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490)#!, 2%!#4)/. #//2$).!4% $)!'2!-3 &/2 4(% '%.%2)# 2%!#4)/. 490)#!, 4)42!4)/. #526%3 &/2 4)42!4)/.3 /& !#)$3 (ALF
REACTI
! " !" 0OLYPROTIC ACID ! "RNSTED ACID THAT CAN DONATE MORE THAN 7)4( ! 342/.' "!3%
N A PHASE DIAGRAM THE TWO REDUCTION S
ONE PROTON PER MOLECULE
SE BOUNDARY ARE IN EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION FO
%XOTHERMIC 2EACTION
RY
(9$2/,93)3 2%!#4)/. 3TRONG ACID TITRATED WITH STRONG BASE s 4O BALAN
DIAGRAM WHERE ALL THREE PHAS
%.%2'9 (YDROLYSIS REACTION ! REACTION BETWEEN A "RNSTED ACID OR &OR EA
BASE AND WATER TO PRODUCE AN ACIDIC OR BASIC SOLUTION P( THAT B
!CTIVATION GEN
D PRESSURE ABOVE WHICH A SUB
%NERGY %A ! "RNSTED ACID CAN DONATE A PROTON TO WATER TO GIVE HYDRO
"ALANC
A LIQUID ! " NIUM ION ( / MOLEC
s (! (/ ! n ( / ACIDIC SOLUTION "ALANC
%XOTHERMICITY ! "RNSTED BASE CAN ACCEPT A PROTON FROM WATER TO GIVE HYDROX
IONS
#2)4)#!,
%QUIVALENCE POINT A
0/).4 $( IDE ION /(
s " n (/ (" /( n BASIC SOLUTION
!"
,)15)$
$)33/#)!4)/. #/.34!.43
+A !CID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT
'!3
2%!#4)/. 02/'2%33 s &OR (! (/ ! n ( / "ALANC
42)0,% 0/).4 +A ;! n =;( / =;(!= 6/,5-% /& "!3% APPRO
GREATE
MPERATURE 4 + B "ASE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT %QUALI
s &OR " n (/ "( /( n
MULTIP
!- /& ! 052% 35"34!.#% +B ;"(=;/( n =;" n =
!DD H
%NDOTHERMIC 2EACTION P+A AND P+ B EQUAT
7EAK ACID TITRATED WITH STRONG BASE
s P+A nLOG +A
'ALVANIC C
s P+B nLOG +B
%.%2'9 P( REDOX REACT
s 4HE LOWER THE VALUE OF +A OR +B THE HIGHER THE VALUE OF P+A
s 2EDUCTIO
OR P+B
NGE IN CONCENTRATION IN A REAC
s !NODE
s 4HE HIGHER THE P+A OF A COMPOUND THE MORE DIFlCULT IT IS TO
!CTIVATION DEPROTONATE OCCUR
!" %NERGY s #ATHO
%QUIVALENCE POINT
OF REACTION AT A GIVEN INSTANT %A 3TRONG ACID OR BASE !N ACID OR BASE THAT IONIZES COMPLETELY OCCUR
DS %NDOTHERMICITY IN WATER P+A OR P+B s 4HE EL
$( 7EAK ACID OR BASE !N ACID OR BASE THAT DOES NOT IONIZE TROLYTE
! " COMPLETELY IN WATER P+A OR P+B SALT B
/. C HALF OF
)ON PRODUCT CONSTANT +W
}
s "ECAUSE WATER IS AMPHOTERIC (/ (/ ( / /( n
2%!#4)/. 02/'2%33 +W ;( / =;/( n = n MOL L n
$C 6/,5-% /& "!3%
s &OR ANY CONJUGATE ACID
BASE PAIR +A +B +W
0 ( !.$ 0 /(
P( ! MEASURE OF THE ACIDITY OF A SOLUTION
s -ATHEMATICALLY P( nLOG ;( / =
s &OR AN ACIDIC SOLUTION P( 4ITRATION OF A POLYPROTIC ACID
5NCATALYZED VS #ATALYZED 2EACTION s &OR A BASIC SOLUTION P(
4)-% T
P/( ! MEASURE OF THE BASICITY OF A SOLUTION
. 6%2353 4)-% 4(% ).34!.4!.%/53 s -ATHEMATICALLY P/( nLOG ;/(
= P(
%.%2'9
!4 4)-% A )3 C T
s &OR A BASIC SOLUTION P/(
5NCATALYZED %A s &OR AN ACIDIC SOLUTION P/( %QUIVALENCE POINT
SSES THE INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF SECOND PROTON
s &ROM THE DElNITION OF +W P( P/(
ANT CONCENTRATIONS ! " #ATALYZED %A
s &OR PURE WATER A NEUTRAL SOLUTION P( P/( SINCE ;(/ = %QUIVALENCE POINT
TION BETWEEN ! AND " RATE
;/( n = n FIRST PROTON
PERIMENTALLY DETERMINED PRO
%XOTHERMICITY 2ELATIONSHIP BETWEEN P( AND P+A
$( s +A ;! n =;( / =;(!=
!" s 7HEN HALF OF THE ACID MOLECULES IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
ARE IONIZED ;! n = ;(!= AS A RESULT +A ;( / = TAKING THE
NEGATIVE LOGARITHM OF BOTH SIDES OF THIS EQUATION GIVES
P+A P( WHEN ;! n = ;(!=
6/,5-% /& "!3%
ACTION ORDERS EQUALS THE OVER
2%!#4)/. 02/'2%33 s )F P( P+A THEN ;! n = ;(!=
s )F P( P+A THEN ;(!= ;! n =
4HIS DOWNLOADABLE 0$& COPYRIGHT BY 3PARK.OTES ,,# 30!2+#(!243 #HEMISTRY PAGE OF
AND ITS CON
N P( WORKS
%,%#42/#(%-)3429 #ELL POTENTIAL 6OLTAGE PRODUCED BY AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
s 3TANDARD CELL POTENTIAL % CELL POTENTIAL GENERATED BY A
RE THE EQUI
%,%#42/#(%-)3429 REDOX REACTION UNDER STANDARD CONDITIONS
THE ADDED %LECTROCHEMISTRY 4HE STUDY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT PRODUCE s #ALCULATED BY SUMMING THE POTENTIALS FOR THE TWO HALF
ELECTRICITY AND THE USE OF ELECTRICITY TO FACILITATE NONSPONTANE
REACTIONS OF A CELL
OUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS s 4HE ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL FOR A HALF
REACTION CANNOT BE DETER
S CONJUGATE MINED BUT THE POTENTIAL FOR A HALF
REACTION RELATIVE TO
%LECTROCHEMICAL CELL $EVICE THAT USES AN ELECTROCHEMICAL REAC
ANOTHER HALF
REACTION CAN BE DETERMINED THE TABULATED
TION TO GENERATE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT AT A CONSTANT VOLTAGE
STANDARD POTENTIALS FOR HALF
REACTIONS ARE RELATIVE TO THE
6OLTAGE %LECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE ( ( / HALF
REACTION WHICH IS ARBITRARILY ASSIGNED A STAN
#/--/.
DARD POTENTIAL OF ZERO
-%!352%-%.43
4-
30!2+#(!243
#URRENT &LOW OF CHARGE PAST A POINT IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PER
RATION OF AN UNIT TIME s 4O CALCULATE THE STANDARD POTENTIAL OF A CELL
OF THAT ACID $ETERMINE THE VALUE OF % FOR THE REDUCTION HALF
REACTION -%42)# 02%&)8%3 !.$ 4(%)2 !""2%6)!4)/.3
AT A KNOWN
/8)$!4)/. !.$ 2%$5#4)/. 2EVERSE THE OXIDATION HALF
REACTION AND DETERMINE THE VALUE
/XIDATION %LECTRON LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN OXIDA
OF % FOR THE REVERSED HALF
REACTION CHANGE THE SIGN OF % TO
T OF A TITRA
TION NUMBER OBTAIN THE STANDARD POTENTIAL FOR THE OXIDATION HALF
REACTION
N MIXTURE %VEN IF THE STOICHIOMETRIC COEFlCIENTS OF THE HALF
REACTIONS N
METER
2EDUCTION %LECTRON GAIN ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN OXIDA
ARE NOT THE SAME DO NOT MULTIPLY % VALUES AS THEY DO NOT LENGTH OFx
TION NUMBER
HE ACID AND
DEPEND ON STOICHIOMETRY /2")4 /& -//. ')'! '
/XIDATION NUMBER 4HE OXIDATION NUMBER OF AN ATOM OR MONA
!DD THE STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIAL AND THE hSTANDARD OXI
DATION POTENTIALv TO OBTAIN THE OVERALL % VALUE FOR THE CELL -/.4!.!g3 7)$4( -%'! -
TOMIC ION IS THE SAME AS ITS CHARGE
F THE ACID OR
%LECTROLYTIC CELL %LECTROCHEMICAL CELL THAT REVERSES THE DIRECTION
+),/-%4%2 +),/ K
PLE BUFFERING 2%$/8 2%!#4)/.3 OF A GALVANIC CELL BY USING A SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY EG A BATTERY !2- ./ 02%&)8
HE STEPWISE 2EDOX REACTION ! REACTION IN WHICH ONE REACTANT IS REDUCED
4HERMODYNAMICS OF REDOX REACTIONS 3/&4"!,, n $%#) D
WHEN IT OXIDIZES THE OTHER REACTANT
ED
s #ELL POTENTIAL IS RELATED TO R' &).'%2.!), n #%.4) C
F A TITRATION /XIDIZING AGENT 4HE REACTANT IN A REDOX REACTION THAT GAINS s -ATHEMATICALLY R' nN&% n -),,) M
3./7&,!+%
TED IS EXACT
ELECTRONS AND BECOMES REDUCED s N MOLES OF ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED BETWEEN ELECTRODES
s & &ARADAY CONSTANT # MOL n #%,, .5#,%53 n -)#2/ M
2EDUCING AGENT 4HE REACTANT IN A REDOX REACTION THAT DONATES
ELECTRONS AND BECOMES OXIDIZED
s % CELL POTENTIAL 6 "!3% 0!)2 $.! n .!./ N
3 (ALF
REACTIONS #HEMICAL EQUATIONS THAT SHOW OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION SEPARATELY AND CAN BE COMBINED TO GIVE THE OVERALL
.5#,%!2 #(%-)3429
EQUATION FOR A REDOX REACTION 2!$)/!#4)6)4 9
s 4O BALANCE HALF
REACTIONS 2ADIOACTIVITY %MISSION OF HIGH
ENERGY PARTICLES FROM UNSTABLE
NUCLEI
&OR EACH HALF
REACTION CHOOSE STOICHIOMETRIC COEFlCIENTS
THAT BALANCE EACH TYPE OF ATOM EXCEPT OXYGEN AND HYDRO
s PARTICLES (ELIUM NUCLEI COMPOSED OF TWO PROTONS AND
GEN TWO NEUTRONS #/--/. 5.)43
"ALANCE OXYGEN BY ADDING THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF (/ s PARTICLES &AST
MOVING ELECTRONS
MOLECULES s RADIATION (IGH
FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
"ALANCE HYDROGEN BY ADDING THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF ( -%!352%-%.4 5.)4 !.$ !""2%6)!4)/.
IONS
.5#,%!2 2%!#4)/.3
A &OR REACTIONS IN BASIC SOLUTION ADD ONE /( n ION .UCLEAR DECAY "REAKDOWN OF THE NUCLEUS THE ORIGIN OF RADIO
$ISTANCE METER M
TO BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION FOR EVERY ( ION ACTIVITY
6OLUME LITER , , CM
ADDED TO EITHER SIDE OF THE EQUATION AND COMBINE s DECAY %MISSION OF AN PARTICLE FROM THE NUCLEUS
( AND /( n IONS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE EQUATION MASS NUMBER DECREASES BY FOUR AND ATOMIC NUMBER -ASS GRAM G
TO GIVE (/ DECREASES BY TWO 4IME SECOND S
"ALANCE THE CHARGE OF EACH HALF
REACTION BY ADDING THE s DECAY %MISSION OF A PARTICLE FROM THE NUCLEUS MASS
NUMBER IS UNCHANGED BUT ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES BY ONE
%NERGY JOULE * * KG MS
APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS TO THE SIDE WITH THE
s DECAY %MISSION OF A PARTICLE FROM THE NUCLEUS DOES 4EMPERATURE +ELVIN +
3ERIES %DITORS 3ARAH &RIEDBERG -ATT "LANCHARD
GREATER CHARGE
%QUALIZE THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN BOTH HALF
REACTIONS BY NOT AFFECT MASS NUMBER OR ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE NUCLEUS
MULTIPLYING EACH HALF
REACTION BY AN APPROPRIATE INTEGER s 7HEN OR PARTICLES ARE LOST THE IDENTITY OF THE NUCLEUS
7RITERS 2ICHARD 4 'UY $AVE $ANESE
!DD HALF
REACTIONS TOGETHER TO OBTAIN THE OVERALL BALANCED CHANGES BECOMES A DIFFERENT ELEMENT
EQUATION s (ALF
LIFE 4IME NEEDED FOR HALF THE RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI IN A
SAMPLE TO DECAY %QUIVALENT TO THE HALF
LIFE OF THE lRST ORDER
'ALVANIC CELL %LECTROCHEMICAL CELL IN WHICH A SPONTANEOUS
)LLUSTRATOR $AN / 7ILLIAMS
CHEMICAL REACTION
$ESIGNER $AN / 7ILLIAMS
REDOX REACTION IS USED TO GENERATE AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT
s 2EDUCTION AND OXIDATION OCCUR AT SEPARATE ELECTRODES &ISSION 3PLITTING OF LARGE UNSTABLE NUCLEI INTO SMALLER MORE
#!.
s !NODE .EGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRODE WHERE OXIDATION STABLE ONES 4%-0%2!452% 3#!,%3
OCCURS &USION #OMBINATION OF SMALL NUCLEI INTO LARGER ONES
s #ATHODE 0OSITIVELY CHARGED ELECTRODE WHERE REDUCTION
OCCURS
"OILING POINT
s 4HE ELECTRODES ARE IN ELECTRICAL CONTACT THROUGH AN ELEC
OF WATER
o& o# +
TROLYTE IONIC SOLUTION THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY WHILE A
SALT BRIDGE MAINTAINS THE BALANCE OF ION CHARGES IN EACH
&REEZING POINT
1
HALF OF THE CELL o& o# +
OF WATER
WWWSPARKNOTESCOMERRORS
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7
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4HIS DOWNLOADABLE 0$& COPYRIGHT BY 3PARK.OTES ,,# 30!2+#(!243 #HEMISTRY PAGE OF
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