UNIVERSIDAD SAN IGNACIO DE LOYOLA

Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura

Carrera de Ingeniería Civil

LABORATOY N°4
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN PIPES

Subject:

Fluid Mechanics

Professor:

Eusebio Ingol

Names:

Carolin Gislene García Villacorta

Luis Miguel Luque Quicaño

Johanna Estefany Palacios Cardenas

Lima – Peru

2013-1
 FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN PIPES

1. INTRODUCTION
The load losses along any section conduit may be local or friction, the evaluation is important for
the operation of the power line whose gradient can recognize of fluid flow regimes: laminar,
transitional or turbulent , depending on its viscosity. When the fluid is more viscous be greater
resistance to displacement and therefore more friction with the walls of the duct, resulting in
higher pressure drop, whereas, if the roughness of the walls is more or less be higher or lower
load losses. This correspondence of viscosity-roughness has been noted by many researchers,
leading to the correspondence between the Reynolds number (Re = Re (ρ, ν, D, μ)), the
parameters of roughness values "k" and the roughness coefficients do "f" that determine the
quality of pipe. The Moody chart summarizes the various research on evaluation of values "f" in
different flow regimes.

2. OBJECTIVE
 To study systematically the linear head losses in circular ducts, obtaining a range of
curves relating the pressure loss coefficient "f" as a function of Reynolds number.
 Study load losses due to the accessories (singularities) quo are installed in a section of
pipe.

3. THEORY
In the figure, using Bernoulli's equation between sections 1 and 4 of the pipe shaft level .

hf1-2 = Friction head loss between 1 and 2

hl = Local load loss between 1 and 4 (produced in the section 2-3)
Z = Load position
P/ϒ = Loads due to work pressure.
V2 /2g = Load speed

As the pipe has a constant diameter in all sections and are installed horizontally, the speeds are V1 =
V2 and Z1 = Z2 cotes, = Z3 = Z4, then:
(difference in levels 1 and 2 piezometers).

(difference in levels 3 and 4 piezometers).

The balance of forces generated qua movement gives the Darcy equation:

where:

f= Coefficient of friction.
L= Section length considered
D= Magnitude characteristic diameter if the pipe is circular
V= Average speed (v = Q / A)
g= Acceleration of gravity

Also:

Re = Reynolds Number
k = roughness height
k / D = relative roughness
ρ = Density
μ = Dynamic viscosity

The coefficient f is defined as a function of flow rate and hydraulic behavior of the pipe.

I. Laminar , Re ≤ 2000

II. Turbulent:
It is necessary to distinguish whether the conduit behaves hydraulically smooth,
rough or transition

a) smooth tubes to Re ≤ 3 x 105

 In hydraulically rough pipes
Rough, with fully turbulent flow, stop high Re

In hydraulically transition ducts

The synthesis of these relationships is at the Moody chart, and allows direct application of the
equations for different regimes.
The use of the Moody chart consists of:
a) From the characteristics of the pipe to find k using a table indicating the quality of pipe and the k
value (see graph Moody)
b) Find the relative roughness (k / D) to identify the corresponding curve on the graph.
c) Using the fluid viscosity to the observed temperature and speed settings, to find the Reynolds
number (Re).
d) With (K / D) and Re enter the Moody chart to read the coefficient of friction "f".
e) It should be noted that now that the experiment can easily find different values of f and Reynolds
numbers, enter the graph and plot the result in this area defining a solution, this is a range of values
(k / D), which obtain the relative roughness. And therefore the range of values k with which we can
define the quality of pipe.

 GRAPHICS SOLUTIONS AREA

4. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT USED

The team stopped this experiment is called Piping Bank turbulent flow.
The installation is intended for the study of the load losses in three different pipes, through which
water drained preferably in turbulent regime.

The installation comprises:

- A bank of 3 pipe lengths useful for testing is approximately 9m. and the inside diameters are 80
mm, 50 mm. and 26 mm.

- The pipeline of 80mm. Takes a maximum flow of approximately 15 l / s.

- A 3m metal reservoir. High with a diameter of 0.7m with a level controller with a diffuser at the top,
which ensures the supply to the pipes under a constant load.

- Equipment stand measure local pressure loss to be coupled to conduit 80 mm. (Elbow, widening
and contraction, venturi, valve, etc.)

- A battery connected to the board piezometers measuring hoses (hoses transparent).

The pipes and fittings shall be installed under pressure in position to get the correct hydraulic grade
line and corresponding losses.
To perform the experiment should choose the number of pipes stand the test signal piezometers on
the board and pipe, measure the water temperature and the distance between the working
piezometers.

5. PROCEDURE

a) Circulating water through the pipe chosen for the experiment, together or
independently. To verify the proper operation of the pressure gauges should be
applied to the computer a static charge in the absence of flow piezometers should
dial the same load.

b) Measure the flow in each pipe with triangular weir calibration.

 c) Mark the sections of pipe between two piezometers study, measure the length of
the stretch. In this case we use three measurement sections, to define two frictional
losses and pressure drops for local.

d) Make level measurements in the piezometers.

e) Changing the flow with a valve installed at the end of each pipe and repeated a
number of times as to ensure good results. Measure the average water temperature.

6. QUESTIONNAIRE

a) From the data obtained from the laboratory to determine, for each data set:

1. The Reynolds number, Re

3
kg −3 m
( 998.406 )(0.784 × 10 )( 0.08 m)
m3 s
R 1= 2
=12118.538
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4
3
kg −3 m
( 998.406 )(1.034 × 10 )(0.08 m)
m3 s
R 2= 2
=15982.868
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4
 3
kg −3 m
(998.406 )(1.547 × 10 )(0.08 m)
m3 s
R 3= 2
=23912.474
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4

3
kg −3 m
(998.406 3 )(1.782× 10 )(0.08 m)
m s
R4 = 2
=27544.944
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028 ×10 )( )
m. s 4

3
kg −3 m
(998.406 )(2.476 × 10 )(0.08 m)
m3 s
R 5= 2
=38272.327
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4
3
kg −3 m
(998.406 )(2.546 × 10 )(0.08 m)
m3 s
R6 = 2
=39354.336
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4
3
kg −3 m
(998.406 )(3.668 ×10 )(0.08 m)
m3 s
R7 = 2
=56697.449
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m.s 4
3
kg −3 m
(998.406 )(4.769 ×10 )( 0.08 m)
m3 s
R8 = 2
=73715.959
−3 kg π ( 0.08 m )
(1.028× 10 )( )
m. s 4

2. The friction head loss, hf

Q 2
) (
L V2 L A
h f =f . . =f . .
D 2g D 2g
 m3 2
0.784 ×10−3
s
( )
π ( 0.08 m)2
(9 m) 4
h f 1=(0.0379). . =0.03389 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s

m3 2
1.034 ×10−3
s
( )
π (0.08 m)2
(9 m) 4
h f 2=(0.03682) . . =0.04342 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s

m3 2
−3
1.547 ×10
s
( )
π (0.08 m)2
(9 m) 4
h f 3=(0.03553). . =0.06270 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s

m3 2
1.782×10−3
s
( )
π (0.08 m)2
( 9 m) 4
h f 4 =(0.03517). . =0.07149 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s

m3 2
2.476 ×10−3
s
( )
π (0.08 m)2
(9 m) 4
h f 5=(0.03450). . =0.09744 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s
m3 2
2.546 ×10−3
s
( 2
)
π (0.08 m)
(9 m) 4
h f 6=(0.03445). . =0.10000 m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s
 m3 2

( )
3.668× 10−3
s
2
π ( 0.08 m )
(9 m) 4
h f 7=(0.03391) . . =0.14188 m
( 0.08 m ) m
(
2 9.81 2
s )
m3 2
4.769 × 10−3
s
( )
π (0.08 m)2
(9 m) 4
h f 8=(0.03363). . =0.18295m
(0.08 m) m
2(9.81 2 )
s

3. The coefficient of friction f

∈ 1.11
1 6.9 D
=−1.8 log ⁡[ ℜ +( ) ]
√f 3.7

0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 1 12118.538 3.7

f 1=0.0379
0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 2 15982.868 3.7

f 2=0.03682

0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 3 23912.474 3.7

f 3=0.03553

0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 4 27544.944 3.7

f 4=0.03517
 0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 5 38272.327 3.7

f 5=0.03450
0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 6 39354.336 3.7

f 6=0.03445

0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 7 56697.449 3.7

f 7=0.03391

0.000502 1.11
1 6.9 0.08
=−1.8 log ⁡[ +( ) ]
√f 8 73715.959 3.7

f 8=0.03363

b) In the Moody chart plotting "Re" vs "f", distinguishing tornadoes data in each pipe. Conduct an
analysis comparing the values obtained roughness height.

# P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 h1 Qa h2 Qd h3 Qreal T°C
γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 γ5 γ6 mm L/s mm L/s mm L/s
1 255. 255 254. 219. 224. 223. 88 0.78 89 0.80 88.2 0.784 19.3
2 9 6 1 8
2 224 223.7 223. 214. 222. 221. 98 1.02 99 1.04 98.7 1.034 19.3
5 1 2 9
3 221. 221 220. 203 218. 217. 115 1.52 116 1.55 115. 1.547 19.3
5 9 8 7 9
4 219. 219 218. 194. 215. 214. - - - - 122 1.782 19.3
8 7 5 5 5
5 217. 216.7 216. 184. 212. 210. 139 2.44 140 2.48 139. 2.476 19.3
5 5 3 4 8 9
6 214. 213.7 213. 170. 207. 206 141 2.53 142 2.57 141. 2.546 19.3
8 4 8 9 4
7 204. 202.1 202 118. 191. 188. 163 3.62 164 3.70 163. 3.668 19.3
 3 7 3 3 6
8 197. 189.3 188. 58 171. 166. 181 4.72 182 4.79 181. 4.769 19.3
5 9 8 6 7

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ven Te Chow "Open Channel Hydraulics"

Edit. Mc Craw - Hill Book
Company INC.