Relativitat General - UB ~u (xi ) ~u(xi )

~v ~u = lim = [~v , ~u]
0
Biel Cardona Rotger - Primavera 2013
Transport dun vector per Lie: ~v ~u = [~v , ~u] = 0
1. Introduccio

(xi ) (xi )
= v i i wj + wi j v i dxj


~v = lim
0 gh Th gh 1 GM 0
1 2, 1+ 2, = 3 2 i ...i
c T0 c R2 r c (~v T ) ji1 ...jnm = v k k T ji11...in
...jm
i ...i ,k
T jk,i 2 ...in
1 ...jm
k v i1 . . . T j11 ...jn1
m
k v in
i1 ...in
+ T k,j 2 ...jm
j1 v k + . . . + T ji11...i
...jm1 ,k jm v
n k
2. Geometria Diferencial
~v (df ) = d~v f, ~v [p(~u)] = (~v p) (~u) + p (~v ~u)
Varietats diferenciables
a~v+bw~ = a~v + bw~ , [~v , w~ ] = [~v,w]
~
dxi  dxi

d i i
~v = = = v (p)i v (x) = ~v (T S) = (~v T) S + T (~v S)
d d p xi d
 i Subvarietat S: p S, (, V(p)) | : UR(n,m) VS
dx wj dxi v j

d d
~v = , w~= : [~v , w]
~ =
d d d xi d x xj
i Eq. de Killing: ~v g = 0, v k k gij +i v k gkj +j v k gik = 0
Conjunt {~vi } es base coordenada [~vj , ~vk ] = 0 n(n + 1)
# maxim de Killings: , (i vj) vk kij = 0
d 2
xi (0 + ) = e d xi  = e~v xi 
 
0 0

~v : Tp R, i i
~v = v ~ei (= v i , en base coordenada) Formes diferencials
0 0
~v Tp = v i = ii v i , ~ei0 = ii0 ~ei Producte exterior: p q = p q q p
p : Tp R, i i
p = pi (= pi dx , en base coordenada) 1
p-forma p : p = pi...j i j , pi...j = p[i...j]
p!
i0 0
p Tp = pi0 = = ii0 pi , ii i
n!
dim(M) = n = Cpn = comp. indep.
Tp = Tp , ~v (p) = p (~v ) R


p!(n p)!
xj Algebra de Grassmann: {p }p=0,...,n , e.v. de dim. = 2n
j (~ei ) = dxj (i ) = = ji , v i = ~v i , pi = p (~ei )


x i
1 1
   pq = p[i...j qk...l] i l = (pq)i...l i l
d df  f p!q! (p + q)!
Gradient: df = , df = dxi
d d p xi p q = (1)pq q p
     
n p n+p Producte interior: i~v : p p1
Producte tensorial: : ,
m q m+q 1
(i~v ) p = p(~v , . . . ) = v i pij...k j k
T : Tp n Tp Tp m Tp R (p 1)!
i...j
T = T k...l ~ei ~ej k l

Dual de Hodge: : p np
1
0
T ki 0...j
0
i 0 j k
0
l i...j A = (T) T, Aj...l = ( T )j...l = i...kj...l T i...k
...l0 = i j k0 l0 T k...l p!
g : Tp Tp R, g = gij i j , gij = g (~ei , ~ej ) = ~ei ~ej 1 i...kj...l
S = B, S j...l = ( B)j...l = Bi...k
p!
gij = gji , gij g jk = ki , vi = gij v j , v i = g ij vj
12...n 12...n = 1, ij...k ij...k = n!, ij...k = f ij...k
~ = gij v i wj = vj wj = v j wj
~v w
1 ij...k
gi0 j 0 = ii0 jj 0 gij g0 = T g ij...k =  , ijk ilm = jl km kl jm
f
Aplicacions entre varietats: : M(xi ) N (y j ) a1 ...aj aj+1 ...an a1 ...aj bj+1 ...bn = (n j)!j! bj+1
j+1 [a
. . . bnn
a ]

Push-forward: : Tx T(x) 1

det(A) = ij...k A1i A2j Ank = ab...c ij...k Aai Abj . . . Ack
y n!
(~v ) (f ) ~v (f ) = ~v (f ) , v = v i
xi 1
= f ij...k i j k , f f 0 = f det()
Pull-back: :
T(x) Tx n!
p 0 0 0

y = 1 2 n = |g 0 |dx1 dx2 dxn

( ) (~v ) (~v ) = (~v ) , i = i
x Derivada exterior: d : p p+1 , d(+ ) = d+ d
i i


: M M = x (0 ) = x (0 + ) p
d() = (d)+(1) (d), d(d) = 0, d(f ) = df
1
f f (0 )
(0 )

f f , ~v f = lim = ~v (f ) d(f dg) = df dg, d = k i...j dxk dxi dxj
0 p!
 (d)ki...j = (p + 1)[k i...j] Connexio metrica o de Levi-Civita: g = 0
~ ~a 1 im
Aplicacions: E3 (u v) = ~u ~v , da = k gij = 0 ijk = g (j gmk + k gmj m gjk )
2
d~a = (div~a) = ( ~ ~a)(dx1 dx2 dx3 )  p 
Connexio metrica + n-forma volum: iij = j ln |g|
xi xj
Z Z
Integr.: = (~ei , . . . , ~ej ) 1 k d1 dk 1 p 
U Rn div ~v = i v i = i v i + iij v j = p i |g|v i
Z Z p |g|

h= h |g|dx1 dx2 dxn ~v g = 0 (i vj) = 0

Riemann covariant: Rijkl = gim Rm
jkl , Rij(kl) = 0
Z Z Z Z
Ta Stokes: d = , Ta Gauss: d~v =
~v
n2 (n2 1)
Z
1
Z Rijkl = Rklij , R[ijkl] = 0, # comp. indep.:
i
i f v =


v i ni s, s = dx1 dx2 dxn1 12
f Tensor de Ricci: Rij = Rm
imj , Rij = Rji
ij
Escalar de Ricci: R = g Rij
Connexio i derivada covariant
Identitats de Bianchi: i R 2j Rji = 0
~x (~y ~z) = (~x ~y ) ~z + ~y (~x ~z)
~x ((~y )) = (~x )(~y ) + (~x ~y )
~x (f~z) = (~x f )~z + f (~x ~z), ~x f = ~x(f ) 3. Ppi. dequivalencia i equacions dEinstein1
f~x+g~y ~z = f ~x ~z + g~y ~z Tensor denergia-moment
Smb. de Christoffel: ~ej ~ek = ikj ~ei , ~ej = k
kij i
T = flux de moment p a traves dx = cte., T = 0
i j i j i
(~y )(, ~x) = (j y )i x = (~x ~y ) = x j y xj y;j
i
Sistema n partcules: u(A) = (A) c, ~v(A) , p(A) = m(A) u(A)

j y i = ~ej (y i ) + y k ikj N(A)

n(A) = , n0(A) = (A) n(A) N(A) = n(A) u(A)
()(~x, ~y ) = (i j )x y i j
= (~x )i = y j i y i;jj j V

X
i j = ~ei (j ) k kji T(A) = p(A) N(A)

,
TTotal = T(A)
A
j...k j...k s...k j j...s k
i T l...m = ~ei (T l...m ) + T l...m si + . . . + T l...m si Z dx(A) 4


j...k s
T s...m j...k s
li . . . T l...s mi Puntuals: N(A) (x) = d x x(A) ( )
d
[~ej , ~ei ] = C kji~ek , k
T ij ~ek = (kij kji )~ek C kji~ek
X Z dx(A) dx(A)
4 x x(A) ( )


TTotal (x) = m(A) d
Base coord. sense torsio (connexio simetrica): kij = kji d d
A

i p ~
p
(~v ~u)i = [~v , ~u] = v j j ui uj j v i = v j j ui uj j v i

Fluid perfecte: T = + 2 u u +p , ~a =
c + p/c2
(~v )i = v j j i + j i v j = v j j i + j i v j
Transport parallel: ~v ~u = 0, v k k ui + ikl v l uk = 0
Postulats de la Relativitat General
dui dxl k
+ ikl u =0 1. Lespai-temps es una varietat diferenciable de dimensio
d d
2 k i j n = 4 amb metrica (lorentziana) g i amb una conne-
d x dx dx
Geodesiques: ~v ~v = 0 = 2
+ kij =0 xio metrica o de Levi-Civita, la curvatura de la qual es
d d d relaciona amb la distribucio de materia i/o energia, a
traves de les equacions dEinstein. A tot punt de la va-
Varietats Riemannianes rietat espai-temporal, podem escollir unes coordenades
tal que lespai-temps esdevingui localment Minkowski.
Tensor de Riemann: R(~x, ~y ) = [~x , ~y ] [~x,~y]
2. La metrica es un observable fsic que es mesura amb
Rm
 
R(~ei , ~ej )(~ek , ) = kij ~
em = ~ei , ~ej ~ek [~ei ,~ej ] ~ek rellotges i regles. Linterval espai-temporal ds2 entre
dos esdeveniments separats per un diferencial dx , pot
Rm ei (m
kij = ~ ej (m
kj ) ~
m l m l l m
ki ) + li kj lj ki C ij kl ser:
Rm k m
kij z = (i j j i ) z , Rm
k(ij) = 0, < 0 = c2 d 2 = ds2 (tipus temps)
Rm
[kij] = 0, ident. de Bianchi: Rm
k[ij;l] = [l Rm
|k|ij] =0 > 0 = d`2 = ds2 (tipus espai)
~ = 0 ui uj i j k = Rk ul ur s
Des. geodesica: [~u, ] = 0 (tipus llum o nul)
lrs

Connexio n-forma volum: = 0 essent i ` el temps i la longitud propia dun observ..

div ~v = i v i iji = j (ln f ) 1 Sutilitza la signatura sg(g) = +2: (, +, +, +).
 

3. Les partcules massives en caiguda lliure segueixen ge- h = Re A eik x , k = (, ~k)
odesiques temporals: u u = 0, amb g u u =
c2 , i les partcules sense massa (e.g., fotons), seguei- En el gauge TT: k k = A k = A =0
xen geodesiq. nulles: k k = 0, amb g k k = 0.
(1) 1
R (h) = ( h h h + h )
2
4. Les lleis de la fsica que sexpressen en forma lo-  
(2) 2 1 1
cal (valides en lespai-temps de Minkowski), au- R (h ) = h h ( h||) + (h h )

2 2
tomaticament les podem generalitzar en presencia de
gravetat, escrivint-les covariantment mitjancant les 1 1 ]
h h + h h + h [ h
seguents substitucions: g , . 4 4
1
+ h h h ( || h||)
2
Equacions dEinstein h (h h )i = 0, hh h i = h h h i
1
1 8G htOG
i = h h h i
G = R g R = T , = 4 4
2 c ir Z
(, ~x) = e ( 2 )D (), Dij = T 00 xi0 xj 0 d3 x0
hij ij
G = g G = R = T, G = 0 4 r
1 2
Z
0 0
 
1 h ij (t, ~
x ) = D (t r), D ij
= T 00 xi xj d3 x0
R = T g T 4 r t 2 ij
2
1
hTijT = Pil hlm Pmj Pij (Plm hlm ) , Plm = lm nl nm
Lm. Newtonia: v  c, T00 = c2 , Ti 0, 0  i 2
i
x
g + h , |h |  1 ni = , Pjl Plk = Pjk , Pjl nl = 0, Pkk = 2
r
1 Z  
2 N = 4G, R00 = 2 h00 = c2 1 i0 j 0 1 ij 02
2 2 Iij = D ij D
ij kk = x x r d3 x0
3 3

~ N, d2 xi i 2 c2 i 1 2 T T
~a = = 00 c = h00 hTijT (t, ~x) = I (t r)
dt2 2 4 r t2 ij
  dP ...T T ...T T dE ... ...
2N 2N GM = h I jk I jk i, P = = h I jk I jk i
h00 = = g00 = 1 + 2 , N = d 2
64 c dt 40c
c2 c r

5. Collapse gravitatori i forats negres

4. Teoria linealitzada i ones gravitatories
Simetria esferica. Estrelles
Teoria linealitzada de la gravitacio
Espai-temps esferic. simetric: SO(3) grup disometries.
ds2 = e2(t,r) dt2 + e2(t,r) dr2 + r2 d2 + sin2 d2


g = + h , |h |  1, h0 0 = 0 0 h
000 = , 010 = 0 , 011 = e2()
1
R = ( h + h h h ) 100 = 0 e2() , 110 = , 111 = 0
2
1 1
R = h + h h h

122 = re2 , 133 = r sin2 e2 , 212 =
2 r
1 2
R = h h 233 = sin cos , 313 = , 323 = cot , R10 =
r r
0
 
Transformacio de Gauge: x x = x + (x) 2
R00 = e2() 00 + 02 0 0 + 2 +
r
h h = h 2( ) = h (~ ) 20  
R11 = 00 02 + 0 0 + + e2() + 2
1 r
Potencials gravitatoris: h = h h R22 = e2 [1 + r (0 0 )] + 1, R33 = sin2 R22
2
= h 2 + Espai-temps estacionari: killing temporal, (g < 0).
h h ( )
Espai-temps estatic: estacionari + g0i = 0.

Gauge de Lorentz: h = 0, h =  Ta de Birkhoff: tota solucio del buit amb simetria esferica
es estatica i asimptoticament plana.
h = 2T
ds2 = e2(r) dt2 + e2(r) dr2 + r2 d2 + sin2 d2


Gauge TT: h
= 0, i hij = 0, h0 = 0
Z r2
Area 1 e(r2 )
Signif. fsic: r2 = , `12 = e(r) dr, = (r )
4 r1 2 e 1
Ones gravitatories
 2
Geometria de Schwarzschild2

du 1 L
+ (1 2M u) u2 = 2 , b =
d b E
Espai-temps de Schwarzschild: esferic. simetric i estatic.  2
du 1 1
dr2 + u2 = 2 = u0 () = sin
 
2M M =0:
ds2 = 1 dt2 +
+ r2 d2 + sin2 d2


2M d b b
r 1 r
d2 u 3M

Z M 6= 0 :2
+ u = 3M u2 2 sin2
Sol. interior: p = p(), M m(r) = (r)r2 dr d b
2 1 M
Solucio: u() = uh () + up () = sin + 2 (1 + cos )2
( + p) m(r) + 2 r3 p


dp b b
Eq. Oppenheimer-Volkov: = 4M 4M
dr r(r 2m(r)) =  1 : u() = + 2 = 0 = =
    b b b
dp m(r)  dp   dp 
Lmit Newtonia: = 2 ,    >  
dr r dr Rel. dr New.
Forats negres
Z R
M = 4 (r)r2 dr, M = |MGravetat | + MMateria Coord. de Schwarzschild singulars en r = 2M :
0
gtt (r = 2M ) = 0, grr (r = 2M ) =
R R
 (r)r2 dr
Z Z
2
MMat. = (r) g t=cte. d3 x = 4 >M 48M
q R R = = r = 0 es sing. de curvatura
0 0 1 2m(r) r6
r
E-T Schw. no estatic per r < 2M (t es Killing despai)
Ta Posivitat de lenergia: M > 0 = MMat. > |MGrav. |  r 1/2     
r/4M t t
9 (T, X) = 1 e sinh , cosh
Ta de Buchdahl: R<M = p(r 0) 2M 4M 4M
4 3
32M r/2M
ds2 = dT 2 + dX 2 + r2 d2


Si es Killing i p geodesica = g p = cte. e
r
m 6= 0 : p p = m2 , p0 = Em, p = Lm Diagr. despai-temps en coord. de Kruskal-Szekeres T, X:
1. A tot arreu, els cons de llum son a 45o : dT = dX.
 2 !
L2
 
dr 2 2M
= E 1 1 + 2 E 2 V 2 (r)
d r r 2. Els punts del
 diagrama despai-temps,
 son esferes de
s radi r: ds2 T,X=cte. = ds2 S 2 .
dV 2 L2 12M 2
= 0 = r0 = 1 1 3. r = cte.
son hiperboles tipus temps o tipus espai:
dr 2M L2 r r/2M
2M 1 e = cte. = X 2 T 2 .
m = 0 : k k = 0, k0 = E, k = L 4. t = cte.
 2 t

son rectes que passen per lorigen:
2M L2 tanh = cte. = T /X.
 
dr 2 4M
=E 1 E 2 V 2 (r)
d r r2 ~c3
Termodinamica. Radiacio de Hawking: TH =
dV 2 8kB GM
= 0 = r0 = 3M, = k u 3
dr kB c3
 
kB c

  dA 0, d(M c2 ) = TH d A S = A
 2 E 2
1 2M
1+ L2 4G~ 4G~
dr r r2
Precessio del periheli: =
d L2 /r4
Canvi de variable: u = 1/r. Redefinicio: y = u M/L2 A. Formulacio Lagrangiana
Z
 2 S []
du E 2 1 2M S [] = S [ + ] S [] = (x)d4 x
= + u u2 + 2M u3 (x)
d L2 L2

Z
()
gd4 x
 2
dy E 2 1 + M 2 /L2 + 2M 4 /L4 6M 3 Einstein-Hilbert: SEH [g ] = (R 2)
= + y M
d L2 L2
c3 1
6M 2 = , g = g g g , g = gg g
 
1 y 2 + 2M y 3 A + By 2 y 2 16G 2
L2 R = ( ) ( )
Solucio:
y = y0 + C cos( + 0 ) ()
() 1 SEH
SEH = 0 = G + g = 0
1 6M 2 g g
= p 2 = 2 q 1 ()
1 6M
2
L2 EH + Materia: STotal = SEH [g ] + SM [; g ]
L2

Z
1
6M SM [; g ] = Lm (; g ) gd4 x, =
Aproximacio NR: L2 = M r = = M c
r Lm 2 SM
 2 2M

T 2 + Lm g T =
dr E 2 1 r (L/r)2 g g g
Deflexio de la llum: =
d L2 /r4
STotal = 0 G + g = T
2 En aquest apartat, si no sindica el contrari, c = G = 1. 2