Софија С. Вукићевић - Институционална Заштита Људских Права (Са Посебним Освртом На Институцију Омбудсмана)

.
(
)
, 2015.
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
FACULTY OF LAW
mr Sofija S. Vukicevic
INSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN

RIGHTS (WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE
OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTION)
Doctoral Dissertation
Belgrade, 2015.
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Title: INSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS WITH SPECIAL
EMPHASIS ON THE OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTION
Summary: The issue addressed in our paper is complex and significant, but has so
far not been sufficiently explored. The topic concerns both human rights in general, and
human rights institutions that provide protection of human rights.
It generally deals with the set of those questions that directly concern human being
and his or her self-realization in society, the answers of which were supposed to be given
in our thesis. A variety of methods have been applied, from the normative as well as the
dogmatic ones, to the statistic, comparative methods as well as those referring case studies.
Concurrently, the instruments for human rights protection are analyzed in elaborate detail.
After analyzing the way human rights are established in light of their historical
genesis, and most notably of the rights of good management in European relations, we
focused on the analysis of their universalization and especially on the work and establishing
of specialized institutions in the sphere of human rights. In this sense special emphasis is
given to the institutions of ombudsman both on a national and international level, the
method of their work and their place of the overall system of international protection de
lege ferenda.
In light of the realization of human rights and most of all rights for good management,
we offered a comprehensive analysis of the Ombudsman work. The institutions
contribution to the successful application of the heritage of European integrations, which
promote human rights as a basic value and sine qua non of all other kind of integrations.
A significant part of the dissertation is dedicated to the issue of human rights

protection in the region of the Former Yugoslavia, and most of all, to that of the Serbian
Republic. Questions and issues of this kind are traditionally very much pertinent to the
region of the Western Balkans, which makes the results of the investigation all the more
important.
VII
The conclusion points out new possibilities for the promotion of human rights and
offer corresponding solutions, as the elements of future consistent protection system.
Key words: human rights and freedoms, human rights protection, international
organizations, European ombudsman, ombudsman.
Scientific area: Law
Field of scinetific area: Public international law-Human rights
VIII

1. 7
1.1.
8
1.2. . 10
1.3. 13
1.3.1.
15
1.3.2. ,
16
1.3.3. XVIII 17
1.3.4. () 21
1.3.5. 22
1.3.6.
24
IX
2. 25
2.1. 26
2.2. 31
2.2.1. 35
2.3. 38
2.3.1.
40
2.3.2.
43
2.3.3. XVIII XX 45
II

1. 48
2. 51
2.1. 52
2.2. 56
3.
59
4.
61
4.1.
62
5. 65
5.1. 65
5.2. 68
5.3. - 69
X
5.3.1. 71
5.3.2. 73
5.3.2.1. 74
5.3.2.2. 78
5.3.2.3. . 79
6. 82
6.1. 87
6.2. 89
7. 90
8. 93
8.1.
94
8.2.
( ) 98
8.3. 100
9.
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102
9.1. 104
9.2. 106
10. 109
10.1. 109
10.1.1.
110
10.1.2. 111
10.1.3.
116
10.1.4. 120
10.1.5. 122
XI
10.1.6. 126
10.2. 128
10.2.1. 131
10.2.2. 132
III

1.
136
2.
139
3.
143
IV

1. 146
2. 156
2.1. 157
2.2. 160
2.3.
162
2.3.1. 163
XII
2.3.2. 169
2.3.3. 174
2.3.4. 178
2.3.5. 182
2.3.6.
188
3. 193
4. 195
1. 197
2. 199
2.1.
. 199
2.2. 201
2.3. 205
3.
209
3.1. 209
3.2. 212
3.3. 214
4. 217
5. 217
XIII
VI

1. ()

222
1.1.
225
2. ()
1990. 228
3.
229
3.1.
230
3.1.1. 233
3.1.2. 235
3.2. 236
4. 2006. 238
4.1. 240
5.
242
6.
247
6.1.
255
6.2.
() 256
6.3.
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6.4. 263
6.4.1. 264
XIV
6.4.2. 266
6.4.3. 267
7. 2009. 2014.
269
8.
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9.
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10. 288
291
298
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6 R. C. Beitz, Human Rights and Social Justice, : Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: principles
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8 ., ,
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10 H. A. L. Hart, Are There Any Natural Rights?, The Philosophical Review, Vol. 64, No. 2, 1955,
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11 . , , , 1969, 94.
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16 De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
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19 , ,
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22 . , , , 1978, 74.
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24 , () ,
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25 , (De Officis),
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26 R. F. Gorman, E. S. Mihalkanin, Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organiza-
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27 Ibid.
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33 , ( IV II . .),
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34 . : , De officiis ( ), , , 1854.
35 . The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (1950), 215 .
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39 . , , , 2009, 259.
40 . , : , ,
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44 Ibid., XII , I .
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46 Ibid., XII , I .
47 . . . , , : . (2009), 433.
48 Ibid.
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50 D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Oxford University Press, New York 2007.
51 D. Hume (2007).
52 , D. Hume, Treaties of Human Nature, , , , :
. (2009) , 339.
19
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66 . , , , 2007, 122.
67 Ibid.
68 , , . (2013), 269281.
69 . . , , ,
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71 . . , : ,
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23
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74 . . , , , 1978.
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76 . . , , X, , 2011, 114126.
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79 . , , 2000, 120.
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83 humanitas paidea
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homo humanus homo barbarus.
84 . (2000), 168.
85 , 20 .
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27
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87 . . , ,
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88 ... ,
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89 .
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. . , (
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90 P. Stearns, Human Rights in World History, Routledge, London and New York 2012 , 35.
91 R. Bauman, Human rights in ancient Rome, Routledge, London and New York 2000, 12 i 13.
28
, ,
humanitas romana, -
. ius humanum,92
. ,
humanitas -
II . . .

.
.
.
, lex Semporia de capite civim,
, , lex Porcia,
. provocati ad populum,
.93
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.94

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.95 humanitas -
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92 Ibid., 28 .
93 provocatio ad populum,
Magna Carta Libertatum
.
94 :

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95 XII
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96 . , , , 1974, 85.
97 lex Canulea (445. . .), 18. . .
, . Ibid., 88.
98 R. Bauman (2000), 109.
99 Ibid., 100103.
100 R. Bauman (2000), 58.
30

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.102 -
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101 Ibid.
102
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103 R. Bauman (2000), 58.
104 . , , , 1998, 94.
105 ,
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2004, 139141.
31
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106 . (2004), 140.
107 . (1998), 94.
108 . , , , 1969, 161.
109 Ibid., 168.
32
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111 : ... ... ...
. , , , 1984, 24.
112 ,
. . . (2004), 201.
113 . (2004), 225.
114 P. Stearns (2012), 44.
115 , .
33
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.116
,117

().118
-
, ,119 , ,
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.120
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.122 -
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.
116 W. B. Hallaq, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, 6263.
117 , .
118 . (2004), 190.
119
(481511). , . , ,
, 2011, 49.
120 Ibid., 49 .
121 Ibid., 57.
122 (, , )
. .
. (2004), 211.
123 . (2000), 315.
34
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.125
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- ( -
124 Magna Carta Libertatum (.), The Great Charter of Freedom (.),
(.) 15. 1215. .
125 1215.
35
)126 ,127

.128
( ) -
,129
.
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.

,130
.

.131
, ,
. -

.132 ,
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, -
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.
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-
126 . , Magna Carta ,

2, 2002, 2829.
127
, ,
.
128
.
129 Magna carta libertatum . I II.
130 J. C. Holt, Magna Carta, Cambridge University Press 1965, 2021, .
1183, ; 1188.
VIII .
131 , ,
.
132 J. C. Holt (1965), 327.
36
.133
,
, , ... .134
-
.135
, -
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,
.137

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133 Magna carta Libertatum, . XXIII XXIV. http://www.constitution.org/eng/magnacar.

htm
134 Magna carta libertatum, . XXIV.
135 Magna carta libertatum, . XXIX.
136 Magna carta libertatum, . XLV.
137 Magna carta libertatum, . LXIII.
138 Magna carta libertatum, . LII.
139 . C. Holt (1965), 315.
140 Magna carta libertatum, . LXXVIII.
37
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, Ne bis in idem Nullum crimen, nulla
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.143

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142 XIII ,
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.
143 Habeas Corpus Act XVIII XIX
1816, 1862, . . (2004),
226228.
39

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145 (The Declaration of Independence) 4. 1776.

, (Independence Day).
146 (Bill of rights) ,
40

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. -

-
,
. , , ,

.956
6.3.

, ,
, .
, -
, : (1) ; (2) ; (3)
; (4) ; (5)
; (6) , , , ,
; (7) ,
; (8) ; (9) .
955
, (
, . 7/11).
956 ,
.
258
.
,
(
, ,
).957
, , -
-
. ,
,
. , -
, ,
.
,
. ,
-
, . ,
, ,
, .958
-

. , 2014.
, -
.
, .
-
.959
957 Save the Children, 2014,

(CRONSEE)
.
(
),
. ., 2014, , 2015, 57.
958 Ibid.
959 Ibid.
259
,
. -
, ,960
.
-
.

,
.
,
. ,

. , ,
,
.961
,
.
-
.962
,
,
.

,
.963
,
, ,

960 2014. ,
. .
http://www.pravamanjina.rs/index.php/sr/aktivnosti/610-problemi-efikasne-zatite-i-ostvarivanja-
prava-na-sluzbenu-upotrebu-jezika -i-pisma.
961 2014, 75.
962
2009, , ,
.
963 2014, 82.
260
.
, -
,
.964
.
,
.
, -
,
, .

. , -

.
.965

.
, ,

. -

1325 -

.
-
. ,
,966 , -
964 . http://www.mpravde.gov.rs/sek-
cija/54/pozitivno-zakonodavstvo.php
965 2014, 92.
966 - ,
( , . 52/12, 112/14 114/14).
261
.967
,
.968
. -

,
.969
, , -
,
. (2014)
.970 -
,

,971 ,
.972
,
, .
-
. , , ,
, -
.
, ,

967 ,
, , ,
. . 2014, 95.
968 2014. 254 ,
2013, 341 , 25,51%. . Ibid.
969 2014, 104.
970 2014. 334 ,
2013. 297
12,46% .
971 ( , . 55/14),
( , . 55/14) .
972 ,

,
.
262
,
.
, ,
, -
. -

, .

,
-
.
,
.973 , ,
, -
.
,
, ,
- .
, ,
, ,
.974
6.4.
,
, ,
(
), .
973 2014. 409 ,

546 . , 2014. 42
, 35 (83,33%). . 2014,
205.
974 2014, 208.
263
6.4.1.
( :
) ,975
.
,
.976
,
, : (1)
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. , ,
.
,
.
,
, ,
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, .977
, ,

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,
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975 54 ( , . 6/02)
( )
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.
976 ( ,
. 23/02).
977 1 1 .
978 1 2 .
979 ,
. , 4
.
264

( -
).980 ,
, ,
. -
, ,981
, -

(-
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,
.982
-
-
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( , ).984
,

, .985
,986

980 ,
( ) . 7
.
981 13 .
982 14 .
983
.
15 .
984 . 16 17 .
985 . 1937 .
986
( , . 37/14).
265
( ),
.
6.4.2.
,
( ,
),
.987
, -
, ,
, . ,
,
( ).988
,
. , -
,
,
. ,

, .
,
, -
987 . http://www.ombudsmanapv.org/riv/index.php?lang=sr-RS.
988 2014. , :
, ,
,
,
,
. ,
2014. , :

,
,
,
, . . http://
www.ombudsmanapv.org/riv/index.php/dokumenti/godisnji-izvestaj/1552
266
. ,
,

,
,
.
-
.989
6.4.3.
,
, -
.

.990
( : )

( ).
,
, , ,
.991
-
.
, ,
, -
.
()
,992

989 . http://www.ombudsmanapv.org/riv/index.php/dokumenti/godisnji-izvestaj/1552.
990 126 ( , . 9/02).
991 126 . 1 2 .
992 126 4 .
267
, , -
.

(
) .

(, ,993 )
, .
()994
, 995
.
,
, -

.
.
,
,
( ).996

, .
993 52 ( , . 129/07).
994 97 ( , . 129/07).
995 97 ( , . 129/07 83/14)
( , . 79/05 54/07).
996 97 2 ( , . 129/07 83/14).
268
7. 2009. 2014.

. -
, ,997

( 1).
1.
2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.
1.774 2.656 3.640 4.465 5.042 4.877
1.741 2.865 4.182 4.422 5.098 4.913

5.044 5.058 7.312 9.991 12.027 12.288

160 571 648 997 1.220 1.262

8.719 11.150 15.782 19.875 23.387 23.340

, (2009. 1.774 , 2014.
4.877 ), 22.454
.
. ,
.
(2014)
(2013).
148 2,95%. ,
,
997 , ,
20091014.
. ,
2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 , 2013. 2014. . http://www.ombudsman.rs/
269
,

.
2.
2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

653 952 1.319 2.055 2.560 2.778
178 574 502 1.078 1.203 1.042
O 51 39 65 110 142 113
44 229 187 375 183 833
8 1 9 113 32 20
(-
1. 2), , ,
( 22.454
, , 15.414 ).

.

. -
,
, de facto
. ,

.

( 2) ,
, ,
. -

( )
270
.998 ( )
: (1) (2) , (3)
( , ).
, ,
, , 1.851 -
. ,
. ,
, -
,
.
,
, ,
, .
(
), .
( 2013. 2014)
999 , -
.

. ,
1000
,1001
. -
.
998 . , , , . 10/2007, 723.

999 ,
: (1)

(, , , )
(2) ( )
, . . 18
1 ( , . 79/05 54/07).
1000 ( , . 72/11).
1001 ( , . 92/11).
271
-
1002
(
), 1003
.
,
. ,
, , ,

.
, , -

( 3) : (1)
; (2) , ; (3)
(4) . -
. -

.1004
1002 ( , . 54/09, 63/13 108/13).

1003 ( , . 41/09 32/13).
1004 ,
, . , ,
( , . 91/09).
272
3.
2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

306 893 903 963 949 902

,
642 971 1.708 1.790 2.380 1.994

662 1.328 1.404 2.112 2.007 2.146
160 205 391 669 526 532
81 78 384 119 112 70
52 40 153 98 136 124
54 29 221 209 161 59
40 28 34 55 94 111
1.997 3.572 5.198 6.015 6.365 5.938
,
, (
9.659 20092014) ,

. ,
,
.
, -
, .1005
1005
, ,
.
.
, 2013, , . 249.
273
4. 1006
2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.
48 51 96 99 54
24 22 93 48 54
21 0 7 0 11
16 27 40 16 15

14 19 10 44 24

7 0 13 2 12

3 14 23 14 10

2 26 11 8 9

5 58 30 32 23
143 217 323 230 212
,
, (1)
(2) . ,
.
,
,
,
. , , 2012,
,
,
( 5). -
,
, .
20122014. , ,
860 , , 1.352 -
1006 2009.
() ,
.
274
. , ,
.
5. 1007
2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.
15 24 13 12 33
0 0 3 35 26
45 62 95 62 80
2 1 38 15 63
9 44 54 17 29
47 78 101 89 568
22 8 19 0 0
140 217 323* 230** 799***
* 2012. , ,
229 , 5 ( 242
), 552.
** 2013. , ,
263 , . 5 ( 275
), 463.
*** 2014. , ,
345 , . 5 ( 378
), 1.044.
,
(
, .).
.
,
.
,
1007 2009.
,
.
275
.

. , -

, . , ,
, , , ,
.
-
,
.
. , -

,
-
.1008
-
(ratione loci),
(ratione materiae) ,
.
, (
) sui generis,
,
-
, . , -
,
, . ,

. , -

. -
1008
.
2013, , 38.
276
, ,
,
.

.
,
, de lege ferenda
( ).

-
. , ,

.
-

. , -
( ),

, .
8.

,
,
,
.1009
, .

.
1009 , , , ,
.
277
,
,
.1010 -
( , )

.1011

.
.1012
, , -
(NHRI). -
, ,
( ),
.1013
,

,
. , -
, ,
(1) (2)
. , -
1010 20112014. ,
,
. .
(20112014).
1011 ( .)
,

, 2012. , www.ombudsman.rs/attachments/2181_Beogradski
principi.pdf.
1012 2012.

,
. , 2012,
.
1013 2012.

.
278
, ,
, -
,
NHRI .
,
.1014

,
, .
, ,
, -
. ,

, , -
. ,
-

. , , -
,

.1015
()
,
,
,
.1016
,
,
1014 , , ww.ombudsman.rs/attachments/2181_Beogradski principi.pdf.

1015 Ibid.
1016 XX .
,
,
. . , , ,
1998, 174 .
279
(, , ,
, .). -
, ,
.
,

. ,
(-
, .)
. ,

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, .

. ,
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.
9.

. -
XX
,1017
.

. , ,
,
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1017 , , , ,
.
280
, -
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.1018
,
,
,1019 .

(2004)1020 (2005). ,
, -
(2008).1021
, 1022
( )
. , ,

. , , -
,
. ,

, .1023

, ,
, , -
1018 ( ):
(1978), (1986),
(1986), (1983),
(1978),
(1991). . . , , , ,
, 2002, 65 66.
1019 , ,
( , . 9/02)
( , . 6/02).
1020 ( , .
120/04, 54/07, 104/09 36/10).
1021 ( , . 22/09).
1022 , (
), .
1023 32 .
281
.1024
,
, .

.
.

.
-
( , , ,
.). ,
: (1)
(2) .

. ,
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. ,
. -

.

.
, (
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()
.

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, .
1024 ,
. . 30.
.
282
, ,
, .
,
.1025
, -
.1026 ,
,

. , , ,
...
, .1027 -
,

.
,

. -
-
.1028 -

.1029

,
.
,

( ).
1025 . , , ,
. 3/02.
1026 1990. .
1027 51 2 .
1028 ( , . 97/08).
1029 , , , . . ,
, ,
, 2009, 70 .
283
, ...
,
, ,
.1030
,

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, ; (2)
, ,
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.

, .
, -
, ,
.
, ,
.1031
,
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, 15
; (2)
; (3) -
; (4)
; (5) -
,
; (6)
.
1030 2 1 (
, . 120/04).
1031 . 47. .
284

( , , -
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, ,
. .1032
, -
, . ,
,
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30 ,
.
,1033
. ,
,1034
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.1035 , ,

,
.1036 ,
,
1037 , ,
.
1032 22 .
1033 28 (
, . 120/04).
1034 . ,
, , 2010, 113 .
1035 ( , . 30/10).
1036
( , . 36/10).
1037 5.000 50.000 . .
4648 .
285

, ,
, ,
, ,
.
(whistle blower).1038 , -
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
.

,
,

. ,
, .
-
.1039
,
, . -
.1040

, .1041
, ,
, ,

.1042
1038
.
1039
.
1040 ( , . 97/08, 104/09, 68/12, 107/12).
1041 1 3 .
1042 2 .
286
, , -
,

.1043
, ,
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( , ,
); (3) , ,
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,

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.1046
1043 3 .
1044 , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, . , 19
.
1045 . 1922 .
1046 44 .
287
,

.1047
10.

,
.1048 ,
( 1990. 2006) ,
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, -
,
, , .1050 , , -
-
, .
, (
), .
, , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,

.1051
, -
...
.1052
1047 . http://www.poverenik.rs/sr/pravni-okvir-pi/medjunarodni-dokumenti.html.
1048 , ,
, . ., ., 1
.
1049 ( )
1946, 21 ( , . 10/46),
1963, 33 ( , . 14/63) 1974,
154 ( , . 9/74).
1050 21 ( , . 98/06).
1051 21 3 .
1052 21 4 .
288
,
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1053
.1054
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,
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. -

.
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,
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1054 28 .
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289
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290

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297

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INSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN

A significant part of the dissertation is dedicated to the issue of human rights

Scientific area: Law

Field of scinetific area: Public international law-Human rights

, condiio sine qua non

126 . , Magna Carta ,

133 Magna carta Libertatum, . XXIII XXIV. http://www.constitution.org/eng/magnacar.

169 . (2011), 130135.

180 . , Ius cogens ( ), ,

196 . (2007), 482.

225 26. 1945. ,

241 /RES/69/168 18. 2014.

243 /RES/69/192 18. 2014.

249 /RES/733(1992) / RES /746(1992).

253 / RES /55/217 6. 2001.

265 1503 1970. . UN

268 /HRC/5/1 18. 2007.

278 27. 2015. 51 (37 14

310 (Rapid Response Unit) 2006,

320 /RES/48/134 20. 1993.

323 /RES/48/134 20. 1993.

364 1950, 1953,

373 1959, 1998.

456 2 . (99) 50.

488 2008, 25.

501 . , , I (18681878), , 1926, 67,

565 C. L. Reif (2011), 286.

579 Actio popularis 1. 2012.

588 2012. ( , . 76/12). . http://narodne-

616 Zakon o varuhu lovekovih pravic ( 9).

623 Zakon o varuhu lovekovih pravic ( 28).

635 ( , . 52/91). . http://www.wipo.int/

669 , 14. 1995,

705 . , Data protection ombudsman

1218 10% 27%

782 . (2013), 207.

791 . 3085/2008/GG http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/cases/decision.faces/en/4170/html.bookmark.

794 . 118/2013/AN. http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/cases/decision.faces/en/59574/html.book-

795 . 777/2013/CK. http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/cases/decision.faces/en/58436/html.book-

802 600 ( , . 53/76).

815 1990. ( , . 1/90).

906 126 ( , . 9/02).

923 ( , . 79/05 54/07) 44

957 Save the Children, 2014,

973 2014. 409 ,

2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

1.774 2.656 3.640 4.465 5.042 4.877

1.741 2.865 4.182 4.422 5.098 4.913

8.719 11.150 15.782 19.875 23.387 23.340

178 574 502 1.078 1.203 1.042

O 51 39 65 110 142 113

44 229 187 375 183 833

998 . , , , . 10/2007, 723.

1002 ( , . 54/09, 63/13 108/13).

2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

160 205 391 669 526 532

81 78 384 119 112 70

52 40 153 98 136 124

54 29 221 209 161 59

1.997 3.572 5.198 6.015 6.365 5.938

2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

143 217 323 230 212

2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014.

140 217 323* 230 799*