
4x2
v = x  2 4x2
1.j) x p
= x arccos 4 x2 + C.
2

Z   Z
 u = arccos x dv = x2 dx  x3 1 x3
 
30 x2 arccos x dx =  dx 3 = arccos x+ dx
 du = 1x 2
v = x3  3 3 1x2
12.40 x
3 x2 + 2 p
= arccos x 1 x2 + C.
3 9

Z  
 u = arcsin2 x dv = dx 

40 arcsin2 x dx =  dx
 du = 2 arcsin x 1x2 v = x 
 
Z  u = arcsin x du = dx 
x dx  1x 2 
2
= x arcsin x 2 arcsin x = 
1 x2  dv = 2 v = 1x2 
x dx 1.j)
1x
p Z
= x arcsin2 x + 2 1 x2 arcsin x 2 dx
p
= x arcsin2 x + 2 1 x2 arcsin x 2x + C.
 37

Z  
 u = arcsin2 x dv = x dx 
0 2 
5 x arcsin x dx ==  dx 2 
 du = 2 arcsin x 1x 2
v = x2 
Z
x2 x2 dx
= arcsin2 x arcsin x
2 1 x2
 
 u = x arcsin x dv = x1xdx 
 2 
=  x

1.j)


 du = arcsin x + 1x2 dx v = 1 x2 
p Zp Z
x2 2 2 2
= arcsin x+x 1x arcsin x 1x arcsin x dx x dx
2
 
 u = arcsin x du = 1x dx 
 2 
= 1.m) 
 dv = 1 x2 dx v = x 2 1 
2 1 x + 2 arcsin x
Z
x2 1 xp x2 1
= arcsin2 x + 1x2 arcsin x + x dx
2 2 2 2
Z
1
+ arcsin x d(arcsin x)
2
2x2 1 xp x2
= arcsin2 x + 1 x2 arcsin x + C.
4 2 4

Z   Z
arcsin x  u = arcsin x dv = dx2  arcsin x dx
 x 
60 2
dx =  = +
x  du = 2 v = 
dx 1 x x 1 x2
1x x
 
1.l) 1 1  1 x2 1 
= arcsin x + log    + C.
x 2 1 x2 + 1 

 
Z  u = arcsin x dv = x dx  p Z
x arcsin x  1x2 
70 dx =  dx 1.j)  = 1x2 arcsin x+ dx

1 x2  du = 1x2 v = 1x2 
p
= x 1 x2 arcsin x + C.
38

Z  
 u = arccos x dv = arcsin x dx 
 
80 arcsin x arccos x dx =  15.1 0 
 du = dx 2 v = x arcsin x+ 1x2 
1x
p Z Z
2
x dx
= x arcsin x arccos x+ 1x arccos x+ arcsin x + dx
1x2
15.70
p

= x arcsin x arccos x + 1 x2 arccos x arcsin x + 2x + C.

Bez koriscenja rezultata 15.10 i 15.70 , integral se moze izracunati na sledeci

nacin.
 
Z  u = arcsin x arccos x dv = dx 

arcsin x arccos x dx =  

 du = arccosxarcsin
1x2
x
dx v = x 
Z
x dx
= x arcsin x arccos x (arccos x arcsin x)
  1 x2
 u = arccos x arcsin x dv = x dx 
 1x2 
=  
 du = 2dx v = 1 x2 
1x2
p Z
= x arcsin x arccos x + 1 x2 (arccos x arcsin x) + 2 dx
p
= x arcsin x arccos x + 1 x2 (arccos x arcsin x) + 2x + C.

16. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

Z Z Z
1 x
10 x arctan x dx 20 x2 arctan x dx 30 arctan dx
x2 3
Z Z 2 Z
x arctan x 2x
40 arctan x dx 50 2
dx 60 arctan dx
1+x 1 x2
Z
0 x earctan x
7 dx
(1 + x2 )3/2

Z  
 u = arctan x du = dx 2 
 1+x 
Resenje: 10 x arctan x dx =  
 dv = x dx v = x2
2

Z
x2 1 x2 2
1.e) x + 1 x
= arctan x 2
dx = arctan x + C.
2 2 1+x 2 2
 39

Z   Z
 u = arctan x du = dx 2  x3 1 x3
0 2  1+x 
2 x arctan x dx =  = arctan x dx
 dv = x2 dx v = x3
3
 3 3 1+x2
  Z
 t = 1+x2  x3 3

= = arctan x1 t1 dt = x arctan x1 tlog|t| +C

dt =2x dx 3 6 t 3 6
x 3 1

= arctan x 1 + x2 log(1 + x2 ) + C.
3 6

 
Z  u = arctan xdv = dx  Z
1 x  x2 
30 arctan dx = 
3
 = 1 arctan x + 3 dx


x2 3 3 dx  x 3 x 9+x2
 du = 9+x 2 v = x1 
 
1.k) 1 x 1  x2 
= arctan + log  2  + C.
x 3 6 x + 9

Z   Z
 t = x, t2 = x 
40 
arctan x dx =  
2t dt = dx  = 2 t arctan t dt
16.10

= t2 + 1 arctan t t + C = (x + 1) arctan x x + C.

Z  
x2 arctan x  u = arctan x du = dx 2 
 1+x 
50 dx =  1.e) 
1 + x2  dv = x2 dx2 v = x arctan x 
1+x
Z Z
x dx
= x arctan x arctan2 x + arctan x d(arctan x)
1 + x2
1.i) 1 1

= x arctan x arctan2 x log 1 + x2 + C.
2 2

Z  
2x  u = arctan 2x 2 du = 2dx2 
60
arctan dx =  1x 1+x 
1 x2 dv = dx v=x 
Z
2x x dx 1.i) 2x

= x arctan 2
2 2
= x arctan 2
log 1+x2 +C.
1x 1+x 1x
40

 
Z  u= x dv = earctan x dx 
x earctan x  1+x2 1+x 2 
70 I= dx =  
(1 + x2 )3/2  
 du = (1+xdx2 )3/2 v = earctan x 
 
Z arctan x u= 1 du = x dx 
xearctan x e  1+x 2 (1+x 2 )3/2 
= 2 3/2
dx =  

1+x2 (1+x ) arctan x
 dv = e 1+x2 dx v = earctan x 
arctan x arctan x Z arctan x arctan x
xe e xe (x 1) e
= 3/2
dx = I.
1 + x2 1 + x2 (1 + x2 ) 1 + x2

earctan x (x 1)
Odatle je I = + C.
2 1 + x2

17. Primenom metoda parcijalne integracije odrediti:

Z Z Z
3 2x x2 ex
10 x e dx 20 dx 3 0 e x dx
Z (x + 2)2 Z
40 eax cos bx dx 50 eax sin bx dx
Z Z
60 e2x sin2 x dx 7 0
e2x cos2 x dx

Z  
 u = x3 du = 3x2 dx 
Resenje: 10I = x e dx =  3 2x 
dv = e2x dx v = 12 e2x 
Z  
x3 3  u = x2 du = 2x dx 
= e2x x2 e2x dx = 
2 2 dv = e dx v = 12 e2x 
2x
 Z  Z
x3 2x 3 x2 2x 2x x3 2x 3x2 2x 3
= e e xe dx = e e + xe2x dx
2 2 2 2 4 2
  Z
 u=x du = dx  x3 2x 3x2 2x 3  x 2x 1 
=   = e e + e e 2x
dx
dv = e2x dx v = 21 e2x  2 4 2 2 2
x3 3x2 2x 3x 2x 3 2x e2x 
= e2x e + e e +C = 4x3 6x2 +6x3 +C.
2 4 4 8 8
 41

Z  
x2 ex  u = x 2 ex du = x(x + 2)ex dx 

20 dx=  dx 1 
(x + 2)2  dv = (x+2) 2 v = x+2 
Z  
x2 x  u=x du = dx 
= e + xe dx = 
x
x x


x+2 dv = e dx v = e
Z
x2 x x2 x
= e +xex ex dx = e + xex ex +C
x+2 x+2
x2 x
= e + C.
x+2

Z Z   Z x
e x dx  u = x dv = e xdx  x
x
e dx
0 x
3 e dx = x =  = 2 xe
x  du = dx
v = 2e x  x
2 x


= 2 xe x 2e x + C = 2e x x 1 + C.

Z  
 u = cos bx du = b sin bx dx 
40 I= e cos bx dx = 
ax 

dv = eax dx v = a1 eax
Z  
1 ax b  u = sin bx du = b cos bx dx 
= e cos bx + eax sin bx dx =  

a a dv = eax dx v = a1 eax
Z
1 ax b  1 ax b 
= e cos bx + e sin bx eax cos bx dx
a a a a
e ax
b 2
= 2
a cos bx + b sin bx 2 I.
a a
2
a +b 2 e ax

Odatle je 2
I = 2 a cos bx + b sin bx + C1 , odnosno
a a
eax

I= 2 a cos bx + b sin bx + C.
a + b2

Z  
 u = sin bx du = b cos bx dx 
50 ax 
e sin bx dx =  
dv = eax dx v = a1 eax 
Z ax
1 b ax 17.40 e

= eax sin bx e cos bx dx = 2 2 a sin bxb cos bx +C.
a a a +b
42

Z  
 u = sin2 x du = 2 sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx 
60
e sin x dx = 
2x 2 

dv = e2x dx v = 21 e2x
 Z  2x
1 2x 2 2x 17.50 e

= e sin x e sin2x dx = 2cos2xsin2x +C.
2 8

Z Z Z Z
0 2x 2 2x 2

2x
7 e cos x dx = e 1 sin x dx = e dx e2x sin2 x dx

17.60 e2x

= 2 + cos 2x + sin 2x + C.
8

18. Odrediti rekurentnu formulu za izracunavanje integrala In za n N, n 2

i a, b 6= 0.
Z Z
n

n/2
0
1 In = x log x dx 0
2 In = 1 x2 dx
Z Z
dx dx
30 In = 2 2 n
40 In = 2 n
Z (x p+a ) Z (ax +pbx + c)
50 In = x2n x2 a2 dx 60 In = x2n+1 x2 a2 dx
Z Z
dx
70 In = sinn x dx 80 In = nx
Z Z cos
90 In = tann x dx 100 In = cotn x dx
Z Z
0 dx 0 dx
11 In = n
12 In =
(a sin x + b cos x) (a + b cos x)n

Z  
 u = logn x du = n logn1 x dx 
Resenje: 10 In = x log x dx = 
n x 

dv = x dx v = 23 x x
Z
2 2n 2 2n
= x3/2 logn x x logn1 x dx = x3/2 logn x In1 .
3 3 3 3
 43

Iskoristimo izvedenu relaciju za izracunavanje, na primer, integrala I3 . Kako

je
Z   Z
 u = log x du = dx  2 2
 x  3/2
I1 = x log x dx =   = x log x x dx
 dv = x v = 2 x3/2  3 3
3
2 4 2

= x3/2 log x x3/2 + C = x3/2 3 log x 2 + C,
3 9 9
na osnovu izvedene rekurentne relacije imamo
2 4 2

I2 = x3/2 log2 x I1 = x3/2 9 log2 x 12 log x + 8 + C,
3 3 27
2 2

I3 = x3/2 log3 x 2I2 = x3/2 9 log3 x 18 log2 x + 24 log x 16 + C.
3 27

Z Z
0


2 n/2


(n2)/2
2 In = 1x 1 x2 1 x2
dx = dx
Z 
n2 

n2  2 2 dx 
2 2 2 u=x dv = x 1x
= In2 x 1x dx =  
 du = dx v = 1 (1x2 )n/2 
n
Z
x
n/2 1
n/2 1 x
n/2
= In2 + 1x2 1x2 dx = In +In2 + 1x2 .
n n n n
n+1 x
n/2
Dakle, In = In2 + 1 x2 , pa je
n n
n x
n/2
In = In2 + 1 x2 .
n+1 n+1
R 1.m) x p 1
Znamo da je I1 = 1 x2 dx = 1 x2 + arcsin x + C. Na osnovu
2 2
izvedene rekurentne relacije dobijamo
3 x
3/2 3 xp

I3 = I1 + 1 x2 = arcsin x + 1 x2 5 2x2 + C.
4 4 8 8
Z

x3
Kako je I2 = 1 x2 dx = x + C, mozemo odrediti
3
4 x
2 2 1
I4 = I2 + 1 x2 + C = x x3 + x5 + C.
5 5 3 5
44

Z Z Z
0 dx 1 x2 +a2 x2 1 1 x2
3 In = 2 2 n
= 2 2 2 n
dx = 2 In1 2 dx
(x +a ) a (x +a ) a a (x2 +a2 )n
 
 u=x x dx
dv = (x2 +a2 )n 
 
= 
 du = dx v = (22n)(x2 +a2 )n1 
1

2n 3 1 x
= 2
In1 + .
(2n 2)a (2n 2)a (x + a2 )n1
2 2

Primetimo da su ovaj integral i dobijena rekurentna relacija samo specijalan

slucaj integrala i relacije iz narednog primera (a = 1, b = 0, c = a2 ).

Z Z
0 dx ax2 + bx + c
4 In = = dx
(ax2 + bx + c)n (ax2 + bx + c)n+1
 
 d(ax2 + bx + c) = (2ax + b)dx 
 
=

 ax2 + bx + c = 1 (2ax + b)2 + 4ac b2 
4a
Z Z
(2ax+b)2 +4acb2 1 (2ax+b)2 4acb2
= dx = dx+ In+1
4a(ax2 +bx+c)n+1 4a (ax2 +bx+c)n+1 4a
 
 u = 2ax + b du = 2a dx 
 
= d(ax2 +bx+c) 1 
 dv = (ax2 +bx+c)n+1 v = n(ax2 +bx+c) n 
 Z 
1 (2ax + b) 2a dx 4ac b2
= + + In+1
4a n(ax2 + bx + c)n n (ax2 + bx + c)n 4a
2ax + b 1 4ac b2
= + I n + In+1 .
4an(ax2 + bx + c)n 2n 4a
4ac b2 1 2ax + b
In+1 = In In +
n
4a 2n 4an ax2 + bx + c
2a 2n 1 2ax + b
In+1 = 2
In +

n .
4ac b n 2
n 4ac b ax2 + bx + c
 45

Z p Z
0 2n

p
5 In = x x a dx = x2n2 x2 a2 a2
2 2 x2 a2 dx
Z 
3 

 2 2 2n2 
3
 u = x a 2 dv = x dx 
= x2n2 x2 a2 2 dxa2 In1 =  
 du = 3 x2 a2 xdx v = x2n1 
2n1
x2n1 2
3 3
= x a2 2 In a2 In1
2n 1 2n 1
2n + 2 x2n1 2
3
In = x a2 2 a2 In1
2n 1 2n 1
x2n1 2
3 2n 1 2
In = x a2 2 a In1 .
2n + 2 2n + 2

Z  
p  u = x2n du = 2nx2n1 dx 
 
60 In = x2n+1 x2 a2 dx = 
3 
 dv = x2 a2 xdx v = 13 x2 a2 2 
Z
1 2n 2
3 2n
2 2

3
= x x a x2n1 x2 a2 2 dx
3 3
1 2n 2
3 2n

= x x a2 2 In a2 In1
3 3
2n + 3 1 2n 2
3 2n 2
In = x x a2 2 a In1
3 3 3
1
3 2na2
In = x2n x2 a2 2 In1 .
2n + 3 2n + 3

Z Z Z
0 n n2 2
7 In = sin x dx = sin
x(1cos x)dx = In2 cos2 x sinn2 x dx
 
 u = cos x dv = sinn2 x d(sin x) 
=
du = sin x dx v = n1 1
sinn1 x 
1 1
= In2 sinn1 x cos x In
n1 n1
n 1
In = In2 sinn1 x cos x
n1 n1
n1 1
In = In2 sinn1 x cos x.
n n
46

Z Z Z Z
0 dx sin2 x + cos2 x sin2 x dx
8 In = = dx = dx +
cosn x n
cos x n
cos x cosn2 x
Z  
sin2 x  u = sin x du = cos x dx 
 
= dx + In2 =  d(cos x) 1 
cosn x  dv = cosn x v = (n1) cos n1 x 

sin x 1
= n1
In2 + In2
(n 1) cos x (n 1)
sin x n2
= + In2 .
(n 1) cosn1 x n 1

Z Z Z
0 n 1 cos2 x
n2 dx
9 In = tan x dx = tan x 2
dx = tann2 x 2 In2
cos x cos x
Z
1
= tann2 x d(tan x) In2 = tann1 x In2 .
n1

Z Z Z
0 n 1 sin2 x
n2 dx
10 In = cot x dx = cot x 2 dx = cotn2 x 2 In2
Z sin x sin x
1
= cotn2 x d(cot x) In2 = cotn1 x In2 .
n1
 47

Z Z
dx a sin x + b cos x
110 In = = dx
(a sin x + b cos x)n (a sin x + b cos x)n+1
 
 u= 1
du = (n + 1) a cos xb sin x
dx 
 (a sin x+b cos x)n+1 (a sin x+b cos x)n+2 
= 
 dv = (a sin x+b cos x)dx v = (a cos xb sin x) 
Z
a cos x b sin x (a cos x b sin x)2
= (n + 1) dx
(a sin x + b cos x)n+1 (a sin x + b cos x)n+2
Z 2 2
a cos xb sin x a +b (a sin x+b cos x)2
= (n + 1) dx
(a sin x+b cos x)n+1 (a sin x+b cos x)n+2
a cos x b sin x 


= n+1
(n + 1) a2 + b2 In+2 In
(a sin x + b cos x)
n 1 a cos x b sin x
In+2 =
In
.
(n + 1) a + b2 2 (n + 1) a + b (a sin x + b cos x)n+1
2 2

Z Z
dx a + b cos x
120 In = n
= dx
(a + b cos x) (a + b cos x)n+1
Z Z Z
dx cos x dx cos x dx
=a +b = aIn+1+b
(a+b cos x)n+1 (a+b cos x)n+1 (a+b cos x)n+1
 
 u= 1
du = (n + 1)b sin x dx 
 (a+b cos x)n+1 (a+b cos x) n+2 
= 
 dv = cos x dx v = sin x 
 Z 
sin x sin2 x dx
= aIn+1 +b (n+1)b
(a+b cos x)n+1 (a+b cos x)n+2
Z
b sin x 2 1 cos2 x
= aIn+1 + + (n + 1)b dx
(a + b cos x)n+1 (a + b cos x)n+2
Z
b sin x 2 (n+1)b2 cos2 x
= +aI n+1 +(n+1)b I n+2 dx
(a+b cos x)n+1 (a+b cos x)n+2
 2
Z a+b cos xa dx
b sin x b
= n+1
+aIn+1(n+1)b2 In+2 (n+1)b2
(a+b cos x) (a + b cos x)n+2
b sin x

= n+1
(n+1)In +a(2n+3)In+1 (n+1) a2 +b2 In+2 .
(a+b cos x)
48

b sin x
(n + 1) a2 + b2 In+2 = (n + 2)In + a(2n + 3)In+1
(a + b cos x)n+1
b sin x n+2
In+2 =
n+1

In
2
(n + 1) a + b 2 (a + b cos x) (n + 1) a2 + b2
(2n + 3)a
+
In+1 .
(n + 1) a2 + b2

19. Razlaganjem racionalne funkcije, izracunati sledece integrale

Z Z
x3 + 6 dx
10 dx 20
x3 5x2 + 6x (x 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
Z Z
0 dx 0 x
3 2 3
4 3
dx
x(x + 1)(x + x + 1) x 3x + 2
Z Z Z
dx x+1 dx
50 3
60 3
dx 70 4
x +1 x 1 x +1
Z 2 Z 2
x dx 2x 5
80
2 90 4 5x2 + 6
dx
2
x + 2x + 2 x
Z Z Z
x3 1 0 x+2 0 x+1
100 4 2
dx 11 3
dx 12 2
dx
x +x x +1 x(x + 2x + 2)

Z
x3 + 6
Resenje: 10 I = dx; integral najpre svedemo na integral
x3 5x2 + 6x
prave racionalne funkcije.

x3 + 6 x3 5x2 + 6x + 5x2 6x + 6 5x2 6x + 6

= = 1 + .
x3 5x2 + 6x x3 5x2 + 6x x3 5x2 + 6x

Kako je x3 5x2 + 6x = x(x2 5x + 6) = x(x 2)(x 3), to je

Z Z
5x2 6x + 6
I= dx + dx.
x(x 2)(x 3)

Nova racionalna podintegralna funkcija dozvoljava razvoj:

5x2 6x + 6 A B C
= + + , (1)
x(x 2)(x 3) x x2 x3

gde je koeficijente A, B, C potrebno odrediti.

 49

Metod neodredenih koeficijenata podrazumeva sledece:

pomnozimo jednakost (1) sa x(x 2)(x 3). Ona postaje jednakost dva poli-
noma u razvijenom obliku
5x2 6x + 6 = A(x 2)(x 3) + Bx(x 3) + Cx(x 2)
= x2 (A + B + C) + x(5A 3B 2C) + 6A.
Izjednacavanjem koeficijenata uz iste stepene promenljive x dolazimo do sis-
tema jednacina
5 = A + B + C, 6 = 5A 3B 2C, 6 = 6A.
Resavanjem ovog sistema nalazimo A = 1, B = 7 i C = 11.
Time polazni integral svodimo na zbir cetiri elementarna integrala:
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx
I = dx + 7 + 11
x x2 x3
= x + log |x| 7 log |x 2| + 11 log |x 3| + C.
Z
dx
20 I= , podintegralna funkcija dozvoljava razvoj:
(x 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
1 A1 A2 B1 x + C1 B2 x + C2
= + + +
2 . (2)
(x 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 x 1 (x 1) 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Odredimo Aj , Bj , Cj metodom neodredenih koeficijenata. Nakon mnozenja
(2) sa (x 1)2 (x2 + 1)2 dolazimo do jednakosti

2
2

1 = A1 (x 1) x2 + 1 + A2 x2 + 1 + (B1 x + C1 )(x 1)2 x2 + 1
+(B2 x + C2 )(x 1)2
= x5 (A1 + B1 ) + x4 (A1 + A2 2B1 + C1 ) + x3 (2A1 + 2B1 + B2 2C1 )
+x2 (2A1 + 2A2 2B1 2B2 + 2C1 + C2 )
+x(A1 + B1 + B2 2C1 2C2 ) A1 + A2 + C1 + C2 .
Izjednacavanjem koeficijenata dva polinoma uz odgovarajuce stepene od x,
dolazimo do sistema jednacina
0 = A1 + B1
0 = A1 + A2 2B1 + C1
0 = 2A1 + 2B1 + B2 2C1
0 = 2A1 + 2A2 2B1 2B2 + 2C1 + C2
0 = A1 + B1 + B2 2C1 2C2
1 = A1 + A2 + C1 + C2 ,
50

cijim resavanjem nalazimo vrednosti

A1 = 1/2, A2 = 1/4, B1 = 1/2, C1 = 1/4, B2 = 1/2, C2 = 0.
Polazni integral tada postaje
Z Z Z Z
1 dx 1 dx 1 2x + 1 1 x dx
I = + 2
+ 2
dx +
2
2 x1 4 (x 1) 4 x +1 2 2
x +1
Z
Z Z

1 1 1 d x2 + 1 1 dx 1 d x2 + 1
= log |x 1| + + +
2
2 4(x 1) 4 x2 + 1 4 x2 + 1 4 x2 + 1
1 x2 + 1 x2 + x 
= log
+ arctan x + C.
4 (x 1)2 (x 1) x2 + 1
Z
dx
30 I= ; primetimo sledeci razvoj podintegralne funkcije
x(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)3
1 x2 + x + 1 x(x + 1)
=
x(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)3 x(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)3
1 1
= 2 2
2
x(x + 1)(x + x + 1) (x + x + 1)3
x2 + x + 1 x(x + 1) 1
= 2 2
2
x(x + 1)(x + x + 1) (x + x + 1)3
1 1 1
= 2
2 2
2
x(x + 1)(x + x + 1) (x + x + 1) (x + x + 1)3
1 1 1 1
= 2 2 2
2 .
x(x + 1) x + x + 1 (x + x + 1) (x + x + 1)3
Time polazni integral postaje
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx dx
I = 2
2 2

x(x + 1) x +x+1 (x + x + 1) (x + x + 1)3
2
  Z Z
1.b)  x  d(x + 12 ) d(x + 21 )
= log  
2 
2 2
x+1 x + 12 + 34 x + 21 + 43
Z
d(x + 12 )  
3 =  t = x + 2 
1

2
x + 12 + 34
 x  Z Z
1.c)   2 2x + 1 dt dt
= log   arctan
2
3
x+1 3 3 t2 + 43
t2 + 34
12.10  x  14 2x+1 2 2x+1 2x+1
18.30  
= log   arctan 2
+C.
x+1 3 3 3 3 x +x+1 6 x2 +x+1 2
 51

Z 1 x
x 2   1
40 dx = log  + + C.
x3 3x + 2 9 2+x 3(1 x)

Z
0 dx 1 2x 1 1 (x + 1)2
5 = arctan + log +C
x3 + 1 3 3 6 x2 x + 1
1 2x 1 1  (x + 1)3 
 
= arctan + log  3  + C.
3 3 6 x +1

Z  (x 1)2   (x 1)3 
x+1 1   1  
60 dx = log  2  + C = log  3  + C.
x3 1 3 x +x+1 3 x 1

Z Z
0 dx dx 1  
7 4
= = arctan(1+ 2 x)arctan(1 2 x)
x +1 (x2 +1)2 2x2 2 2
1  x2 + 2 x + 1 
 
+ log   + C.
4 2 2
x 2x + 1
Z
x2 dx 1
80
2 = arctan(x + 1) + + C.
x2
+ 2x + 2 x2
+ 2x + 2
Z    
2x2 5 1 x 2 1 x 3
90 dx = log   + log   + C.
x4 5x2 + 6 2 2 x + 2 2 3 x + 3
Z
x3 1 1 1
100 dx = + log(1 + x2 ) + arctan x + C.
x4 + x2 x 2
Z  (x + 1)3 
x+2 2x 1 1  
110 dx = 3 arctan + log  3  + C.
x3 + 1 3 6 x + 1
Z
x+1 1 1 x2
120 dx = arctan(x + 1) + log + C.
x(x2 + 2x + 2) 2 4 x2 + 2x + 2

20. Odrediti sledece integrale iracionalnih funkcija

Z Z Z
0 dx 0 1 x + 1 0 dx
1 3
2
3
dx 3
6

3

x + 2+ x + 2 1+ x + 1 x 1+ x 1+ x 1
Z Z r Z
0 dx 0 x+1 0 dx
4 5 dx 6 p
5
(x+1) x +2x 2 x1 (x 1)(2 x)
52

Z  6  Z 5 Z 3
dx  t =x+2  t dt t dt
Resenje: 10 
= 
dx = 6t 5 dt  = 6 3 2
=6
3
x+2+ x+2 t +t t+1
Z 3 Z Z
t +11 dt
=6 dt = 6 (t2 t + 1)dt 6
t+1 t+1

= 2t3 3t2 + 6t 6 log |t + 1| + C

 
= 2 x + 2 3 3 x + 2 + 6 6 x + 2 6 log  6 x + 2 + 1 + C.

Z  6  Z
1 x+1  t =x+1  3 5
20
dx =   = 6 (1 t )t dt
3
1+ x+1  5
dx = 6t dt  1 + t2
Z Z
6 4 3 2 t1
= 6 (t + t + t t t + 1)dt + 6 dt
t2 + 1
Z Z
6 7 6 5 3 4 3 2 2t dt dt
= t + t + t 2t 3t + 6t + 3 2
6 2
7 5 2 t +1 t +1
6 7 6 5 3 4
= t + t + t 2t3 3t2 + 6t + 3 log(t2 + 1) 6 arctan t + C
7 5 2
6 6

7 6 6

5 3 3

2
= x+1 + x+1 + x+1 2 x+1
7 5 2
3 x + 1 + 6 x + 1 + 3 log( x + 1 + 1) 6 arctan 6 x + 1 + C.
3 6 3

Z  6  Z
dx  t =x1  t5
30
=   = 6 dt
6
x 1 + 3 x 1 + x 1  dx = 6t dt  5
t + t2 + t3
Z Z Z
t dt 2t + 1 1
= 6 (t2 t)dt + 6 2
= 2t3 3t2 + 3 dt
t +t+1 t2 + t + 1
Z Z
3 2 d(t2 + t + 1) dt
= 2t 3t + 3 dt 3
t2 + t + 1 t2 + t + 1
Z
3 2 2 dt
= 2t 3t + 3 log |t + t + 1| 3
(t + 2 ) + 34
1 2

 t3 1  3 t+ 1
1.c)  
= 2t3 3t2 + 3 log   arctan 2 + C
t1 3/2 3/2
 
 x11  2 6 x1+1
3
= 2 x13 x1+3 log    2 3 arctan +C.
6
x11  3
 53

Z   Z
dx  x+1 = 1 , x, t > 0  t4 dt
0  t 
4 I= =  =
(x+1)5 x2 +2x  dx = dt t2
 1t2
Z

dt
= a0 t3 + a1 t2 + a2 t + a3 1 t2 + .
1 t2

Diferenciranjem po t i mnozenjem sa 1 t2 dobijamo

t4 = 4a0 t4 3a1 t3 + (3a0 2a2 )t2 + (2a1 a3 )t + a2 + .

Izjednacavanjem koeficijenata uz stepene od t formiramo sistem jednacina

1 = 4a0 0 = 2a1 a3
0 = 3a1 0 = a2 +
0 = 3a0 2a2

cije je resenje

a0 = 1/4, a1 = 0, a2 = 3/8, a3 = 0, = 3/8.

Nakon sredivanja nalazimo da je polazni integral

p  1 3  3 1
I = x2 + 2x + arcsin + C.
4(x + 1)4 8(x + 1)2 8 x+1
Za
x < 2 integral se izracunava analognim postupkom, vodeci racuna da je
t2 = t.
Ovaj integral takode se moze odrediti primenom Ojlerove smene.
Z  
dx  x2 + 2x = t x, x = 2 
 t 2 1 
I= = 4t dt 
(x + 1)5 x2 + 2x  dx = (t2 1)2 
Z 2 Z
(t 1)4 (t2 + 1 2)4
=4 dt = 4 dt
(t2 + 1)5 (t2 + 1)5
Z 2
(t + 1)4 8(t2 + 1)3 + 24(t2 + 1)2 32(t2 + 1) + 16
=4 dt
(t2 + 1)5
Z Z Z Z
dt dt dt dt
=4 2
+ 32 2 2
96 2 3
+ 128
t +1 (t + 1) (t + 1) (t + 1)4
2
Z
dt
64 .
(t + 1)5
2
54

Koristeci izvedenu rekurentnu relaciju iz zadatka 18.30 nalazimo

3 5t7 3t5 + 3t3 5t
I = arctan t + + C.
2 2(t2 + 1)4
Vracanjem smene konacno dobijamo

p 3x2 + 6x + 5 3 x2 + 2x
I = x2 + 2x arctan + C.
4(x + 1)4 2 x

Z r  q  Z
x+1  t = x+1  t2
 
50 dx =  x1
 = 4 dt
x1  dx = 4t dt  (t2 1)2
(t2 1)2
t + 1
12.20 2t  
= 2 + log  +C
t 1 t1
p  p 
= (x + 1)(x 1) + log x + (x + 1)(x 1) + C.

 
Z  x (1, 2) x = 1 + sin2 t, t (0, /2) 
dx  
60 p =  dx = 2 sin t cos t dt, 

(x 1)(2 x)  p(x 1)(2 x) = psin2 t(1 sin2 t) 
Z

=2 dt = 2t + C = 2 arcsin x 1 + C.

Integral mozemo resiti i primenom trece Ojlerove smene.

 p 
Z  (x 1)(2 x) = t(x 1)  Z
dx   dt
I = p =  2 +2
 = 2
 2
(x 1)(2 x)  x = tt2 +1 dx = (t2t dt
2 +1)2  t +1
r
2x
= 2 arctan t + C = 2 arctan + C.
x1

21. Svodenjem na integral racionalne funkcije, izracunati sledece integrale

Z Z Z
0 dx 0 dx 0 x x2 + 3x + 2
1 2 3 dx
x + x2 + x + 1 1 + 1 2x x2 x + x2 + 3x + 2
Z p Z Z p
0 3 4 0 x 0 3
4 x + x dx 5
2 dx 6 3x x3 dx
1+ x3
 55

Z
dx
Resenje: 10 I = . Potkorena funkcija u integralu odgo-
x + x2 + x + 1
vara za primenu prve Ojlerove smene:
p
x2 + x + 1 = x + t.

Znak ispred x biramo tako da pogoduje sredivanju podintegralne funkcije.

Kako je
p
t = x + x2 + x + 1,

posle poredenja sa podintegralnom funkcijom uzimamo x2 + x + 1 = x + t.
Tada je
x2 + x + 1 = x2 2xt + t2 x + 1 = t2 2xt,

t2 1 t2 + t + 1
tj. x = , pa je dx = 2 dt. Integral onda glasi
1 + 2t (2t + 1)2
Z
t2 + t + 1
I=2 dt.
t(2t + 1)2

Rastavimo racionalnu funkciju

t2 + t + 1 A1 A2 A3
2 2
= + + .
t(2t + 1) t 2t + 1 (2t + 1)2

Metodom neodredenih koeficijenata nalazimo da je

A1 = 2, A2 = 3, A3 = 3.

Integral se transformise u elementarne integrale

Z Z Z
dt dt 3 d(2t+1) 3 3
I=2 3 2
= 2 log |t| log |2t+1|+ +C1
t 2t+1 2 (2t+1) 2 2(2t+1)
 p  3  p  p
= 2 log x+ x2 +x+1 log 2x+2 x2 +x+1+1 x+ x2 +x+1+C,
2

gde je C = C1 1/2.
56

Z  
dx  12xx2 = xt1  Z t2 +2t+1
 
20 I= = t2 +2t+1 = dt.
1+ 12xx 2  dx = 2 (t2 +1)2 dt  t(t1)(t2 +1)

t2 + 2t + 1 A1 A2 Bt + C
= + + 2
t(t 1)(t2 + 1) t t1 t +1
A1 = 1, A2 = 1, B = 0, C = 2
Z Z Z t 1
dt dt dt  
I= 2 = log   2 arctan t + C
t1 t t2 + 1 t
 1 x + 1 2x x2 
1 + 1 2x x2
 
= log   2 arctan + C.
1 + 1 2x x2 x

 
Z
x x2 +3x+2  x2 +3x+2 = p(x+2)(x+1) = t(x+1) 
 
30 I= dx =  2 
x+ x2 +3x+2  x = 2t
2
t 1
, dx = 2tdt
2
(t 1) 2 
Z
t2 + 2t
=2 dt.
(t 2)(t 1)(t + 1)3

t2 + 2t 16 3 17 5 1
2 3
= + + +
(t 2)(t 1)(t + 1) 27(t 2) 4(t 1) 108(t + 1) 18(t + 1) 3(t + 1)3
2

16 3 17 5 1
I = log |t 2| + log |t 1| log |t + 1| +C
27 4 108 18(t + 1) 6(t + 1)2
r  r  r 
16  x+2  3  x+2  17  x+2 
     
= log  2 + log  1 log  + 1
27  x+1  4  x+1  108  x+1 
5 1
r  r 2 + C.
x+2 x + 2
18 +1 6 +1
x+1 x+1
 57

Z p Z  
 1 + x1 = t2 
 
40 I= x3 + x4 dx = x2 (1 + x1 )1/2 dx =  
 dx = (t2t dt
2 1)2 
Z Z 2
t2 dt t 1+1
=2 2 4
= 2 dt
(t 1) (t2 1)4
Z Z
dt dt
=2 2 = 2I3 2I4 ,
(t2 1)3 (t2 1)4

Z
dt
gde je In = . Rekurentnu relaciju za izracunavanje In
(t2 1)n

t 2n 3
In = 2 n1
In1
2(n 1)(t 1) 2(n 1)

mozemo dobiti, na primer, iz 18.40 za a = 1, b = 0 i c = 1, imajuci u vidu

da je
Z t 1
dt 1  
I1 = = log   + C1 .
t2 1 2 t+1

Tada je

t 1 t 1
 
I2 = log   + C2 .
2(t2 1) 4 t+1
3t3 5t 3 t 1
 
I3 = + log   + C3 .
8(t2 1)2 16 t+1
15t5 40t3 + 33t 5 t 1
 
I4 = 2 3
log   + C4 .
48(t 1) 32 t+1

3t5 8t3 3t 1 t 1
 
I= log  +C
24(t2 1)3 16 t+1
1p 2 1  
 
= x + x(8x2 + 2x 3) + log  x + 1 + x  + C.
24 8
58

Z   Z
x  x = t6  t8 dt
50

2 dx =  5
=6

1+ 3 x dx = 6t dt (t2 +1)2
Z Z
4t2 + 3
= 6 (t4 2t2 + 3)dt 6 dt
(t2 + 1)2
Z
6 5 3 4(t2 + 1) 1
= t 4t + 18t 6 dt
5 (t2 + 1)2
Z Z
6 dt dt
= t5 4t3 + 18t 24 2
+6
5 t +1 (t + 1)2
2

12.10 6 5 t
= t 4t3 + 18t 21 arctan t + 3 2 +C
5 t +1

6
x 3

= 6x 14 x2 + 70 3 x + 105 21 arctan 6 x + C.
5(1 + x )
3

 q 
Zp Z  2 3 3 
 1+3x = t , x = t3 +1 
60 3xx3 dx = x(1+3x2 )1/3 dx =  
3
2

3t dt
 dx = 2(t3 3 +1)3/2 
Z   Z
9 t3 dt u=t 2 dt
dv = (t3t +1)  3t 3 dt
 2 
= 3 2
= 1 = 3 3
2 (t +1)  du = dt v = 3(t3 +1)  2(t +1) 2 t +1
 (t + 1)3 
19.50 3t 3 2t 1 1  
= arctan log  3 +C
2(t3 + 1) 2 3 4 t + 1
 3
3
3x x 3+x
1 x2 1 2 3 3x x3 x
= log + + arctan + C.
18 3x 9 9 3 3x

22. Svesti sledece integrale na integral racionalne funkcije.

Z Z
0 3 tan x + 1 0 dx
1 dx 2
3 tan x 4 + 3 tan x
Z Z
1 2 cos x + 3 sin x dx
30 dx 40
2 + 3 cos x 4 sin x (sin x + 2 cos x)3
Z Z
dx dx
50 60 
sin2 x cos4 x 2 2
sin x +
Z r Z r cos x
0 2x 1 0 3 x + 2
7 dx 8 dx
3x 2x 1
 59

Z   Z
3 tan x + 1  t = tan x  3t + 1
Resenje: 10 
dx =  
dt  = dt .
3 tan x dx = 1+t2 (3 t)(1 + t2 )
Z   Z
dx  t = tan x  dt
20 = 
dt  = .
4 + 3 tan x dx = 1+t2 (4 + 3t)(1 + t2 )

Z  
1 2 cos x + 3 sin x  t = tan x 2dt
dx = 1+t 
 2 
30 dx =  2
2t 1t 2 
2 + 3 cos x 4 sin x  sin x = 1+t2 cos x = 1+t2 
Z
3t2 + 6t 1
= 2 dt .
(5 8t t2 )(1 + t2 )

Z  
dx  t = tan x 2dt
dx = 1+t  1 Z (1+t2 )dt
 2 2 
40 =  2t 2 = .
(sin x+2 cos x)3  sin x = 1+t 2 cos x = 1t
1+t2
 2 (1+tt2 )3

Z Z  
dx 1 dx  t = tan x dt = cosdx2 x
 
50 2 = 2 2
=  
sin x cos4 x sin x cos x cos x  sin2 x =
2 t2 2 1 
cos x = 1+t2
1+t2
Z
(1 + t2 )2
= dt.
t2

Z  
dx  t = tan x 2dt
dx = 1+t  1 Z (1+t2 )(1t2 )2 dt
 2 2 
60 = =
.
 2 2  sin x = 2t 2 cos x = 1t22  2 t(1t 2 )+(1+t2 )2 2
sin x+ 1+t 1+t
cos x
 q 
Z r   Z
2x 1  t = 2x1 3x  t2 dt
70 dx =   = 10 .
3x  dx = (2+t 10t dt  (2 + t2 )2
2 )2

 q 
Z r  3 x+2
 Z
x + 2  t =  t3 dt
80 3
dx =  2x1
2 dt 
 = 15 .
2x 1  dx = 15t 3 2 
(2t3 1)2
(2t 1)