This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communications. It describes the types of errors that can occur during transmission, including single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains the basic process of error detection, which involves calculating a code based on the transmitted bits and comparing it to the received code to check for errors. Common error detection methods are also summarized, including block coding, parity checks, longitudinal redundancy checks, and cyclic redundancy checks. These methods allow errors to be detected by adding some level of redundant bits.
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communications. It describes the types of errors that can occur during transmission, including single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains the basic process of error detection, which involves calculating a code based on the transmitted bits and comparing it to the received code to check for errors. Common error detection methods are also summarized, including block coding, parity checks, longitudinal redundancy checks, and cyclic redundancy checks. These methods allow errors to be detected by adding some level of redundant bits.
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communications. It describes the types of errors that can occur during transmission, including single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains the basic process of error detection, which involves calculating a code based on the transmitted bits and comparing it to the received code to check for errors. Common error detection methods are also summarized, including block coding, parity checks, longitudinal redundancy checks, and cyclic redundancy checks. These methods allow errors to be detected by adding some level of redundant bits.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Types of Errors An error occurs when a bit is altered between transmission and reception Single bit errors only one bit altered Burst errors contiguous sequence of B bits in which first last and any number of intermediate bits in error. effect greater at higher data rates.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Error detection by calculating an error-detecting code that is a function of the bits being transmitted. The code is appended to the transmitted bits. The receiver calculates the code based on the incoming bits and compares it to the incoming code to check for errors. A detected error occurs if and only if there is a mismatch. There is a probability that a frame contains errors and that the error-detecting scheme will detect that error.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Error detection
To detect or correct errors, we need to send
extra (redundant) bits with data. Enough redundancy is added to detect an error. The receiver knows an error occurred but does not know which bit(s) is(are) in error. Has less overhead than error correction.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Block Coding divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called datawords. add r redundant bits to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are called codewords.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Block coding-Example
Let us assume that k = 2 and n = 3.
Assume the sender encodes the dataword 01 as 011 and sends it to the receiver. Consider the following cases: 1. The receiver receives 011. It is a valid codeword. The receiver extracts the dataword 01 from it. 2. The codeword is corrupted during transmission, and 111 is received. This is not a valid codeword and is discarded. 3. The codeword is corrupted during transmission, and 000 is received. This is a valid codeword. The receiver incorrectly extracts the dataword 00. Two corrupted bits have made the error undetectable By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University Can detect all single-bit errors.Can detect burst errors only if the total number of errors in each data unit is odd. By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University Increases the likelihood of detecting burst errors. n bits LRC can detect a burst error of n bits. Errors may be undetected if: They occur in exactly the same positions. Have even number of errors in that position. By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University CRC One of most common and powerful checks For block of k bits transmitter generates an n bit frame check sequence (FCS) Transmits k+n bits which is exactly divisible by some number Receiver divides frame by that number If no remainder, assume no error Else error and discard the frame.
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Division in CRC encoder
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Division in the CRC decoder for two cases
By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University
Example
1. Given Message D = 1010001101(10 bits)
Pattern P = 110101 (6 bits) FCS R = to be calculated (5 bits) 2. The message is multiplied by yielding 25 101000110100000. 3. This product is divided by P: By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University By R VIJAYAN,Assistant Professor(SG),SITE,VIT University