INTRODUCTION:

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a hybrid vehicle which

combines a conventional propulsion system with a rechargeable
energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy than a
conventional vehicle. It includes a propulsion system additional to the
electric motors, to be not hampered by range from a charging unit like
a battery electric vehicle (BEV).

The Prius is one of Toyota's top sellers in the United States.

There are over 1 million worldwide

The Escape Hybrid is launched in 2004, is a Petrol-electric hybrid

vehicle powered version of the Ford Escape SUV.

Modern mass-produced HEVs prolong the charge on their

batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking, and
some HEVs can use the internal combustion engine (ICE) to generate
electricity by spinning an electrical generator (often a motor-
generator) toeither recharge the battery or directly feed power to an
electric motor that drives the vehicle. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions
by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed (start-
stop system). An HEV's engine is smaller than a non-hybrid petroleum
fuel vehicle and may be run at various speeds, providing more
efficiency.

HEVs became widely available to the public in the late 1990s

with the introduction of the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. HEVs are
viewed by some automakers as a core segment of the future
automotive market. Futurist magazine recently included hybrid electric
vehicles as cars of the near future
History

In 1901, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand

Porsche designed the "Mixte", a series-hybrid vehicle based on his
earlier "System Lohner-Porsche" electric carriage. The Mixte broke
several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in
1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine
powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with
a small battery pack for reliability. It had a range of 50 km, a top speed
of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes.

In 1905, H. Piper filed a US patent application for a hybrid

vehicle.

The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric
car maker, had a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below
15 mph (25 km/h)

the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a
battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take
the car up to its 35 mph (55 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up
to 1918.

In 1931 Erich Gaichen invented and drove from Altenburg to

Berlin a 1/2 horse power electric car containing features later
incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per
hour, but it was licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the
German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-
Patent Amt. The car battery was re-charged by the motor when the car
went downhill. Additional power to charge the battery was provided by
a cylinder of compressed air which was re-charged by small air pumps
activated by vibrations of the chassis and the brakes and by igniting
oxyhydrogen gas. An account of the car and his characterization as a
"crank inventor" can be found in Arthur Koestler's autobiography,
Arrow in the Blue, pages 269-271, which summarize a
contemporaneous newspaper account written by Koestler. No
production beyond the prototype was reported.

Why Hybrids?

The primary importance of hybrid technology for cars and trucks is its
potential to increase fuel
economy dramatically while meeting today’s most stringent tailpipe
emission standards (excluding the zero emission vehicle standard). At the
same time, the performance of hybrid vehicles can equal or even surpass
that of most conventional vehicles. Moreover, hybrids can play a critical role
in helping bring the technology of motors, power electronics, and batteries to
maturity and in reducing their cost. Such changes are vital to the success of
future hydrogen fuel cell and other zero emission vehicles. Thus hybrids
could be a key element in US strategies to address our growing energy
insecurity and environmental problems. Whether hybrids live up to their
potential hinges on automakers and governments embracing them as one
means
of moving toward a secure energy future and a healthier environment.
 Oil Dependence and the Environment. The size of our oil dependence
and its rate of growth, as well as the environmental problems that are its
consequence, require an immediate response. This calls for both changes in
conventional technology and a longer-term investment in hybrid vehicles,
hydrogen fuel cells, and alternative fuels.
In the year 2000, the United States consumed nearly 20 million barrels of
oil products every day. Over half of that was supplied by other countries,
including Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and other nations in the politically unstable Middle
East.2 Of that daily consumption, 40% (about 8 million barrels per day) went to
fuel our cars and trucks, at a cost to consumers of $186 billion. By 2020, oil
consumption is expected to grow by nearly 40% and our dependence on
imports is projected to rise to more than 60% Those same cars and trucks were
responsible for over 20% of the global warming emissions produced by the
United States during 2000: 1,450 million tons (358 million metric tons, carbon
equivalent) of the heat-trapping gases linked to global warming.3 Most of these
gases will stay in the atmosphere for more than 100 years, contributing to an
increase in the earth’s average surface temperature. This is projected to rise
2.5 to 10.4F (1.4 to 5.8C) between 1990 and 2100

If no major efforts are undertaken to reduce emissions of global

warming gases (IPCC 2001). As the earth continues to warm, we face a
great risk that the climate will change in ways that threaten our health,
our economy, our farms and forests, beaches and wetlands, and other
natural habitats.

Cars and trucks are also major contributors to air pollution.

Regulations have helped clean up passenger vehicles over the past
three decades. However, rising demand for travel and increased
vehicle ownership will outpace even the standards on the books
through this decade. Cars and trucks will need to clean up their act
even more if we are to eliminate the threat air pollution poses to public
health—especially to our children and the elderly .

Hybrid Vehicles.

With their recent entrance into the market, hybrids are poised to
serve a key role in pushing down oil demand and global warming
emissions from cars and trucks through the next two decades. They
offer a solid midterm strategy of investment in energy security and the
environment, filling the temporal gap between conventional
technology and hydrogen fuel cells . Hybrids can also serve as an
insurance policy for regulators contemplating significant increases to
fuel economy standards over the next decade.

While a 40-mpg fleet could be reached with existing conventional

technology, hybrid vehicles provide additional assurance of reaching
that goal, since they promise fuel economy levels as high as 50 to 60
mpg. Further, they open the door to fuel economy standards of 50 mpg
or higher by the end of the next decade. In addition, hybrid vehicles
can mitigate the risk of delays in hydrogen fuel cell development and
market success. They’ll also help ensure the success of fuel cell
vehicles by bringing down the costs of the technologies—motors,
batteries, and power electronics—that the two share. And they’ll help
pave the way by acquainting consumers with electric drive technology.
 Given the necessity of continuing to reduce oil use and global
warming emissions over the coming decades, hybrids are a key interim
step, takingover where improved conventional technologies leave off
and before fuel cells can fulfill their
promise.

The “Gee-Whiz” Factor. In addition to the logic of hybrids as a

key part of investing in energy security and the environment, other
factors, such as consumer and automaker choice, could prove crucial
to their success.

Consumer Choice.

Despite automakers’ claims to the contrary, consumers are

showing interest in having an option to buy cars and trucks with better
fuel economy. A consumer preference study by J.D. Power and
Associates found that 30% of the more than 5,000 recent new-vehicle
buyers they surveyed would definitely consider a hybrid for their next
purchase. An additional 30% showed strong consideration. The primary
reason people noted for considering a hybrid was their concern about
high fuel prices (J.D. Power 2002). A second study, by Applied Decision
Analysis LLC, performed as part of larger study on hybrids by the
Electric Power Research Institute, found that 25% of the 400 potential
car and truck buyers surveyed would purchase a hybrid vehicle instead
of a conventional vehicle when given information on the potential
costs, savings, and performance of the hybrid (Graham 2001). Clearly,
consumers want automakers to provide them with hybrid vehicles as
additional choices when they step into the showroom.

Automaker Choice.
Only Toyota and Honda have so far offered hybrids for sale in the US
market. Both are likely to offer more models very soon, as are most
other automakers. Ford intends to enter the market with a hybrid SUV
using a design similar to the Prius. GM and Daimler- Chrysler are
expected to offer hybrids in 2004 or 2005.
These new vehicles will help build the hybrid market, bringing in
consumers interested in pickups or SUVs as well as those who want
compact and family cars. But if some of the automakers choose to
offer vehicles with hybrid nameplates just to capitalize on the “gee
whiz” factor or the “green” image of hybrids, much of the potential
benefits from hybrid technology will be lost. Automakers have a
responsibility to society and consumers to market hybrids that provide
the dramatic improvements in fuel economy the technology promises,
along with substantially cleaner tailpipe missions. And consumers must
hold them to it, by putting their dollars where they will do the most
good. Chapter 2 provides a checklist for determining whether a vehicle
is a hybrid and what kind of hybrid it is. Chapter 3 evaluates how much
environmental benefit is provided by a variety of hybrid designs.

KEY FEATURES:

The main features divide the space between

conventional and battery electric vehicles into five technology steps,
each of which provides a step-increase in similarity to a fuel cell or
battery electric vehicles and helps indicate potential for improved
environmental performance:

1. Idle-off capability
 2. Regenerative braking capacity

3. Engine downsizing

4. Electric-only drive
5. Extended battery-electric range

Idle-Off.

All hybrids can turn the engine off when the vehicle is at a stop;
however, not all vehicles that are equipped with idle-off technology are
hybrids. Conventional vehicles can achieve idle-off using an integrated
starter-generator, a beefed up starter motor combined with an
alternator, while a hybrid would use a larger, full function electric
motor. Therefore, the inclusion of idleoff is not sufficient to distinguish
a hybrid from a conventional vehicle. In fact, a vehicle must also
incorporate the next two steps, regenerative braking and engine
downsizing, to make the transition from conventional vehicle to “mild”
hybrid.

Regenerative Braking.

“Regen,” or regenerative braking, requires an electric drive

motor large enough to take over some of the braking duties and a
battery pack big enough to capture the braking energy that is typically
wasted.2 This is a key technology for battery electric vehicles and
marks an important step beyond conventional technology. Some
automakers have proposed adding regenerative braking to
conventional vehicles that incorporate the integrated starter-
generators used for idle-off, but these systems typically operate at
power levels and voltages that are too low to recover any significant
braking energy to influence fuel economy. A system that obtains about
10% of its peak power from the electric motor will be necessary to
ensure that regen technology is included in more than just name only.

Engine Downsizing.

In downsizing, a smaller engine is complemented by an electric

motor that boosts vehicle power to meet the same performance as a
larger engine. For example, reducing the engine size allows a vehicle
that would typically use a 6-cylinder engine to gain the fuel economy
of a 4-cylinder engine while retaining the 6-cylinder performance using
the boost available from the electric motor. This is clearly a
hybridization step, since it combines two technologies to achieve the
performance of one, while improving fuel economy at the same time. If
an electric motor is added, but the engine is not downsized, such a
vehicle may technically be a hybrid. But in that case, the technology is
serving primarily to boost performance, not to improve fuel economy.
This wastes a significant benefit of hybridization, failing to fulfill the
promise of hybrid technology and instead creating a muscle hybrid. If a
vehicle’s technology includes both regen and engine downsizing, it can
be classified as a “mild” hybrid.

Electric-Only Drive.

Using the electric motor and battery pack for driving is the
technology step that separates “mild” from “full” hybrids. This takes
full advantage of the technology by turning the engine off not just
when the vehicle is stopped, but also while driving. This takes a step
beyond engine downsizing, moving toward electric vehicle technology.
It also has the advantage of improving engine efficiency, since it
eliminates engine operation in its most inefficient low-power regions.
Full hybrids thus use the battery and motor to launch the vehicle and
drive until it reaches the speed at which the engine can be operated
more efficiently. Engine efficiency can be improved significantly by
driving with the electric motor alone up to 10 to 15 miles per hour.
Above these speeds, efficiency benefits begin to diminish, although
similarity with electric vehicles continues to increase.

Extended Battery-Electric Range.

The final level of hybridization extends the battery-electric

range by allowing the vehicle’s battery to be recharged from a clean
electricity grid. These “pluginplugin” or “range extender” hybrids can
operate as battery-electric vehicles for 20 to 60 miles each day,
satisfying much of a consumer’s daily driving needs (Graham 2001).
The remainder of a consumer’s driving needs can then be met by
operating the vehicle as a typical full hybrid.3 By getting much of their
driving energy from the electricity grid, plug-in hybrids can achieve
superior environmental performance relative to other hybrids,
approaching the efficiency and cleanliness of purely electric vehicles.
However, since plug-ins can still operate without recharging rom the
electricity grid, these benefits are highly dependent on how often
consumers plug them in.

Energy and Environmental Performance

 The clearest and most direct way to evaluate the environmental
performance of a hybrid electric vehicle is to measure its fuel economy
and emissions directly. Since only a few hybrids are available today,
this is not practical for investigating the potential for a full fleet made
up of hybrid compact cars, family cars, SUVs, pickups and minivans. .
However, the utility of the technology-based classification laid out
above is that it provides an indication of how similar a vehicle is to a
fuel cell or battery electric vehicle. It also provides a rough indication
of a vehicle’s energy and environmental potential.

Engines and fuel sources

Fossil fuels

Free-piston engines could be used to generate electricity as

efficiently as, and less expensively than, fuel cells.

Gasoline

Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs, and

will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While
petroleum-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in
varying levels of ethanol created from renewable energy sources. Like
most modern ICE-powered vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to about
15% bioethanol. Manufacturers may move to flexible fuel engines,
which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans are in place at
present.

Diesel

Diesel-electric HEVs use a diesel engine for power generation.

Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long
periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher
efficiency. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid
technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most diesel
vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels (biodiesel), so they can use but do
not need petroleum at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and
petroleum are more common, and petroleum may be needed for
lubrication). If diesel-electric HEVs were in use, this benefit would likely
also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in
commercial vehicles (particularly buses); as of 2007, no light duty
diesel-electric hybrid passenger cars are currently available, although
prototypes exist. Peugeot is expected to produce a diesel-electric
hybrid version of its 308 in late 2008 for the European market.

PSA Peugeot Citroën has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles

featuring a diesel-electric hybrid drivetrain: the Peugeot 307, Citroën
C4 Hybride HDi and Citroën C-Cactus. Volkswagen made a prototype
diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 L/100 km (140 mpg-imp;
120 mpg-US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. General
Motors has been testing the Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid. There have been
no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements
have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009.

Robert Bosch GmbH is supplying hybrid diesel-electric

technology to diverse automakers and models, including the Peugeot
308.

So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just

appeared in mass transit buses.

FedEx, along with Eaton Corp. in the USA and Iveco in Europe,
has begun deploying a small fleet of Hybrid diesel electric delivery
trucks. As of October 2007 Fedex now operates more than 100 diesel
electric hybrids in North America, Asia and Europe.
 Biofuels

Some hybrid vehicles uses biofuels and electricity (i.e. Chevrolet

Volt is an E85 plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

Vehicle types

Motorcycles

Companies such as Zero Motorcycles and Vectrix have market-

ready all-electric motorcycles available now, but the pairing of
electrical components and an internal combustion engine (ICE) has
made packaging cumbersome, especially for niche brands.

eCycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top

speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a target retail price of $5500.

Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor, a hybrid scooter is a three-

wheeler that uses two separate power sources to power the front and
back wheels. The back wheel is powered by a single cylinder 125cc,
20bhp single cylinder motor while the front wheels are each driven by
their own electric motor. When the bike is moving up to 10 km/h only
the electric motors are used on a stop-start basis reducing the amount
of carbon emissions.

SEMA has announced that Yamaha is going to launch one in

2010, with Honda following a year later, fueling a competition to reign
in new customers and set new standards for mobility. Each company
hopes to provide the capability to reach 60 miles (97 km) per charge
by adopting advanced lithium-ion batteries to accomplish their claims.
These proposed hybrid motorcycles could incorporate components
from the upcoming Honda Insight car and its hybrid powertrain. The
ability to mass-produce these items helps to overcome the investment
hurdles faced by start-up brands and bring new engineering concepts
into mainstream markets.

Automobiles and light trucks

A number of manufacturers currently produce hybrid electric

automobiles and light trucks. Other types of HEVs are manufactured
including Microhybrids—small hybrid electric city cars. Diesel-electric
hybrid vehicles may soon see mass-production.

Taxis

Ford Escape hybrid-electric taxi.

New York City started converting its taxi fleet to hybrids in 2005,
with 375 active as of July, 2007. The mayor plans to convert 20% of the
remaining 13,000 taxis each year.
 San Francisco intends to convert its entire fleet to hybrid or
Compressed natural gas vehicles by 2008.

Buses

In 2003, GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military (light)

truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power
unit. Hybrid electric light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes
Benz (Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International
Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to
manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program
serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the
Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that
approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR
(Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system. In 2007, high
petroleum price means a hard sell for hybrid trucks and appears the
first U.S. production hybrid truck (International DuraStar Hybrid).

Other vehicles are:

• Big mining machines like the Liebherr T 282B dump truck

or Keaton Vandersteen LeTourneau L-2350 wheel loader are powered
that way.
• NASA's huge Crawler-Transporters are diesel-electric.
• Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid is a diesel-electric
commercial truck.
 Hino Motors (a Toyota subsidiary) has the world's first production
hybrid electric truck in Australia (110 kW/150 hp diesel engine plus a
23 kW/31 hp electric motor.

Other hybrid petroleum-electric truck makers are DAF Trucks,

MAN AG with MAN TGL Series, Nissan Motors and Renault Trucks with
Renault Puncher.

Hybrid electric truck technology and powertrain maker: ZF

Friedrichshafen.

Military vehicles

The United States Army's manned ground vehicles of the Future

Combat System all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel
engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle
subsystems. Other military hybrid prototypes include the Millenworks
Light Utility Vehicle, the International FTTS, HEMTT model A3,and the
Shadow RST-V.

Locomotives

In May 2003, JR East started test runs with the so called NE (new
energy) train and validated the system's functionality (series hybrid
with lithium ion battery) in cold regions. In 2004, Railpower
Technologies had been running pilots in the US with the so called
Green Goats, which led to orders by the Union Pacific and Canadian
Pacific Railways starting in early 2005.

Railpower offers hybrid electric road switchers, as does GE.

Diesel-electric locomotives may not always be considered HEVs, not
having energy storage on board, unless they are fed with electricity via
a collector for short distances (for example, in tunnels with emission
limits), in which case they are better classified as dual-mode vehicles.

Marine and other aquatic

Produces marine hybrid propulsion:

• eCycle Inc.
• Solar Sailor Holdings

Environmental impact

Fuel consumption

Hybrid vehicles are the best bet to get the most out of each tank
of fuel during city driving.

Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption under certain

circumstances, compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles,
primarily by using three mechanisms:

1. Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally

by turning the ICE off
2. Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking)
 3. Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence
inefficiencies from under-utilization, by using the added power from
the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output
from the smaller ICE.

Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may

be used in different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power,
emissions, weight and cost profiles. The ICE in an HEV can be smaller,
lighter, and more efficient than the one in a conventional vehicle,
because the combustion engine can be sized for slightly above
average power demand rather than peak power demand. The drive
system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and
power, but an ICE's highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation,
making conventional vehicles inefficient. On the contrary, in most HEV
designs, the ICE operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more
frequently. The power curve of electric motors is better suited to
variable speeds and can provide substantially greater torque at low
speeds compared with internal-combustion engines. The greater fuel
economyfuel economy of HEVs has implication for reduced petroleum
consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide

Noise

Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the

electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise
reduction, in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered
engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although
road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds
from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid
design alone).
 Reduced noise may not be considered an advantage by some;
for example, some people who are blind or visually-impaired consider
the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets
and feel quiet hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard.[1]

Pollution

Reduced air pollution emissions, due to lower fuel consumption,

lead improved human health with regard to respiratory problems and
other illnesses. Pollution reduction in urban environments may be
particularly significant due to elimination of idle-at-rest.[citation needed]

Battery toxicity is a concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH

batteries, not the environmentally problematic rechargeable nickel
cadmium. "Nickel metal hydride batteries are benign. They can be fully
recycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the Green Car Journal.[citation needed]

Toyota and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and that
disposal will pose no toxic hazards. Toyota puts a phone number on
each battery, and they pay a $200 "bounty" for each battery to help
ensure that it will be properly recycled.

HEV ADVANTEGES:

• Reduced noise and vibration at stops: Because the engine

turns off when the vehicle stops, there’s no vibration or engine noise.

• Smooth acceleration and reduced noise and vibration at low

speeds: On full hybrids, the electric drive keeps the engine off until
around 10 to 15 mph.
 • Reduced engine vibration: Unlike electric motors, combustion
engines do not produce power continuously. In fact, each cylinder
produces power about one quarter of the time (in a 4- cylinder engine).
This produces a pulse, which shows up as vibration. The more cylinders
the vehicle has, the less vibration there is. A hybrid can dramatically
reduce vibration by filling the spaces between engine pulses with the
electric motor. This requires modern control technology, but is well
within the capability of a hybrid

Better shifting performance: An automatic transmission produces

a short drop in power each time it shifts. In a hybrid, the motor can
make up for much of this lost power. This makes less difference for
continuously variable transmissions.

• Added electrical capacity: Hybrids can be designed to provide

110 or even 220 volt power. This means a microwave could heat up
breakfast on the way to work. Or, instead of a dirty diesel generator, a
series/parallel hybrid truck could provide the power source for
construction equipment. This could, however, undermine efficiency by
increasing the amount of energy used while driving.

• Reduced engine and brake maintenance: A hybrid recovers

much of the energy required to stop through regenerative braking.
Thus its mechanical brakes will see less wear than those of a
conventional vehicle and will need to be serviced or replaced less
often.

• Fewer stops at the gas station: The hybrid’s good fuel economy
means that it may need to fill up only every 500 to 600 miles.
HEV MODEL

- Internal Combustion Engine

- Electric Motor/Generator
- Splitter
- Battery
 Key Features of Hybrids..??

Hybrids achieve improved efficiencies using several approaches:

 Employ regenerative braking to recover energy that is thrown

away

 Downsize or “right-size” the engine or primary power source

 Control the engine or primary power source to operate more

efficiently and/or work more often in a more efficient range

HOW DO HYBRID CARS WORK?

 A hybrid car is a passenger vehicle that is driven by a hybrid

engine, which is an engine that combines two or more sources of
power, generally gasoline and electricity

 There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrids:

Parallel hybrid
Series hybrid

 Both use gasoline-electric hybrid technology, but in radically

different ways

 Both have small gasoline engines

 Both produce much less pollution than standard gasoline cars

 Both produce much less power – generally between 60-90hp (the

average gasoline engine produces double that)

 Both are constructed of ultra lightweight materials like carbon

fiber or aluminum to overcome the power gap

 Both are generally designed to be more aerodynamic than most

cars, allowing them to “slice” through the air instead of pushing
it out of the way

 Both use a process called regenerative braking to store the

kinetic energy generated by brake use in the batteries, which in
turn will power the electric motor

 Both use electric power at starts and stops, low speeds

(generally below 15mph)

 Both use the gasoline engine at cruising or highway speeds

OTHER HYBRID TERMINOLOGY

 Full Hybrid: Can move solely on electric

power

 Mild Hybrid: Requires at least some gasoline

to power the transmission
  Stop-Start Hybrids: Use electric power only
while idling or during vehicle
deceleration

HYBRID VOLTAGE

Did you know that the following voltages are currently used in
North American passenger vehicles?

 12 Volt – ALL vehicles

 36 Volts – Saturn Vue

 42 Volt – some conventional and hybrid models

 72 Volt – NEVs

 144 Volt – ALL Honda hybrids

 300 Volt – Toyota first generation Prius hybrids

 500 Volt – Toyota Prius (second generation)

 650 Volt – Toyota Highlander SUV, Lexus RX 400h and GS 450h

hybrid
 HYBRID CAR NEED TO KNOW EMERGENCY FACTS

Interrupt Technology

Gas-Electric systems use a technology that disconnects the

battery power if a difference in voltage is detected. Should the vehicle
detect a voltage change, it will disconnect the power feed to and from
the high voltage battery.

HIGH VOLTAGE LINES

Avoid cutting high-voltage wires during vehicle rescue.

MOST hybrids’ high voltage lines run closer to the center of the vehicle
and down toward the rear, where the battery is located. High voltage
lines are wrapped in orange loom.
GM Hybrid Pick-up Cutaway
STEPS TO SECRURING HYBRID VEHICLE

1. Chock wheels

2. Remove/Find Key

3. Give key to I/C

4. I/C makes general announcement regarding key

5. Locate power button/Shut off power

6. Engage emergency brake

7. Cut negative 12V cable

8. Cut positive 12V cable

9. Do not touch or cut any orange or blue loom!

10. Wait 5 minutes before making any cuts for extrication!

 Starting

When a full hybrid vehicle is initially started, the battery

typically powers all accessories.
The gasoline engine only starts if the battery needs
to be charged or the accessories require more power than available
from the battery.

Low Speed

For initial acceleration and slow-speed driving, as well as reverse,

the electric motor uses electricity from the battery to power the
vehicle.

If the battery needs to be recharged, the generator

starts the engine and converts energy from the engine into electricity,
which is stored in the battery.

Cruising

At speed above mid-range, both the engine and electric motor

are used to propel the vehicle.
The gasoline engine provides power to the drive-train
directly and to the electric motor via the generator.
 Braking Part

Regenerative Braking converts otherwise wasted energy from

braking into electricity and stores it in the battery. In
regenerative braking, the electric motor is reversed so that. Instead of
using electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor
and creates electricity. Using energy from the wheels to turn the motor
slow the vehicle down.

HEV Efficiency

Three key factors:

 Regenerative braking

 Engine size

 Vehicle weight & aerodynamic design

 Engine size = may be smaller than in a conventional vehicle
 Engine is sized to accommodate average load
– not peak load

 Vehicle weight/aerodynamic design:

 Built using special lightweight materials
 Uses advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

Advanced Technologies

 Regenerative Braking

 Electric Motor Drive/Assist

 Automatic Start/ Shut-Off

Regenerative Braking
 Recaptures kinetic energy normally lost as heat during braking
Kinetic energy = energy of motion

 Electric motor acts as a generator when brakes applied

 Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, stored in batteries

 It becomes potential energy – available for use
 No system is 100% efficient

Electric Motor Drive/Assist

 Additional Power to assist engine Accelerating, Passing and Hill

Climbing.

 So, allows Smaller and More Efficient Engine to be Used.

Automatic Start/Shutoff

 Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a

stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This
prevents wasted energy from idling.
 HEVs and Air Pollution

 Decreased fuel consumption results in reduced vehicle emissions

 Ability to operate with smaller, more efficient motor maximizes

emission management Strategies
 Result is reduction of harmful pollutants in atmosphere

Hybrid Reliability

 Hybrids have some of the highest safety ratings of all vehicles

 High-voltage system contains many safety features

 Battery charge is computer controlled – extends battery life

 Batteries under warranty for 100,000 miles, is your engine??

 The cost of maintenance is reduced due to operation of hybrid

technology

 Regenerative braking reduces wear on brakes

 Idle stop extends engine life

 Electric accessories reduce load on Engine

 HEV Advantages

 Reduced fuel consumption

 Excellent gas mileage

 Fewer tailpipe emissions

 Lighter batteries than electric vehicles

 Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy in Batteries

 Uses less fuel to recharge batteries

HEV Disadvantages

 Reduced, but not emission-free

 HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they produce

zero emissions only when engine is not running

 More expensive than conventional Vehicles

Current Models of HEVs

 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid

 Honda Accord Hybrid

 Honda Civic Hybrid

 Ford Escape Hybrid

 GMC Silverado Hybrid

 GMC Sierra Hybrid

 Toyota Prius

 Toyota Highlander Hybrid

 Lexus 400h
 CONCLUSION

 So, the HEVs have more efficiency, Low Fuel Economy, High
Reliability and Less Air Pollution.
 Optimum Utilization of these Vehicles will yield in good Results,
especially Reduction of pollution.
Refrence

- www.google.com

- www.mnre.gov.in

- www.wikipedia.com

- www.scribd.com