Peace Support Operations Seminar

SYLLABUS and Assigned Readings

INDONESIA, 2014

25-07-2014
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Seminar Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1

Theme 1: The United Nations Approaches to Peace Support Operations .................... 2

Required Readings for Theme 1................................................................................................... 4
Advanced Readings for Theme 1 ............................................................................................... 14
Theme 1 Questions....................................................................................................................... 5

Theme 2: Peacekeeping Strategic Pre-Deployment Considerations .............................. 6

Required Readings for Theme 2................................................................................................... 7
Advanced Readings for Theme 2 ............................................................................................... 14
Theme 2 Questions....................................................................................................................... 7

Theme 3: Peacekeeping Operational Pre-Deployment Considerations.......................... 8

Required Readings for Theme 3................................................................................................. 10
Advanced Readings for Theme 3 ............................................................................................... 15
Theme 3 Questions..................................................................................................................... 10

Theme 4: Factors Affecting Success of PSO ..................................................................11

Required Readings for Theme 4................................................................................................. 13
Advanced Readings for Theme 4 ............................................................................................... 15
Theme 4 Questions..................................................................................................................... 13

Advanced Reading..14-15
Seminar Objectives
1. To describe the evolution of UN peace operations over the last 20 years.
2. To discuss the mandate process, the principal instruments, organizations, mechanisms, and
capabilities to initiate and conduct different types of peace operations.
3. To discuss the legal framework, provisions underpinning the execution of peace support
operations, and other deployment considerations.
4. To underline the role of the civilian police, NGOs, and other civilian components and their
relationship with the military in modern peace operations.
5. To identify major lessons learned, including successes and failures, through the discussion of
case studies.

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Theme 1: The United Nations Approaches to Peace Support Operations;
Capacity of Intervention, Sovereignty, and R2P

1. Roles and Responsibilities of Key UN Bodies: (Col. Roberto Gil)

a. UN General Assembly:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations

United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)

b. Security Council:
United Nations Peacebuilding, concurrently with the General Assembly
Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations
c. UN Secretariat:
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)
Department of Field Support (DFS)

Department of Political Affairs (DPA)

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

2. Trajectory of UN Peace Operations from Interstate to Intrastate Conflict: (Col

Bernd Horn)
a. Charter of the UN
b. UN intervention principles
c. Evolution of conflicts
d. Options for UN intervention
e. Traditional Peacekeeping does not typically play a direct role in political efforts to
resolve the conflict. Non-use of force except in self-defence (Chapter VI). Typically
military in character. Consent of host countries is required, e.g. Sinai (UNEF)
f. Robust Peacekeeping a variant of peacekeeping. It involves the use of force at the
tactical level with the consent of the host authorities (still Chapter VI) e.g. Mozambique,
Namibia, and El Salvador (ONUSAL) missions
g. Peace Enforcement involves the application of a variety of coercive measures,
including the use of military force with the authorization of the Security Council (Chapter
VII and VIII). It ranges from military operations to protecting the delivery of humanitarian
assistance to enforcing ceasefires. The Security Council may employ regional
organizations (Chapter VIII) and agencies for enforcement action under its authority.
Consent of one or more parties is not required, e.g. Somalia and former Yugoslavia. The
UN seminal document that address the emergence of large, complex UN operations is
the Brahimi Report, 2000
h. Multidimensional and Integrated Peacekeeping typically deployed following a violent
internal conflict. It may utilize a mix of military, police, and civilian capabilities as a
response to a request from the national authorities to support the transition to a
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 legitimate government. The Security Council may authorize a multidimensional
peacekeeping operation to temporarily assume the legislative and administrative
functions of the State, e.g. East Timor or Kosovo
i. UN seminal documents:
UN document that outlines a system-wide planning framework for new and existing
missions with a shared understanding of priorities: Integrated Missions Planning
Process (IMPP), 2006 and its follow up, IMPP Guidelines: Role of the Headquarters
Integrated Planning for UN Field Presences (January 2010)
UN seminal documents that introduce a new peacekeeping doctrine and strategy:
the Capstone Doctrine, 2008
UN seminal document that provides guidelines for a renewed global peacekeeping
partnership: the New Horizon, 2009
The New Horizon Initiative: Progress Report No. 1 (October 2010) and No. 2
(December 2011)
Global Field Support Strategy (A/64/633, January 2010) designed to transform
service delivery to field missions with a focus on operational objectives

3. Implications of Sovereignty and Other Considerations for UN Interventions (Dr.

David Emelifeonwu)

a. Definition of sovereignty and its evolution and practical meanings in relation to

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
b. Definition of mission legitimacy and its evolution and practical meanings in relation to
R2P

4. UN Mandate to Protect and R2P- Meaning and Mission and Legal Considerations
(Dr. Sven Gareis)

a. Mandate to protect; UN definition, mandate, and expectations

b. UN Security Council resolutions regarding protection of civilians
c. R2P legal consideration:
State responsibilities, right to intervene, and protection of civilians
R2P summit of 2001, summit of 2005, and subsequent evolution
R2P versus protection of civilians concept
Legal basis of protection of civilians

d. DPKO three-tier approach (Strategic):

Protection through political process

Physical protection

Environment building

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 e. Mission components and shared responsibilities regarding protection of civilian
(Operational)
Protection intervention type 1: Providing remedy to individual victims of harm
Protection intervention type 2: Reducing risk exposure

Protection intervention type 3: Changing harmful behavior of primary duty bearers

f. Protection of civilians UN tactics lesson learned and limitation (Tactical)

Required Readings for Theme 1

(Note: PDFs are provided on your USB flash drive)

1. Holt, V. & Taylor, G. (2009). Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations:
Successes, Setbacks and Remaining Challenges. United Nations Department of Peackeeping
Operations/Peacekeeping Best Practices Section and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs/Policy and Development Studies Branch.
http://www.un.int/wcm/webdav/site/portal/shared/iseek/documents/2009/november/Advanced_Co
py_DPKO_OCHA_independent_POC_Study.pdf

2. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2011). The Concept of Protection of Civilians:
Towards a Mutual Understanding. Roundtable on Civil-Military Coordination, 12 December.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2012/hpg-icrc-roundtable-summary-note-2011-12-12.pdf

3. United Nations. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations; Principles and Guidelines.
New York, New York: Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Field Support.
http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/library/capstone_doctrine_eNg.pdf

4. United Nations. (2011). The United Nations System. Department of Public Information.
Organization Chart.
http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/pdfs/UN%20system%20chart_lettercolor_2013.pdf

5. United Nations. (2011). United Nations Peacekeeping Group: Capacities to Ensure Integration.
Chart 31. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/dpkodfs_org_chart.pdf

6. United Nations. (2013). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Fact Sheet.

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/bnote0313.pdf

7. United Nations Security Council. A/55/305S/2000/809. 21 August 2000. Identical letters dated 21
August 2000 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly and the President of
the Security Council. Related to the Brahimi Report. Letter, Executive Summary and Annex III -
Summary of Recommendations only (pp. i-ii; viii-xv, 54-58).
http://www.undg.org/docs/9901/2000-Brahimi-Report.pdf

8. United Nations Security Council. S/2012/376. 22 May 2012. Report of the Secretary-General on
the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict.
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_4150.pdf

9. United Nations. (2009). A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for UN
Peacekeeping. New York: Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field
Support. Executive Summary, Conclusion and Annex I Summary of main
recommendations only (pp. 1-5, ii-vi, 40-43).
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/newhorizon.pdf

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Day 1
Discussion Items:
Under what geo-political conditions and considerations was the UN Mission approved?
What does it mean to say that the UN Mission approval was politically sensitive?

How is the concept of sovereignty implicated in UN mission approval?

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Theme 2 Peacekeeping Strategic Pre-Deployment Considerations

1. Mission Landscape, Integrated Mission Concept, other UN Partners and Actors

(Major Janie Desjardins)
a. Mission landscape partners: host country, UN agencies, NGOs, and other actors
b. Integrated mission concept
c. Comprehensive approach concept
d. Mission composition
e. Mission leadership in complex or multidimensional peace operations
f. Coordination mechanisms
2. From the Mandate to the CONOPS (Col R. Gil)
a. Translating the mandate to a CONOP including Logistical considerations
b. Seize opportunities at the beginning of a deployment and events that give advantage to a
mission
c. From NATO to UN mission (example of Libya)
d. Peace-keeping/peace-building nexus
e. Political mission in support of military mission
f. Combining political, civil, and military approaches at the tactical and operational level to
prevent/deter threats to civilians and conflict escalation
3. Whole-of-Government Approach, Considerations, and National Consideration (Dr.
S. Gareis)
a. Stabilisation challenges

b. Whole-of-Government approaches to fragile states

c. TCC and PCCs Whole-of-Government approaches

4. Mission Logistic Support/Challenge (Major J. Desjardins)

a. Peace operations and sustaining international commitment

b. Capability-driven approach and capabilities for future mandates

c. Expanding the peacekeeping partnership

d. Global field support strategy (New concept from the Department of Field Support)

e. Private sector

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Required Readings for Theme 2
(Note: PDFs are provided on your USB flash drive)

1. de Coning, C. (2007). Coherence and Coordination in United Nations Peacebuilding and

Integrated Missions A Norwegian Perspective. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs,
Security in Practice no. 5. Click Full-text version.
http://english.nupi.no/Publications/Books-and-reports/2007/Coherence-and-Coordination-in-
United-Nations-Peacebuilding-and-Integrated-Missions

2. Eide, E. B., Kaspersen, A.T., Kent, R., & von Hippel, K. (2005). Report on Integrated Missions:
Practical Perspectives and Recommendations. Independent Study for the Expanded UN ECHA
Core Group. Executive Summary, Introduction, Chapter 1: Defining Integrated Missions,
Chapter 3: Recommendations, and Annex III: Abbreviations only (pp.1-15, 38-43 and 51-52).
http://www.undg.org/docs/8484/6031-Integrated_Missions_Report.pdf

3. United Nations Policy Paper. (2013). Policy on Integrated Assessment and Planning.
http://www.undg.org/docs/13047/UN%20Policy%20on%20Integrated%20Assessment%20and%2
0Planning_FINAL_9%20April%202013.pdf

4. United Nations. (2006). Integrated Mission Planning Process: Guidelines Endorsed by the
Secretary-General.
http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/FN/Multidimensional%20and%20Integrated/06_DP
KO_IMPP_final_.pdf

Day 2

Discussion Items:
What are the challenges of integrated mission with respect to command and control?

What are the benefits and challenges of realising Whole-of-Government and/or

Comprehensive Approaches to security in UN Missions?

What are some of the challenges and opportunities of translating UN mission mandates into
the concept of operations?

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Theme 3 Peacekeeping Operational Pre-Deployment Considerations

1. UN Capacities and Limitations Including Cross-Cutting Issues in UN Resolutions

(Col R. Gil)
a. UN capacities:
Civilian, police, and military capacities
TCC and PCC (who, how, when, where)
Intelligence concept from no intelligence to the use of drones (e.g. in the DRC and
JMAC)
Logistical capacities and limitations realities of COE (Contingent Own Equipment)
Technological capacities
b. Cross-cutting issues:
Stabilization

Gender, UNSCR 1325, and 1860

Anti-corruption
Anti-terrorism

Anti-drug
2. International Humanitarian Law and NIAC (Non-International Armed Conflict) (LCol
Isabelle Veilleux)

a. International Court of Justice its jurisdiction

b. Law of Armed Conflict the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional
Protocols of 1977
c. Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment General Assembly Resolution
3452 (XXX) 1975)
d. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or
Imprisonment A/RES/43/173, 1988
e. Secretary Generals Bulletin ST/SGB/1999/13 on the observance by UN forces of
international humanitarian law
f. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)A/RES/44/25, 1989,
and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the
involvement of children in armed conflict A/RES/54/263, 2000
g. Landmark Security Council resolution S/RES/1612 (2005) on children and war, and
S/RES/1888 (2009) on violence against women and children
h. Landmark Security Council resolution S/RES/1674 (2006) on the protection of civilians
i. Criminal justice and the laws of participating countries the balance between peace and
justice and avoiding impunity
j. Humanitarian space and Humanitarian corridor

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3. Mission Legal Considerations Agreement with the Host Country (SOFA,
SOMA/RoE), Regional Organization, TCCs and PCCs (MoU) (LCol I. Veilleux)

a. Privileges, immunities, and provisions for the protection of deployed peacekeepers

Status of Forces Agreement, SOFA [A/45/594 (1990)], Status of Mission Agreement
(SOMA), the Safety Convention (A/RES/49/59, 1995), the Optional Protocol
(A/C.6/60/L.11, 2005); HIV/AIDS and death and disability benefits compensation to
peacekeepers [S/RES/1308 (2000), S/REST/2005/33, and A/63/550 (2008) respectively]
b. Concept of use of force:
purpose and functions of ROEpolitical, operational and legal functions
developing, disseminating and implementing ROE
ROE and self-defence
c. MoU TCCs and PCCs with New York UN HQ

4. Law and Order Challenges: Role of UNPOL/FPUs, Military Personnel, and Security
Company (Staff Sergeant Gilles Deziel)

a. International concept: threat to security and safety related to criminal activities in todays
conflicts
b. Security versus safety

c. UN concept regarding rule of law activities

d. Civilian responsibility

e. Police responsibility

f. Military responsibility

g. Challenges and lessons learned

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Required Readings for Theme 3
(Note: PDFs are provided on your USB flash drive)

1. Austin, R. (1996). A Legal Framework for a Democratic public Order System. In The Role and
Functions of Civilian Police in United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: Debriefing and Lessons
(p. 129-134). London, UK: Kluwer Law International Ltd.

2. Blocq, D. (2006). The Fog of UN Peacekeeping: Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Force to
Protect Civilians in UN Operations. Journal of Military Ethics 5 (3), 201-213.

3. Chappell, D. (1996). The Role, Preparation and Performance of Civilian Peace-keeping Police
Personnel: A Reference Document. In The Role and Functions of Civilian Police in United
Nations Peace-Keeping Operations: Debriefing and Lessons (p. 1187-192). London, UK: Kluwer
Law International Ltd.

4. ICRC. (2011). International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism: Questions and Answers.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/faq/terrorism-faq-050504.htm

5. McNamara, D. (1996). The Role of the Civilian Police Component in Human Rights and Related
Issues. In The Role and Functions of Civilian Police in United Nations Peace-Keeping
Operations: Debriefing and Lessons (p. 127-128). London, UK: Kluwer Law International Ltd.

6. Wiharta, S., Melvin, N., & Avezov, X. (2012). The New Geopolitics of Peace Operations:
Mapping the Emerging Landscape. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
http://www.sipri.org/research/conflict/pko/other_publ/NGP%20policy%20report.pdf

Day 3

Discussion Items:
Identify and discuss limits to what the UN can and cannot do.

Identify and discuss how and what other actors and/or organisations can contribute to bolster
UN limitations.

Discuss the continued relevance of IHL against the backdrop of the new/post 911 security
environment.

How is sovereignty implicated, or not, in the implementation of protection of civilians?

Identify and discuss areas of cooperation and tensions between police and military actors in
peace support operations.

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Theme 4 Factors Affecting Success of PSOs
1. Pre-Deployment Personnel Education and Training (Staff Sergeant G. Deziel)

a. UN Peacekeeping training, guidance, and standards

b. Pre-deployment training
c. Mission integrated mission training cell
d. Military training consideration
e. Police training considerations
f. Lessons learned

2. STRATCOM /Narrative/ Information Operation (LCdr John Williston)

a. STRATCOM
b. Narrative
c. Public information / mission legitimacy:
inform the population
inform the international community
influence the parties
protect the image of the mission and its personnel

d. Empowering the population, giving a voice to the vulnerable, supporting the democratic
process
e. Communication as development, promoting social and economic recovery, and
community based tools (example of MONUSCO)
f. Impact of developments in technology on humanitarian actions and UN interventions

3. Road to the Exit Strategy, Staging Mission Success, and Measuring and
Monitoring Mission Progress: (Major J. Desjardins)

a. The exit strategy Report of the Secretary General S/2001/394: No exit without strategy
(for traditional UN peace support operations; and for multidimensional and integrated
peace support operations)
b. Road map and benchmarks
c. What and how to measure
d. Monitoring mechanisms

4. Recurring Mission Challenges and Lessons Learned: (Mr. Yuri Gramajo)

a. Difficulties in evaluating results lack of a standard measure of effectiveness and of an
agreed upon definition of effectiveness
b. The negative impact of frequent troop rotation on effectiveness

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c. Equal compliance with the Mandate by PSO participating countries
d. Meeting the mandated number of military personnel and equipment
e. Over-emphasis on troop protection
f. Increase the involvement of troop-contributing countries when developing working
methods the field and HQ should operate on the same page
g. Increase UN Secretariat consultations with potential contributing countries
h. Increase the awareness of local culture and focus on integration and local ownership
i. National capacity-building activities should occur from the beginning
j. Deploy UN peace support operations when and where the need exists, regardless of the
strategic relevance to powerful states
k. When is it a good time to withdraw? No exit without strategy (S/2001/394)

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Required Readings for Theme 4
(Note: PDFs are provided on your USB flash drive)

1. Center on International Cooperation (CIC). (2009). Peacekeeping Overstretch: Symptoms,

Causes, and Consequences. Thematic Series Building More Effective UN Peace Operations.
http://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/overstretchen.pdf
2. Durch, W. (2010). Supporting Peace: The End. Prism 2(1), 43-56.
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-
a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=133910
3. Hofmann, C. & Schneckener, U. (2011). Engaging Non-State Armed Actors in State- and Peace-
Building: Options and Strategies. International Review of the Red Cross, 93(883), 603-21.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review-2011/irrc-883-schneckener.htm
4. Schia, N.N., Gjelsvik, I.M., & Karlsrud, J. (2013). What People Think Does Matter: Understanding
and Integrating Local Perceptions into UN Peacekeeping. Norwegian Institute of International
Affairs, Policy Brief 13, 1-4. http://www.nupi.no/Publications/Popular-publishing/2013/What-
people-think-does-matter-Understanding-and-integrating-local-perceptions-into-UN-peacekeeping
5. United Nations. Security Council. S/2001/394. 20 April 2001. No Exit Without Strategy: Security
Council Decision-Making and the Closure or Transition of United Nations Peacekeeping
Operations. Report of the Secretary-General.
http://www.un.org/ga/seasrch/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2001%2F394&Submit=Search&Lang
=E
6. Truger, A. (1996). International Civilian Peace-keeping and Peace-building Training Programme.
In The Role and Functions of Civilian Police in United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations:
Debriefing and Lessons (p. 183-186). London, UK: Kluwer Law International Ltd.

DAY 4 Questions

Discussion Items:
What are some of the pre-requisites for mission success?

How can strategic communication contribute to mission success?

What are some of the factors that constrain strategic communication?

What are some of the probable challenges to achieving mission success?

What are some of the key lessons learned from your assigned UN mission?

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Advanced Readings

DAY 1

1. Peace Operations Monitor. The Ongoing Evolution of Peacekeeping.

http://pom.peacebuild.ca/bestpracticesevol.shtml

2. United Nations Security Council. S/RES/1325 (2000). 31 October 2000. Adopted by the Security
th
Council at its 4213 meeting, on 21 October 2000. Include women in all decision-making levels
and protect women and girls from gender-based violence.
http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/RES/1325(2000)

3. de Gustavo, C. & Stensland, A.O. (2011). Training to Protect Civilians: Recent Developments and
Recommendations. Policy and Practice Brief: Knowledge for Durable Peace 9.
http://accord.org.za/images/downloads/brief/policy_practice9.pdf
4. UN High Commissioner for Refugees. (2011). Better Protected? Stabilization Strategies and the
Protection of Civilians. Humanitarian Policy Group. Available at:
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e4b798d2.html

5. Wilson, D. (2009). Responsibility to Protect: Translating Ideas into Capacity. Fundacin para las
Relaciones Internacionales y el Dilogo Exterior (FRIDE). Conference Report. Scroll down and
click on Ingls (189 kB).http://www.fride.org/publicacion/610/la-responsibilidad-de-proteger-de-
la-teoria-a-la-practica.

DAY 2

1. International Forum for the Challenges of Peace Operations. (2010). Considerations for Mission
Leadership in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Stockholm, Sweden.
http://www.challengesforum.org/en/Reports--Publications/Considerations-reports/Considerations-
for-Mission-Leadership-in-United-Nations-Peacekeeping-Operations/
2. Durch, W.J. & Giffen, A.C. (2010). Challenges of Strengthening the protection of Civilians in
rd
Multidimensional Peace Operations. 3 International Forum for the Challenges of Peace
Operations. Background Paper. http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-
pdfs/Challenges_of_Strengthening_POC_in_Peace_OperationsDurchGiffenFINALOct2010.pdf

3. Lie, J.H.S. & de Carvalho, B. (2009). The Tension between UN HQ and the Field in Implementing
the Protection of Civilians. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Policy Brief 4, 1-4.
http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/EINIRAS/117461/ipublicationdocument_singledocume
nt/0bb052cb-0ea4-4045-9de3-c1717a6dcc4f/en/PB-04-09-Carvalho-Lie.pdf

4. St Pierre, K. (2008). Then and Now: Understanding the Spectrum of Complex Peace Operations.
Ottawa, Canada: Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. Click on title of the article:
http://www.pearsoncentre.org/Research+Reports
5. United Nations. General Assembly. A/RES/54/263*. 16 March 2001. Optional protocols to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of
children, child prostitution and child pornography.
http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/54/263. Click on English.
6. United Nations. Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Department of Field Support. Ref.
2010.2. Civil-Military Coordination in UN Integrated Peacekeeping Missions (UN-CIMIC). Policy.
October 2010. http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/coordination-tools/UN-CMCoord/publications
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DAY 3

1. Giffen, A.C. (Spring 2010). Addressing the Doctrinal Deficit: Developing Guidance to Prevent and
Respond to Widespread or Systematic Attacks Against Civilians. A Workshop Report. The Henry
L. Stimson Center. http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/1_-
_Addressing_the_Doctrinal_Deficit_2010.pdf

2. Smith, J.G., Holt, V.K., & Durch, W.J. From Timor-Leste to Darfur: New Initiatives for Enhancing
UN Civilian Policing Capacity. Future of Peace Operations Program A Better Partnership for
African Peace Operations. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Issue Brief August 2007.
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Issue_Brief_Police_FINAL_sept08.pdf
3. Covadonga, B.M. (2008). Exploring Concepts: Human Security and Peacebuilding. Institute of
Studies on Conflicts and Humanitarian Action (iecah). FRIDE. Activity Brief 11 November,
Madrid. Available at http://www.fride.org/publication/574/exploring-concepts-human-security-and-
peacebuilding. Scroll down and click on English (121 kB).

4. United Nations General Assembly. A/64/633. 26 January 2010. Global Field Support Strategy
Report of the Secretary-General. Summary only, 1-4.
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/64/633

DAY 4

1. Hammes, T.X. (2007, May-June). Fourth Generation Warfare Evolves, Fifth Emerges. Military
Review, pp. 14-23.
http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20070630_art006.p
df

2. SIPRI. (2011, April). Expanding the Civilian Role in Peace Operations: Assessing Progress and
Addressing Gaps. Experts Workshop: South America. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
http://www.sipri.org/research/conflict/pko/civilian_contribution/publications/workshopsouthamerica.pdf
3. Solomon, R.H. & Woocher, L. (18 March 2010). Confronting the Challenge of Political Will.
United States Institute of Peace. Prepared for the Instability Warning and Genocide Prevention
Symposium 2010, Vanderbilt University Law School. http://www.usip.org/publications/confronting-
the-challenge-political-will

4. United Nations. Peacebuilding Commission. (2009). Lessons Learned from National Dialogue In
Post-Conflict Situations Chairs Summary. Peace-building Commission Working Group on
Lessons Learned.
http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pdf/doc_wgll/wgll_14_oct_chair_summary.pdf

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