CE 590

Final Directed Research Report

Nihar Shah
M.S. in Civil Engineering
USC ID: 6277711609
Advisor: Dr. Gregg Brandow
ENGR 590 Final Directed Research Report

EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL LOCATION IN

BUILDINGS SUBJECTED SEISMIC LOADS

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A. INTRODUCTION

Shear wall are one of the excellent means of providing earthquake resistance to
multistoried reinforced concrete building. The structure is still damaged due to some or
the other reason during earthquakes. The behavior of structure during earthquake motion
depends on the distribution of weight, stiffness and strength in both horizontal and planes
of the building. To reduce the effect of earthquake reinforced concrete shear walls are
used in the building. These can be used for improving the seismic response of buildings.
The structural design of buildings for seismic loading is primarily concerned with structural
safety during major Earthquakes, in tall buildings, it is very important to ensure adequate
lateral stiffness to resist the lateral load. The provision of shear walls in building to achieve
rigidity has been found effective and economical. When buildings are tall, beam, column
sizes are quite heavy and steel required is large. So there is a lot of congestion at these
joint and it is difficult to place and vibrate concrete at these place and displacement is
quite heavy. Shear walls are usually used in tall building to avoid the collapse of buildings.
When the shear wall is situated in advantageous positions in the building, they can form
an efficient lateral force resisting system. The major criteria now-a-days in designing RCC
structures in seismic zones is control of lateral displacement resulting from lateral forces.
In this thesis, effort has been made to investigate the effect of Shear Wall position on
lateral displacement and Base Shear in RCC Frames.
There has been a considerable increase in the construction of tall buildings both
residential and commercial and the modern trend is towards taller and slender structures.
Thus the effects of lateral loads like wind loads, earthquake loads and blast forces are
attaining increasing importance and almost every designer is faced with the problems of
providing adequate strength and stability against lateral loads. Shear wall system is one
of the most commonly used lateral load resisting system in high rise buildings. Shear wall
has high in-plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large
horizontal loads and support gravity loads, which significantly reduces the lateral sway of
the building and thereby reduces damage to the structure and its contents. Shear walls
in buildings must be symmetrically located in a plan to reduce ill-effects of twist in
buildings. When shear walls are situated in advantageous positions in the building, they

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can form an efficient lateral force resisting system by reducing lateral displacements
under earthquake loads. Therefore, it is very necessary to determine effective, efficient
and ideal location of the shear wall.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Structural behavior under seismic loading requires an understanding of the behavior
under large inelastic deformations. Nonlinear Static Procedure/ Pushover analysis can be
used to evaluate building loaded beyond the elastic range. The capacity spectrum method
is one of the most established and widely accepted displacement-based seismic design
method which is used for performance-based seismic design.

B. OBJECTIVE
To study the performance of RC plane frames under lateral load (Earthquake
loads).
To study the inelastic response of RC plane frames using Pushover Analysis

C. LITERATURE REVIEW
Bozdogan K.B.,Deierlein et.al.,2010 [1] discussed in detail the modeling issues,
nonlinear behavior, and analysis of the frame shear wall structural system. An
approximate method which is based on the continuum approach and one-dimensional
finite element method to be used for lateral static and dynamic analyses of wall-frame
buildings is presented. Shaik Kamal Mohammed Azam.,2013 [2] presented a study on
seismic performance evaluation of multistoried RC framed buildings with the shear wall.
A comparison of structural behavior in terms of strength, stiffness and damping
characteristics is done. The provision of the shear wall has a significant influence on
lateral strength in taller buildings while it has less influence on lateral stiffness in taller
buildings. The provision of the shear wall has a significant influence on lateral stiffness in
buildings of shorter height while it has less influence on lateral strength. The influence of
shear walls is significant in terms of the damping characteristics and period at the
performance point for tall buildings. Provision of shear walls symmetrically in the
outermost moment-resisting frames and preferably interconnected in a mutually
perpendicular direction forming the core will have better seismic performance in terms of
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strength and stiffness. Shahabodin ,Zaregarizi;2013 [4] presented a study on

Comparative investigation on using the shear wall and concrete infill to improve the
seismic performance of existing buildings in areas with high seismic potential. Results
show that concrete fills have considerable strength than a brick infills. whereas the
displacement acceptance of brick, infills is higher than concrete infills. Masonry infills as
lateral resisting elements have a considerable strength which can prevent even collapse
in moderate earthquakes. The performance of concrete infills is dependent on adjacent
elements especially columns, so premature failure in columns due to strong axial forces
must be considered. Misam Abidi, Mangulkar Madhuri. N;2012 [5] presented an
assessment to understand the behavior of Reinforced Concrete framed structures by
pushover analysis and the Comparative study was done for different models in terms of
base shear, displacement, performance point. The inelastic behavior of the example
structures is examined by carrying out displacement controlled pushover analysis.

D. Pushover analysis of frames

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure in which the magnitude of the lateral
loads is incrementally increased, maintaining a predefined distribution pattern along the
height of the building. Pushover analysis can determine the behavior of a building,
including the ultimate load and the maximum inelastic deflection. Local nonlinear effects
are modeled and the structure is pushed until a collapse mechanism is developed. At
each step, the base shear and the roof displacement can be plotted to generate the
pushover curve.

Necessity of Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis (NLSA)

The existing building can become seismically deficient since seismic design code
requirements are constantly upgraded and advancement in engineering knowledge.
Further, Indian buildings built over past two decades are seismically deficient because of
lack of awareness regarding the seismic behavior of structures. The widespread damage
especially to RC buildings during earthquakes exposed the construction practices being
adopted around the world, and generated a great demand for seismic evaluation and
retrofitting of existing building stocks

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What is Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis?

The pushover analysis of a structure is a static non-linear analysis under permanent
vertical loads and gradually increasing lateral loads. The equivalent static lateral loads
approximately represent earthquake induced forces. A plot of the total base shear versus
top displacement in a structure is obtained by this analysis that would indicate any
premature failure or weakness. The analysis is carried out up to failure, thus it enables
determination of collapse load and ductility capacity. O a building frame, and plastic
rotation is monitored, and lateral inelastic force versus displacement response for the
complete structure is analytically computed. This type of analysis enables weakness in
the structure to be identified. The decision to retrofit can be taken in such studies. The
seismic design can be viewed as two-step process. The first, and usually most important
one is the conception of an effective structural system that needs to be configured with
due regard to all important seismic performance objectives, ranging from serviceability
considerations. This step comprises the art of seismic engineering. The rules of thumb
for the strength and stiffness targets, based on fundamental knowledge of ground motion
and elastic and inelastic dynamic response characteristics, should suffice to configure
and rough size an effective structural system. Elaborate mathematical/physical model can
only be built once a structural system has been created. Such models are needed to
evaluate the seismic performance of an existing system to modify component behavior
characteristics (strength, stiffness, deformation capacity) to better suit the specified
performance criteria. The second step consists of the design process that involves
demand/ capacity evaluation at all important capacity parameters, as well as the
prediction of demands imposed by ground motions. Suitable capacity parameters and
their acceptable values, as well as suitable methods for demand prediction, will depend
on the performance level to be evaluated. The implementation of this solution requires
the availability of a set of ground motion records (each with three components) that
account for the uncertainties and differences in severity, frequency characteristics and
duration due to rupture characteristics distances of the various faults that may cause
motions at the site. It requires further the capability to model adequately the cyclic load-
deformation characteristics of all important elements of the three-dimensional soil

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foundation structure system, and the availability of efficient tools to implement the solution
process within the time and financial constraints on an engineering problem.

Purpose of Pushover Analysis

The purpose of pushover analysis is to evaluate the expected performance of structural
systems by estimating the performance of a structural system by estimating its strength
and deformation demands in design earthquakes by means of static inelastic analysis
and comparing these demands to available capacities at the performance levels of
interest. The evaluation is based on an assessment of important performance parameters,
including global drift, inter-story drift, inelastic element deformations (either absolute or
normalized with respect to a yield value), deformations between elements, and element
connection forces (for elements and connections that cannot sustain inelastic
deformations), The inelastic static pushover analysis can be viewed as a method for
predicting seismic force and deformation demands, which accounts in an approximate
manner for the redistribution of internal forces that no longer can be resisted within the
elastic range of structural behavior. The pushover is expected to provide information on
many response characteristics that cannot be obtained from an elastic static or dynamic
analysis. The following are the examples of such response characteristics:
The realistic force demands on potentially brittle elements, such as axial force demands
on columns, force demands on brace connections, moment demands on beam to column
connections, shear force demands in deep reinforced concrete spandrel beams, shear
force demands in unreinforced masonry wall piers etc.
Estimates of the deformations demand elements that have to form inelastically in order
to dissipate the energy imparted to the structure.
Consequences of the strength deterioration of individual elements on the behavior of
the structural system.
Consequences of the strength deterioration of the individual elements on the behavior
of the structural system.
Identification of the critical regions in which the deformation demands are expected to
be high and that have to become the focus through detailing.
Identification of the strength discontinuities in plan elevation that will lead to changes in
the dynamic characteristics inelastic range.
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Estimates of the inter-story drifts that account for strength or stiffness discontinuities and
that may be used to control the damages and to evaluate P-Delta effects.
Verification of the completeness and adequacy of load path, considering all the elements
of the structural system, all the connections, the stiff nonstructural elements of significant
strength, and the foundation system.

FLOW CHART FOR PUSH OVER ANALYSIS

The last item is the most relevant one as the analytical model incorporates all elements,
whether structural or nonstructural, that contribute significantly to the lateral load
distribution. Load transfer through across the connections through the ductile elements
can be checked with realistic forces; the effects of stiff partial-height infill walls on shear
forces in columns can be evaluated; and the maximum overturning moment in walls,
which is often limited by the uplift capacity of foundation elements can be estimated.
These benefits come at the cost of the additional analysis effort, associated with
incorporating all important elements, modeling their inelastic load-deformation

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characteristics, and executing incremental inelastic analysis, preferably with three-

dimensional analytical models.
Non-Linear Static Analysis for Buildings
Seismic analysis of buildings can be categorized depending upon the sophistication of
modeling adopted for the analysis. Buildings loaded beyond the elastic range can be
analyzed using Non-Linear static analysis, but in this method, one would not be able to
capture the dynamic response, especially the higher mode effects. This is pushover
analysis. There is no specific code for NLSA. This procedure leads to the capacity curve
which can be compared with design spectrum/DCR of members and one can determine
whether the building is safe or needs strengthening and its extent.
The capacity of the structure is represented by pushover curve. The most convenient way
to plot the load-deformation curve is by tracking the base shear and the roof displacement.
The pushover procedure can be presented in various forms can be used in a variety of
forms for the use in a variety of methodologies. As the name implies it is a process of
pushing horizontally, with a prescribed loading pattern, incrementally, until the structure
reaches the limit state. There are several types of sophistication that can be used over
for pushover curve analysis.
Level-1: It is generally used for single story building, where at a single concentrated
horizontal force equal to base shear applied at the top of the structure and displacement
is obtained.
Level-2: In this level, lateral force in proportion to story mass is applied at different floor
levels in accordance with IS: 1893- 2002 (Part-I) procedure, and story drift is obtained.
Level-3: In this method a lateral force is applied in proportion to the product of story
masses and first mode shape elastic model of the structure. The pushover curve is
constructed to represent the first mode response of structure based on the assumption
that the fundamental mode of vibration is the predominant response of the structure. This
procedure is valid for tall buildings with fundamental period of vibration
up to 1 sec.
Level-4: This procedure is applied to soft story buildings, wherein lateral force in
proportion to the product of story masses and first mode of the shape of the elastic model

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of the structure, until first yielding, the forces are adjusted with the changing the deflected
shape.
Level-5: This procedure is similar to level 3 and level 4 but the effect of higher mode of
vibration in determining to yield in the individual structural element are included while
plotting the pushover curve for the building in terms of the first mode lateral forces and
displacements. The higher mode effects can be determined by doing higher mode
pushover analysis. For the higher modes, the structure is pushed and pulled concurrently
to maintain the mode shape.

SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

No building can remain entirely free of damage during the quake, still, all structures, big
or small; can be made to withstand earthquakes of a particular magnitude by taking
certain precaution.

STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
The behavior of a building during an earthquake is a vibration problem. If the base of a
structure is suddenly moved the lower portion of a building tends to vibrate, but the upper
part of the structure will not respond instantaneously, but will lag because of inertial
resistance and flexibility of the structure. Building collapse is caused due to these inertia
forces. Because earthquake ground motion is three-dimensional, the structure, in general,
deforms in a three-dimensional manner. Generally, inertia forces generated by the
horizontal components of ground motion require greater consideration for seismic design
since adequate resistance to vertical seismic loads is usually provided by the member
capacities required for gravity load design. The type of analysis to obtain seismic force,
and their distribution to different levels along the height of the building and to various
lateral load resisting elements, depends on the height of the building, severity of the
seismic zone in which the building is located and on the classification of the building as
regular or irregular.

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LIMITATIONS OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS:

Although pushover analysis has advantages over elastic analysis procedures, underlying
assumptions, the accuracy of pushover predictions and limitations of current pushover
procedures must be identified. The estimate of target displacement, selection of lateral
load patterns and identification of failure mechanisms due to higher modes of vibration
are important issues that affect the accuracy of pushover results. Static pushover analysis
neglects dynamic effects. Hence, during an earthquake, the inelastic structural behavior
can be described by balancing the dynamic equilibrium at every time step. As pushover
analysis focuses only on the strain energy of the structure during a monotonic static push,
it neglects other sources of energy mainly associated with dynamic components of forces
such as kinetic energy and viscous damping energy.
Target displacement is the global displacement expected in a design earthquake. The
roof displacement at mass center of the structure is used as target displacement. The
accurate estimation of target displacement associated with specific performance
objective affects the accuracy of seismic demand predictions of pushover analysis.
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E. CONCLUSIONS:
From the pushover curves, it can be concluded that RCC Frames with Shear Walls
are able to resist more base-shear than that of normal RCC Frames.
It can be concluded that shear wall placing at adequate locations is more
significant in the case of base shear and displacement.
From all the above analysis, it can be concluded that small dimension of shear wall
is not a more effective than large dimension of the shear walls to control the lateral
displacement in 8 stories or below 8 stories buildings.
It is observed that in 8 story building, constructing a building with the shear wall at
the middle position of the long span of building is economical as compared with
other models.
Changing the position of the shear wall will affect the attraction of forces so that
wall must be in proper position.
If the dimensions of shear wall are large then major amount of horizontal forces
are taken by shear wall
Providing shear walls at adequate locations substantially reduces the
displacements due to the earthquake.
Push over analysis results provides an insight into the performance of structures
in post elastic range which thereby helps in assessing the weakness and possible
failure mechanisms of structure which is not possible when using equivalent static
and response spectrum method of analysis. This could be useful in rectifying the
detrimental effects in the design stage itself or for adopting suitable retrofitting
methods in case of post-earthquake seismic hazard estimation.

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F. REFERENCES:
1. ATC. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildingsvolume 1 (ATC-40).
Report No. SSC 96-01. Redwood City (CA): Applied Technology Council; 1996.
2. FEMA. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA 273).
Washington (DC): Building Seismic Safety Council; 1997.
3. FEMA 356 NEHRP Pre-standard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of
buildings. (2000).
4. K.V.G.D BALAJI PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL FRAMED
STRUCTURES ON SLOPING GROUND. International Journal of Civil, Structural
Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering, Research and Development
(IJCSEIERD), ISSN 2249- 6866, Vol. 2 Issue 4 Dec - 2012 45-54.
5. Mrugesh D. Shah NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS OF R.C.C. FRAMES
(Software Implementation ETABS 9.7) National Conference on Recent Trends in
Engineering & Technology.
6. S. V. Venkatesh EFFECT OF INTERNAL & EXTERNAL SHEAR WALL ON
PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING FRAME SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD.
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904,
Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011.
7. Anshuman.S. SOLUTION OF SHEAR WALL LOCATION IN MULTI-STOREY
BUILDING. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, ISSN 0976
4399, Volume 2, No 2, 2011.
8. Mangulkar Madhuri N. REVIEW ON SHEAR WALL FOR SOFT STORY HIGH-
RISE BUILDINGS. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT), ISSN: 2249 8958, Volume-1, Issue-6, August 2012 111
9. Anuj Chandiwala EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF BUILDING CONFIGURATION
WITH DIFFERENT POSITION OF SHEAR WALL. International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2,
Issue 12, December 2012.
10. O. Esmaili S STUDY OF STRUCTURAL RC SHEAR WALL SYSTEM IN A 56-
STORY RC TALL BUILDING. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Oct 2008, Beijing, China.
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11. C.K. Wang, Intermediate structures (McGraw Hills, 2004).

12. Aggarwal and Shrikhande, Earthquake resistant design of structures, (PHI
Learning Limited, 2006).
13. IS:875(Part 1) 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003), Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures (Second Revision).
14. IS:875(Part 2) 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003), Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures (Second Revision).
15. IS:456-2000 (Reaffirmed 2005), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete (Fourth Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
16. IS:1893-2002, Indian Standard Recommendations for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures,

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