1

Physics and Measurement

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass,
and Time Q1.1 Atomic clocks are based on electromagnetic waves which atoms
1.2 Matter and Model-Building
emit. Also, pulsars are highly regular astronomical clocks.
1.3 Density and Atomic Mass
1.4 Dimensional Analysis
1.5 Conversion of Units Q1.2 Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would be
1.6 Estimates and Order-of- necessary to measure both mass and volume very accurately in
Magnitude Calculations
order to use the density of water as a standard.
1.7 Significant Figures

Q1.3 People have different size hands. Defining the unit precisely
would be cumbersome.

Q1.4 (a) 0.3 millimeters (b) 50 microseconds (c) 7.2 kilograms

Q1.5 (b) and (d). You cannot add or subtract quantities of different
dimension.

Q1.6 A dimensionally correct equation need not be true. Example:

1 chimpanzee = 2 chimpanzee is dimensionally correct. If an
equation is not dimensionally correct, it cannot be correct.

Q1.7 If I were a runner, I might walk or run 10 1 miles per day. Since I am a college professor, I walk about
10 0 miles per day. I drive about 40 miles per day on workdays and up to 200 miles per day on
vacation.

Q1.8 On February 7, 2001, I am 55 years and 39 days old.

F 365.25 d I + 39 d = 20 128 dFG 86 400 s IJ = 1.74 10

55 yr GH 1 yr JK H 1d K
9
s ~ 10 9 s .

Many college students are just approaching 1 Gs.

Q1.9 Zero digits. An order-of-magnitude calculation is accurate only within a factor of 10.

Q1.10 The mass of the forty-six chapter textbook is on the order of 10 0 kg .

Q1.11 With one datum known to one significant digit, we have 80 million yr + 24 yr = 80 million yr.

1
 2 Physics and Measurement

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

No problems in this section

Section 1.2 Matter and Model-Building

P1.1 From the figure, we may see that the spacing between diagonal planes is half the distance between
diagonally adjacent atoms on a flat plane. This diagonal distance may be obtained from the
Pythagorean theorem, Ldiag = L2 + L2 . Thus, since the atoms are separated by a distance
1 2
L = 0.200 nm , the diagonal planes are separated by L + L2 = 0.141 nm .
2

Section 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass

4 3 4
*P1.2 Modeling the Earth as a sphere, we find its volume as
3 3
e
r = 6.37 10 6 m j 3
= 1.08 10 21 m 3 . Its

m 5.98 10 24 kg
density is then = = = 5.52 10 3 kg m3 . This value is intermediate between the
V 1.08 10 21 m 3
tabulated densities of aluminum and iron. Typical rocks have densities around 2 000 to
3 000 kg m3 . The average density of the Earth is significantly higher, so higher-density material
must be down below the surface.

P1.3 a fb g
With V = base area height V = r 2 h and = e j m
V
, we have

m 1 kg F 10 mm I
9 3
= =
a
r h 19.5 mm 2 39.0 mm
2
fa f GH 1 m JK
3

4 3
= 2.15 10 kg m .

m
*P1.4 Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in = for both. Then iron = 9.35 kg V and
V
m gold gold m gold F
19.3 10 3 kg / m3 I
gold =
V
. Next,
iron
=
9.35 kg
and m gold = 9.35 kg GH
7.86 10 3 kg / m3 JK
= 23.0 kg .

4
P1.5 V = Vo Vi =
3
e
r23 r13 j
=
m 4 FG IJ e
, so m = V = r23 r13 =
4 r23 r13
j e j
V 3 H K 3
.
 Chapter 1 3
4 3 4
P1.6 For either sphere the volume is V = r and the mass is m = V = r 3 . We divide this equation
3 3
for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:

m A 4 rA3 3 rA3
= = = 5.
m s 4 rs3 3 rs3

a f
Then rA = rs 3 5 = 4.50 cm 1.71 = 7.69 cm .

P1.7 Use 1 u = 1.66 10 24 g .

F 1.66 10 -24
g I = 6.64 10
(a) For He, m 0 = 4.00 u GH 1 u JK 24
g .

F 1.66 10
= 55.9 uG
-24
gI
(b) For Fe, m 0
H 1u JK = 9.29 10 23
g .

= 207 uG
F 1.66 10 24
gI
(c) For Pb, m 0
H 1u JK = 3.44 10 22
g .

*P1.8 (a) The mass of any sample is the number of atoms in the sample times the mass m 0 of one
atom: m = Nm 0 . The first assertion is that the mass of one aluminum atom is

m 0 = 27.0 u = 27.0 u 1.66 10 27 kg 1 u = 4.48 10 26 kg .

Then the mass of 6.02 10 23 atoms is

m = Nm 0 = 6.02 10 23 4.48 10 26 kg = 0.027 0 kg = 27.0 g .

Thus the first assertion implies the second. Reasoning in reverse, the second assertion can be
written m = Nm 0 .

0.027 kg
0.027 0 kg = 6.02 10 23 m 0 , so m 0 = = 4.48 10 26 kg ,
6.02 10 23
in agreement with the first assertion.

(b) The general equation m = Nm 0 applied to one mole of any substance gives M g = NM u ,
where M is the numerical value of the atomic mass. It divides out exactly for all substances,
giving 1.000 000 0 10 3 kg = N 1.660 540 2 10 27 kg . With eight-digit data, we can be quite
sure of the result to seven digits. For one mole the number of atoms is

F 1 I 10
N= GH 1.660 540 2 JK 3 + 27
= 6.022 137 10 23 .

(c) The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 0 u and that of oxygen is 15.999 u. The mass of one
b g
molecule of H 2 O is 2 1.008 0 + 15.999 u = 18.0 u. Then the molar mass is 18.0 g .

(d) b g
For CO 2 we have 12.011 g + 2 15.999 g = 44.0 g as the mass of one mole.
4 Physics and Measurement

P1.9 Mass of gold abraded: m = 3.80 g 3.35 g = 0.45 g = 0.45 g b gFGH 101 kgg IJK = 4.5 10
3
4
kg .

F 1.66 10 27
kg I
Each atom has mass m 0 = 197 u = 197 u GH 1 u JK = 3.27 10 kg . 25

Now, m = N m 0 , and the number of atoms missing is

m 4.5 10 4 kg
N = = = 1.38 10 21 atoms .
m0 3.27 10 25 kg

The rate of loss is

N 1.38 10 21 atoms 1 yr FG IJ FG 1 d IJ FG 1 h IJ FG 1 min IJ

t
=
50 yr 365.25 d H K H 24 h K H 60 min K H 60 s K
N
= 8.72 10 11 atoms s .
t

P1.10 (a) e
m = L3 = 7.86 g cm 3 5.00 10 6 cm je j 3
= 9.83 10 16 g = 9.83 10 19 kg

m 9.83 10 19 kg
(b) N= = = 1.06 10 7 atoms
e
m 0 55.9 u 1.66 10 27 kg 1 u j
P1.11 (a) The cross-sectional area is

a fa
A = 2 0.150 m 0.010 m + 0.340 m 0.010 m f a fa f.
3 2
= 6.40 10 m .

The volume of the beam is

e ja
V = AL = 6.40 10 3 m 2 1.50 m = 9.60 10 3 m3 . f
Thus, its mass is
FIG. P1.11

e
m = V = 7.56 10 kg / m je9.60 10 m j = 72.6 kg .
3 3 3 3

F 1.66 10 kg I = 9.28 10
The mass of one typical atom is m = a55.9 ufG
27

H 1 u JK
26
(b) 0 kg . Now

m 72.6 kg
m = Nm 0 and the number of atoms is N = = 26
= 7.82 10 26 atoms .
m 0 9.28 10 kg
 Chapter 1 5
F 1.66 10 27
kg I = 2.99 10
P1.12 (a) The mass of one molecule is m 0 = 18.0 u GH 1 u JK 26
kg . The number of

molecules in the pail is

m 1.20 kg
N pail = = = 4.02 10 25 molecules .
m 0 2.99 10 26 kg

(b) Suppose that enough time has elapsed for thorough mixing of the hydrosphere.

F m I = (4.02 10 F 1.20 kg I ,
N both = N pail GH M JK
pail

total
25
molecules) GH 1.32 10 kg JK
21

or

N both = 3.65 10 4 molecules .

Section 1.4 Dimensional Analysis

P1.13 The term x has dimensions of L, a has dimensions of LT 2 , and t has dimensions of T. Therefore, the
equation x = ka m t n has dimensions of

e
L = LT 2 j aTf
m n
or L1 T 0 = Lm T n 2 m .

The powers of L and T must be the same on each side of the equation. Therefore,

L1 = Lm and m = 1 .

Likewise, equating terms in T, we see that n 2m must equal 0. Thus, n = 2 . The value of k, a
dimensionless constant, cannot be obtained by dimensional analysis .

*P1.14 (a) Circumference has dimensions of L.

(b) Volume has dimensions of L3 .

(c) Area has dimensions of L2 .

Expression (i) has dimension L L2 e j 1/2

= L2 , so this must be area (c).
Expression (ii) has dimension L, so it is (a).
e j
Expression (iii) has dimension L L2 = L3 , so it is (b). Thus, (a) = ii; (b) = iii, (c) = i .
6 Physics and Measurement

P1.15 (a) This is incorrect since the units of ax are m 2 s 2 , while the units of v are m s .

(b) a f
This is correct since the units of y are m, and cos kx is dimensionless if k is in m 1 .

*P1.16 (a) a
F or a = k
F
represents the proportionality of acceleration to resultant force and
m m
the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. If k has no dimensions, we have

F L F M L
a = k , 2 =1 , F = .
m T M T2

M L kg m
(b) In units, 2
= , so 1 newton = 1 kg m s 2 .
T s2

P1.17 Inserting the proper units for everything except G,

LM kg m OP = G kg 2

.
Ns Q m
2 2

2 2 m3
Multiply both sides by m and divide by kg ; the units of G are .
kg s 2

Section 1.5 Conversion of Units

*P1.18 a fa f
Each of the four walls has area 8.00 ft 12.0 ft = 96.0 ft 2 . Together, they have area

jFGH 3.128mft IJK

2
e
4 96.0 ft 2 = 35.7 m 2 .

P1.19 Apply the following conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm , 1 d = 86 400 s , 100 cm = 1 m , and 10 9 nm = 1 m

FG 1 IJ b2.54 cm inge10 m cmje10

2 9
nm m j=
H 32 in day
K 86 400 s day
9.19 nm s .

This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second!

8.50 in 3 = 8.50 in 3
FG 0.025 4 m IJ 3
= 1.39 10 4 m 3
*P1.20
H 1 in K
 Chapter 1 7
P1.21 Conceptualize: We must calculate the area and convert units. Since a meter is about 3 feet, we should
a fa
expect the area to be about A 30 m 50 m = 1 500 m 2 . f
Categorize: We model the lot as a perfect rectangle to use Area = Length Width. Use the
conversion: 1 m = 3.281 ft .

a
Analyze: A = LW = 100 ft f FGH 3.281
1m I
ft
J
K a F 1 m IJ = 1 390 m
150 ft fG
H 3.281 ft K
2
= 1.39 10 3 m 2 .

Finalize: Our calculated result agrees reasonably well with our initial estimate and has the proper
units of m 2 . Unit conversion is a common technique that is applied to many problems.

P1.22 (a) a fa fa f
V = 40.0 m 20.0 m 12.0 m = 9.60 10 3 m 3
3 3
b
V = 9.60 10 m 3.28 ft 1 m g 3
= 3.39 10 5 ft 3

(b) The mass of the air is

e je
m = air V = 1.20 kg m3 9.60 10 3 m3 = 1.15 10 4 kg . j
The student must look up weight in the index to find

e je
Fg = mg = 1.15 10 4 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 1.13 10 5 N . j
Converting to pounds,

e jb
Fg = 1.13 10 5 N 1 lb 4.45 N = 2.54 10 4 lb . g
P1.23 (a) Seven minutes is 420 seconds, so the rate is

30.0 gal
r= = 7.14 10 2 gal s .
420 s

(b) Converting gallons first to liters, then to m3 ,

jFGH 3.1786galL IJK FGH 10 1 Lm IJK

3 3
e
r = 7.14 10 2 gal s

r = 2.70 10 4 m3 s .

(c) At that rate, to fill a 1-m3 tank would take

F 1m 3 IF 1 h I =
t= GH 2.70 10 4
m 3 G J
s JK H 3 600 K
1.03 h .
8 Physics and Measurement

FG 1.609 km IJ = 560 km = 5.60 10 m = 5.60 10 cm . 5 7

*P1.24 (a) Length of Mammoth Cave = 348 mi
H 1 mi K
F 0.304 8 m IJ = 491 m = 0.491 km = 4.91 10 cm .
Height of Ribbon Falls = 1 612 ftG 4
(b)
H 1 ft K
F 0.304 8 m IJ = 6.19 km = 6.19 10 m = 6.19 10 cm .
Height of Denali = 20 320 ftG 3 5
(c)
H 1 ft K
Depth of Kings Canyon = 8 200 ftG
F 0.304 8 m IJ = 2.50 km = 2.50 10 m = 2.50 10 cm . 3 5
(d)
H 1 ft K
P1.25 From Table 1.5, the density of lead is 1.13 10 4 kg m 3 , so we should expect our calculated value to
be close to this number. This density value tells us that lead is about 11 times denser than water,
which agrees with our experience that lead sinks.
m
Density is defined as mass per volume, in = . We must convert to SI units in the calculation.
V
23.94 g F 1 kg I FG 100 cm IJ 3
=
2.10 cm 3
GH 1 000 g JK H 1 m K = 1.14 10 4 kg m3

At one step in the calculation, we note that one million cubic centimeters make one cubic meter. Our
result is indeed close to the expected value. Since the last reported significant digit is not certain, the
difference in the two values is probably due to measurement uncertainty and should not be a
concern. One important common-sense check on density values is that objects which sink in water
must have a density greater than 1 g cm 3 , and objects that float must be less dense than water.

P1.26 It is often useful to remember that the 1 600-m race at track and field events is approximately 1 mile
in length. To be precise, there are 1 609 meters in a mile. Thus, 1 acre is equal in area to

a1 acrefFGH 6401 miacres IJK FGH 1 609 mI

2 2

mi K
J = 4.05 10 3 m 2 .

FG
ton 2 000 lb IJ FG 1 h IJ FG 1 min IJ =
*P1.27 The weight flow rate is 1 200
h ton H K H 60 min K H 60 s K 667 lb s .

P1.28 1 mi = 1 609 m = 1.609 km ; thus, to go from mph to km h , multiply by 1.609.

(a) 1 mi h = 1.609 km h

(b) 55 mi h = 88.5 km h

(c) 65 mi h = 104.6 km h . Thus, v = 16.1 km h .

 Chapter 1 9
F 6 10 $ I F 1 h I FG 1 day IJ F 1 yr I =
12
P1.29 (a) GH 1 000 $ s JK GH 3 600 s JK H 24 h K GH 365 days JK 190 years

(b) e
The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 2 6.378 10 3 m = 4.01 10 7 m . The length j
of one dollar bill is 0.155 m so that the length of 6 trillion bills is 9.30 10 11 m. Thus, the
6 trillion dollars would encircle the Earth

9.30 10 11 m
= 2.32 10 4 times .
4.01 0 7 m

mSun 1.99 10 30 kg
P1.30 N atoms = = = 1.19 10 57 atoms
m atom 1.67 10 27 kg

V 3.78 10 3 m 3
P1.31 V = At so t =
A
=
25.0 m 2
= 1.51 10 4 m or 151 m b g
1 a fe
13.0 acres 43 560 ft 2 acre j a481 ftf
P1.32 V = Bh =
3 3
7 3
= 9.08 10 ft ,
h
or

jFGH 2.83 110ft I

2
m3
e
V = 9.08 10 7 ft 3 3 JK B

FIG. P1.32
= 2.57 10 6 m3

P1.33 b ge jb
Fg = 2.50 tons block 2.00 10 6 blocks 2 000 lb ton = 1.00 10 10 lbs g
*P1.34 The area covered by water is

a fe 2
A w = 0.70 AEarth = 0.70 4 REarth j a fa fe
= 0.70 4 6.37 10 6 m j 2
= 3.6 10 14 m 2 .

The average depth of the water is

a fb
d = 2.3 miles 1 609 m l mile = 3.7 10 3 m . g
The volume of the water is

e je
V = A w d = 3.6 10 14 m 2 3.7 10 3 m = 1.3 10 18 m 3 j
and the mass is

e je
m = V = 1 000 kg m3 1.3 10 18 m3 = 1.3 10 21 kg . j
10 Physics and Measurement

Fd I = 2.40 10 m FG 300 ft IJ = 6.79 10

P1.35 (a) d nucleus, scale = d nucleus, real GH d JK e
atom, scale

atom, real
jH 1.06 10 m K 15
10
3
ft , or

e
d nucleus, scale = 6.79 10 3 ft jb304.8 mm 1 ft g = 2.07 mm

Vatom
3
4 ratom
FG r IJ = FG d
3
IJ = F 1.06 10
3 10
m I 3

K GH 2.40 10 JK
3 atom atom
= =
(b)
Vnucleus
3
4 rnucleus
3
Hr nucleus K Hd nucleus
15
m

= 8.62 10 13 times as large

FG real IJ FG scale IJ = e4.0 10 jFGH 71..041010 mm IJK =

*P1.36 scale distance 3
13
= km 200 km
between H distanceK H factorK 9

P1.37 The scale factor used in the dinner plate model is

0.25 m
S= 5
= 2.5 10 6 m lightyears .
1.0 10 lightyears

The distance to Andromeda in the scale model will be

e
Dscale = Dactual S = 2.0 10 6 lightyears 2.5 10 6 m lightyears = 5.0 m . je j
2
AEarth 4 rEarth FG IJ F e6.37 10 mjb100 cm mg I
2 6
2

=G
GH 1.74 10 cm JJK = 13.4
r
P1.38 (a) = = Earth
2
A Moon 4 rMoon rMoon H K 8

IJ = FG e6.37 10 mjb100 cm mg IJ = 49.1

3
VEarth
= 3
3
4 rEarth
Fr
=G Earth
3 6
(b)
VMoon
3
4 rMoon
3
Hr Moon K GH 1.74 10 cm JK 8

P1.39 To balance, m Fe = m Al or FeVFe = Al VAl

Fe
FG 4IJ r 3
= Al
FG 4 IJ r 3
H 3K Fe
H 3K Al

FG IJ = a2.00 cmfFG 7.86 IJ

Fe
1/3 1/3
rAl = rFe
H K
Al
H 2.70 K = 2.86 cm .
 Chapter 1 11
P1.40 The mass of each sphere is

4 Al rAl 3
m Al = Al VAl =
3

and

4 Fe rFe 3
m Fe = FeVFe = .
3

Setting these masses equal,

4 Al rAl 3 4 Fe rFe 3
= and rAl = rFe 3 Fe .
3 3 Al

Section 1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

P1.41 Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each ping-pong ball
as a sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is 4 4 3 = 48 m3 , while the volume of
one ball is

FG
4 0.038 m IJ 3
= 2.87 10 5 m3 .
3 H 2 K
48
Therefore, one can fit about ~ 10 6 ping-pong balls in the room.
2.87 10 5
As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in the
room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the so-called best
1
packing fraction is 2 = 0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will be empty. Therefore, the
6
above estimate reduces to 1.67 10 6 0.740 ~ 10 6 .

P1.42 A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of about 8 ft. Thus,
b gb gb g
the tire would make 50 000 mi 5 280 ft mi 1 rev 8 ft = 3 10 7 rev ~ 10 7 rev .

P1.43 In order to reasonably carry on photosynthesis, we might expect a blade of grass to require at least
1
in 2 = 43 10 5 ft 2 . Since 1 acre = 43 560 ft 2 , the number of blades of grass to be expected on a
16
quarter-acre plot of land is about

n=
total area
=
a fe
0.25 acre 43 560 ft 2 acre j
= 2.5 10 7 blades ~ 10 7 blades .
area per blade 43 10 5 ft 2 blade
12 Physics and Measurement

P1.44 A typical raindrop is spherical and might have a radius of about 0.1 inch. Its volume is then
approximately 4 10 3 in 3 . Since 1 acre = 43 560 ft 2 , the volume of water required to cover it to a
depth of 1 inch is

a1 acrefa1 inchf = a1 acre infFGH 431560 I F 144 in I 6.3 10

2 2
ft
acre JK GH 1 ft JK 2
6
in 3 .

The number of raindrops required is

volume of water required 6.3 10 6 in 3

n= = = 1.6 10 9 ~ 10 9 .
volume of a single drop 4 10 3 in 3

*P1.45 Assume the tub measures 1.3 m by 0.5 m by 0.3 m. One-half of its volume is then

a fa fa fa
V = 0.5 1.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m = 0.10 m3 . f
The mass of this volume of water is

e je j
m water = water V = 1 000 kg m3 0.10 m3 = 100 kg ~ 10 2 kg .

Pennies are now mostly zinc, but consider copper pennies filling 50% of the volume of the tub. The
mass of copper required is

e je j
mcopper = copper V = 8 920 kg m3 0.10 m3 = 892 kg ~ 10 3 kg .

P1.46 The typical person probably drinks 2 to 3 soft drinks daily. Perhaps half of these were in aluminum
cans. Thus, we will estimate 1 aluminum can disposal per person per day. In the U.S. there are ~250
million people, and 365 days in a year, so

e250 10 6
jb
cans day 365 days year 10 11 cans g
are thrown away or recycled each year. Guessing that each can weighs around 1 10 of an ounce, we
estimate this represents

e10 11
jb gb gb g
cans 0.1 oz can 1 lb 16 oz 1 ton 2 000 lb 3.1 10 5 tons year . ~ 10 5 tons

P1.47 Assume: Total population = 10 7 ; one out of every 100 people has a piano; one tuner can serve about
1 000 pianos (about 4 per day for 250 weekdays, assuming each piano is tuned once per year).
Therefore,

F 1 tuner I F 1 piano I (10

# tuners ~ GH 1 000 pianos JK GH 100 people JK 7
people) = 100 .
 Chapter 1 13
Section 1.7 Significant Figures

*P1.48 METHOD ONE

a f a
We treat the best value with its uncertainty as a binomial 21.3 0.2 cm 9.8 0.1 cm , f
A = 21.3a9.8f 21.3a0.1f 0.2a9.8 f a0.2 fa0.1f cm 2
.

The first term gives the best value of the area. The cross terms add together to give the uncertainty
and the fourth term is negligible.

A = 209 cm 2 4 cm 2 .

METHOD TWO
We add the fractional uncertainties in the data.

a fa
A = 21.3 cm 9.8 cm f FGH 210..23 + 90..18 IJK = 209 cm 2
2% = 209 cm 2 4 cm 2

P1.49 (a) a
r 2 = 10.5 m 0.2 m f 2

= (10.5 m) 2 2(10.5 m)(0.2 m) + ( 0.2 m) 2

= 346 m 2 13 m 2

(b) a
2 r = 2 10.5 m 0.2 m = 66.0 m 1.3 m f
P1.50 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

P1.51 a f a
r = 6.50 0. 20 cm = 6.50 0.20 10 2 m f
m = a1.85 0.02f kg
m
=
c h r
4
3
3

also,
m 3 r
= + .
m r

In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore,

0.02 3 0.20
= +
a f
= 0.103 ,
1.85 6.50

1.85
= = 1.61 10 3 kg m 3
c h e6.5 10
4
3
2
m j 3

and
a f
= 1.61 0.17 10 3 kg m3 = 1.6 0.2 10 3 kg m3 . a f
14 Physics and Measurement

P1.52 (a) 756.??

37.2?
0.83
+ 2.5?
796.5/ 3/ = 797

(b) a f a f
0.003 2 2 s.f. 356.3 4 s.f. = 1.140 16 = 2 s.f. a f 1.1

(c) a f a f
5.620 4 s.f. > 4 s.f. = 17.656 = 4 s.f. a f 17.66

*P1.53 We work to nine significant digits:

F 365.242 199 d I FG 24 h IJ FG 60 min IJ FG 60 s IJ =

1 yr = 1 yr GH 1 yr JK H 1 d K H 1 h K H 1 min K 31 556 926.0 s .

P1.54 The distance around is 38.44 m + 19.5 m + 38.44 m + 19.5 m = 115.88 m , but this answer must be
rounded to 115.9 m because the distance 19.5 m carries information to only one place past the
decimal. 115.9 m

P1.55 V = 2V1 + 2V2 = 2 V1 + V2 b g

a fa fa f
V1 = 17.0 m + 1.0 m + 1.0 m 1.0 m 0.09 m = 1.70 m 3
V = a10.0 mfa1.0 mfa0.090 mf = 0.900 m
2
3

V = 2e1.70 m + 0.900 m j = 5.2 m

3 3 3

A
=
0.12 m
1 U
= 0.0063 |
FIG. P1.55
A
w
119.0 m
0.01 m
|| V
= 1
= 0.010 V = 0.006 + 0.010 + 0.011 = 0.027 = 3%
w
t
1 1.0 m
0.1 cm
|
|
V
= 1
= 0.011 |
t 19.0 cm W

Additional Problems

P1.56 It is desired to find the distance x such that

x 1 000 m
=
100 m x

(i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1 000 m is of x). Thus, it is seen that

a fb g
x 2 = 100 m 1 000 m = 1.00 10 5 m 2

and therefore

x = 1.00 10 5 m 2 = 316 m .
 Chapter 1 15
*P1.57 Consider one cubic meter of gold. Its mass from Table 1.5 is 19 300 kg. One atom of gold has mass

fFGH 1.66 110u I = 3.27 10

27
m 0 = 197 u a kg
JK 25
kg .

So, the number of atoms in the cube is

19 300 kg
N= = 5.90 10 28 .
3.27 10 25 kg

The imagined cubical volume of each atom is

1 m3
d3 = = 1.69 10 29 m 3 .
5.90 10 28

So

d = 2.57 10 10 m .

F I
P1.58 a fe j FG VV IJ e A j = GG V JJ e4 r j
Atotal = N A drop = total total 2

H K drop H K
drop 4 r 3
3

F 3V IJ = 3FG 30.0 10 m IJ = 4.50 m

=G total
6 3
2
A total
H r K H 2.00 10 m K 5

P1.59 One month is

b gb gb
1 mo = 30 day 24 h day 3 600 s h = 2.592 10 6 s . g
Applying units to the equation,

e j e
V = 1.50 Mft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 Mft 3 mo 2 t 2 . j
Since 1 Mft 3 = 10 6 ft 3 ,

e j e
V = 1.50 10 6 ft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 10 6 ft 3 mo 2 t 2 . j
Converting months to seconds,

1.50 10 6 ft 3 mo 0.008 00 10 6 ft 3 mo 2
V= t+ t2.
2.592 10 6 s mo
e2.592 10 6
s mo j 2

e j e
Thus, V [ft 3 ] = 0.579 ft 3 s t + 1.19 10 9 ft 3 s 2 t 2 . j
16 Physics and Measurement

P1.60 (deg) (rad) af

tan sin af difference
15.0 0.262 0.268 0.259 3.47%
20.0 0.349 0.364 0.342 6.43%
25.0 0.436 0.466 0.423 10.2%
24.0 0.419 0.445 0.407 9.34%
24.4 0.426 0.454 0.413 9.81%
24.5 0.428 0.456 0.415 9.87%
24.6 0.429 0.458 0.416 9.98% 24.6
24.7 0.431 0.460 0.418 10.1%

P1.61 2 r = 15.0 m
r = 2.39 m
h
= tan 55.0
r
a f
h = 2.39 m tan( 55.0 ) = 3.41 m
h

55
r

FIG. P1.61

*P1.62 Let d represent the diameter of the coin and h its thickness. The mass of the gold is

F 2 d 2 I
m = V = At = GH 4 JK
+ dh t

where t is the thickness of the plating.

m = 19.3 2
LM a2.41f 2
a fa
+ 2.41 0.178 fOPPe0.18 10 j
4

MN 4 Q
= 0.003 64 grams
cost = 0.003 64 grams $10 gram = $0.036 4 = 3.64 cents

This is negligible compared to $4.98.

P1.63 The actual number of seconds in a year is

b86 400 s daygb365.25 day yrg = 31 557 600 s yr .

The percent error in the approximation is

e 10 7
j b
s yr 31 557 600 s yr g 100% = 0.449% .
31 557 600 s yr
 Chapter 1 17
P1.64 (a) V = L3 , A = L2 , h = L

V = A h

L3 = L2 L = L3 . Thus, the equation is dimensionally correct.

(b) e j
Vcylinder = R 2 h = R 2 h = Ah , where A = R 2

Vrectangular object = Awh = aAw fh = Ah , where A = Aw

P1.65 (a) The speed of rise may be found from

v=
aVol rate of flowf = 16.5 cm 3
s
= 0.529 cm s .
(Area:
D2 a
6 .30 cm f 2

4 ) 4

(b) Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter,

16.5 cm 3 s
v= = 11.5 cm s .
a
1.35 cm f 2

P1.66 (a) 1 cubic meter of water has a mass

e je
m = V = 1.00 10 3 kg cm3 1.00 m 3 10 2 cm m je j 3
= 1 000 kg

(b) As a rough calculation, we treat each item as if it were 100% water.

m = V =
FG 4 R IJ = FG 1 D IJ = e1 000 kg m jFG 1 IJ e1.0 10
3 3 3 6
j 3
cell:
H3 K H6 K H6 K m

= 5.2 10 16 kg

kidney: m = V =
FG 4 R IJ = e1.00 10
3 3
kg cm3 jFGH 34 IJK ( 4.0 cm) 3
H3 K
= 0.27 kg

m=
FG D hIJ = e1 10
2 3
kg cm 3 jFGH 4 IJK a2.0 mmf a4.0 mmfe10
2 1
j 3
fly:
H4 K cm mm

= 1.3 10 5 kg

(10 8 cars)(10 4 mi yr )
P1.67 V20 mpg = = 5.0 10 10 gal yr
20 mi gal

(10 8 cars)(10 4 mi yr )
V25 mpg = = 4.0 10 10 gal yr
25 mi gal

Fuel saved = V25 mpg V20 mpg = 1.0 10 10 gal yr

18 Physics and Measurement

F furlongs IF
220 yd IF
0.914 4 m 1 fortnight 1 day IF
1 hr I FG IJ FG I
P1.68 GH
v = 5.00 JK GH
fortnight 1 furlong 1 yd JK GH
14 days JK GH
24 hrs 3 600 s
= 8.32 10 4 m s JK H KH JK
This speed is almost 1 mm/s; so we might guess the creature was a snail, or perhaps a sloth.

P1.69 The volume of the galaxy is

e
r 2 t = 10 21 m j e10
2 19
j
m ~ 10 61 m3 .

If the distance between stars is 4 10 16 m , then there is one star in a volume on the order of

e4 10 16
j 3
m ~ 10 50 m 3 .

10 61 m 3
The number of stars is about 50 3
~ 10 11 stars .
10 m star

m m 4m
P1.70 The density of each material is = = = .
V r 2h D2h

=
b
4 51.5 g g = 2.75
g FG g IJ is
Al:
a
2.52 cmf a3.75 cmf
2
cm 3 H cm K
The tabulated value 2.70 3
2% smaller.

4b56.3 g g g F g IJ is
= = The tabulated value G 8.92
Cu:
a1.23 cmf a5.06 cmf
2
9.36
cm3 H cm K 3
5% smaller.

4b94.4 g g g
Brass: = = 8.91
a1.54 cmf a5.69 cmf
2
cm3

4b69.1 g g g
Sn: = = 7.68
a1.75 cmf a3.74 cmf
2
cm3

4b 216.1 g g g FG g IJ is
= =
Fe:
a1.89 cmf a9.77 cmf
2
7.88
cm 3
The tabulated value 7.86
H cm3 K 0.3% smaller.

P1.71 (a) b3 600 s hrgb24 hr daygb365.25 days yrg = 3.16 10 7 s yr

4 3 4
(b) Vmm =
3 3
e 3
r = 5.00 10 7 m = 5.24 10 19 m3 j
Vcube 1 m3
= = 1.91 10 18 micrometeorites
Vmm 5.24 10 19 m3

1.91 10 18 micrometeorites
This would take = 6.05 10 10 yr .
3.16 10 7 micrometeorites yr
 Chapter 1 19

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P1.2 5.52 10 3 kg m3 , between the densities P1.34 1.3 10 21 kg

of aluminum and iron, and greater than
the densities of surface rocks. P1.36 200 km

P1.4 23.0 kg P1.38 (a) 13.4; (b) 49.1

P1.6 7.69 cm
P1.40 rAl = rFe
FG IJ
Fe
13

P1.8 (a) and (b) see the solution,

H K
Al

N A = 6.022 137 10 23 ; (c) 18.0 g;

P1.42 ~ 10 7 rev
(d) 44.0 g

P1.44 ~ 10 9 raindrops
P1.10 (a) 9.83 10 16 g ; (b) 1.06 10 7 atoms

P1.46 ~ 10 11 cans; ~ 10 5 tons

P1.12 (a) 4.02 10 25 molecules;
(b) 3.65 10 4 molecules P1.48 a209 4f cm 2

P1.14 (a) ii; (b) iii; (c) i P1.50 (a) 3; (b) 4; (c) 3; (d) 2
M L
P1.16 (a) ; (b) 1 newton = 1 kg m s 2 P1.52 (a) 797; (b) 1.1; (c) 17.66
T2
P1.54 115.9 m
P1.18 35.7 m 2
P1.56 316 m
P1.20 1.39 10 4 m3
P1.58 4.50 m 2
5 3 4
P1.22 (a) 3.39 10 ft ; (b) 2.54 10 lb
P1.60 see the solution; 24.6
5 7
P1.24 (a) 560 km = 5.60 10 m = 5.60 10 cm ;
(b) 491 m = 0.491 km = 4.91 10 4 cm ; P1.62 3.64 cents ; no
(c) 6.19 km = 6.19 10 3 m = 6.19 10 5 cm ;
P1.64 see the solution
(d) 2.50 km = 2.50 10 3 m = 2.50 10 5 cm
P1.66 (a) 1 000 kg; (b) 5.2 10 16 kg ; 0. 27 kg ;
P1.26 4.05 10 3 m 2
1.3 10 5 kg
P1.28 (a) 1 mi h = 1.609 km h ; (b) 88.5 km h ;
(c) 16.1 km h P1.68 8.32 10 4 m s ; a snail

P1.70 see the solution

P1.30 1.19 10 57 atoms

P1.32 2.57 10 6 m3