Course Content

Radio Resource Management Overview

Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling
Handover Control
Resource Manager

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 Course Objectives
At the end of the course you willl be able to:

Describe the difference between controllable and non-controllable loads

Describe the difference between preventive and over overload threshold
Describe the relationships of Load Control with Admission Control and Packet
Scheduler
Name and describe summarily the main RAN parameters related to load control

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 Load Control

Load Control Functions

Radio Interface Load
BTS Measurements

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 Load Control Functional Overview
LC is a cell based RRM Function, utilising cell specific:
thresholds set by RNP,

RNC
load measurements,
AC, PS & LC algorithms.
LC
PS
Main functions of LC are: RM
to maximise capacity,
AC
preventive load control,
overload control.

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS

LC Updates load status using resource measurements & estimations provided by AC and
PS

Continuously feeds cell load information to the other RRM functions, e.g. PS and AC

SHO LC in RNC consists of MS specific part and cell specific part. The UE specific part is
the controlling entity between the cell specific entities (LC, AC and PS)

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 Load Control Functional Overview
RRM in RNC

parameters
when changed Load change info
AC
Load status request 3 Load change
estimations
BS
parameters
Radio Resource PS
Indication Period
LC measurements
Load status
Load change
2 estimations
CCH load
measurement measurements estimations
period
Scheduling period
NRT load 3
RL measurement
reporting period
1

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 Load Control Functional Overview
LC includes the following load status reports and load control parameters:
Parameters related to the LC, which are common for AC, LC and PS:
1
PrxTarget [dB], PtxTarget [dBm]
PrxOffset [dB], PtxOffset [dB]
PrxNoise [dBm]

2 Cell load status, including the load measurement results:

In the Radio Resource Indication Message:
PrxTotal [dBm]
PtxTotal [dBm]
RACH load (# of received RACH preambles during the measurement period)
In the Radio Link Measurement Report:
PtxAverage [dBm]

3 Estimated cell load:

PrxNc [dBm], PtxNc [dBm] updated by LC
PrxRTinacitive [dBm], PtxRTinacitve [dBm] updated by LC
PrxNRT [dBm], PrxNRT [dBm] updated by PS
Lrt updated by AC
Lnrt updated by PS

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 Load Control
Introduction/Functions
Radio Interface Load
BTS Measurements

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 Load Estimation Methods

Throughput
based threshold
Wideband power level

(coverage)

Wideband power
Itotal

based threshold
i=0
i=0.5

i=1

Own cell load factor

(capacity)
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 Througput Based Load Estimation
The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the downlink allocated bit
rates as follows
N

R
j =1
j

DL =
R max Max. allowed throughtput of the cell

The uplink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the load factors of the users
connected to this cell.

N
UL = (1 + i ) load j
j =1

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 Power Based Load Estimation- Nokia way
The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by dividing the total downlink transmission
power, Ptx_total by the maximum Node B transmission power Ptx_BTS,max.

Ptx _ total
DL =
Ptx _ BTS ,max

The uplink load can be estimated with Prx_noise, the background and receiver noise and Prx_total,
the total received power, according to this formula:

Prx _ noise 1
UL = 1 = 1
Prx _ total NR

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 Radio Interface Load
The BTS measures the total received power (PrxTotal) and the total transmitted power
(PtxTotal) on cell basis

The BTS reports PrxTotal and PtxTotal of each cell to the RNC by sending RADIO
RESOURCE INDICATION message periodically (RRIndicationPeriod)

LC updates cell load status for each cell based on RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION

LC updates non-controllable UL (PrxNC) and DL (PtxNC) load in cell

AC and PS algorithms work on the current cell load status provided by LC

Denying call admission (AC) and throttling back NRT traffic (PS) are the overload
actions

After scheduling PS provides LC with PrxNRT, PtxNRT & LNRT estimates

After admitting RT RAB, AC provides LC with NC load increase estimate

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 System Noise

System noise (PrxNoise) is the sum of all stationary noises;

thermal noise
interference caused by spurious emissions of other systems,
noise cause by additional equipment such as repeaters
PrxNoise can vary place to place and even time to time
PrxNoise is a RNP parameter whose setting affects the capacity of cell
PrxNoise too low: overestimation of cell load and can lead to unnecessary call blocking
PrxNoise too high: underestimation of cell load and can lead to overload situation

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 PrxNoise Autotuning Algorithm
RNC provides tools to measure unloaded system noise, PrxUnloaded, and tools to
adjust PrxNoise parameter based on these measurements
PrxTotal = PrxUnloaded when own cell is considered unloaded (or very low load);
Own Cell;
LRT UnloadedRT and
LNRT UnloadedNRT
UnloadedRT and UnloadedNRT are RNC parameters (values for NRT: 1 %, RT: 2 %)
LRT and LNRT are UL load factor for own cell RT (AC estimates) & PS users (PS estimates)
RNC calculates averaged PrxUnloaded values using a mean filter to remove
temporary interference peaks
PrxNoise is updated by the autotuning algorithm based on PrxUnloaded
PrxNoise autotuning step size is limited by PrxNoiseMaxTuneAbsolute parameter

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 UL Preventive & Overload Thresholds

Overloaded Area
total received power
Prx Total [dBm]

PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

Marginal Load Area Prx Target [dB]

Feasible Load Area

load factor

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 UL Preventive Thresholds
Preventive threshold = PrxTarget

Prx Target is relative to the system noise, it gives an upper threshold for the noise rise
Target threshold defines the optimal operating point of the cell load, up to which PS &
AC can operate normally and is calculated from the UL loading () value:

PrxTarget = 10 Log 10 (1 ) [dB ]

If cell load exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to PREVENTIVE STATE function
New RT RABs are blocked, and PS can't schedule more NRT bit rates in the cell

PrxTarget
range: 0...30 dB, step 0.1 dB
default: 4 dB

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 UL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PrxTarget + PrxOffset
Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded
If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATE function
New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell

PrxOffset
range: 0...6 dB, step 0.1 dB
default: 1 dB

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 DL Preventive & Overload Thresholds
Cell Maximum

Overloaded Area
total received power
Ptx Total [dBm]

Ptx Target [dBm] + PtxOffset [dB]

Marginal Load Area Ptx Target [dBm]

Feasible Load Area

load factor

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 DL Preventive Thresholds
Preventive threshold = PtxTarget
Target threshold defines the optimal operating point of the cell load, up to which PS &
AC can operate normally
If cell load exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to PREVENTIVE STATE function
New RT RABs are blocked, and PS can't schedule more NRT bit rates in the cell

PtxTarget
range: -10...50 dBm, step 0.1 dB
default: 40 dBm

Default value depends on the cell max TX power: in case the cell max power is 43 dBm,
the PtxTarget should be 40 dBm (3 dB below max)

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 DL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PtxTarget + PtxOffset
Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded
If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATE function
New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell

PtxOffset
range: 0...6 dB, step 0.1 dB
default: 1 dB

The default value is given for 20W WPA!

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 Load Control
Introduction/Functions
Radio Interface Load
BTS Measurements

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 Prx and Ptx Total Measurements
0 1 2 ... 14
Frame Prx and Ptx Total
measurements
14
Prx / tx Total = P
0
rx / tx Total
PrxTotal/PtxTotal

Frame average measurements

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 Alpha Trimmed Filter
Ptx/Prx MeasAveWindow
PrxTotal/PtxTotal

1. Frame average measurement values are sorted

into frames consisting of Ptx/Prx MeasAveWindow
values
2. (Ptx/Ptx MeasAveWindow Ptx/Prx Alpha)
lowest and highest values are removed
3. (Ptx/Ptx MeasAveWindow (1-Ptx/Prx Alpha))
values remain
4. Remaining values are used by the BTS for average
Prx/Ptx Total calculation and are sent to the RNC
every RRIndPeriod
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 Example
Prx/PtxMeasAveWindow = 10
Prx/PtxAlpha = 0.2
Frame averages are sorted into groups consisting of 10 values
2 lowest and 2 highest values are excluded (0.2 10)
Final Prx_total & Ptx_total averages are calculated using 6 remaining values

(1 ) NoFrames
Prx/Ptx 1
Prx _ total =
(1 2 )NoFrames y k
k =NoFrames +1

1 8
Prx _ total = yk
6 k =3
(1 ) NoFrames
1
Ptx _ total =
(1 2 )NoFrames y k
k =NoFrames +1

Frame average measurements 1 8

Ptx _ total = yk
6 k =3
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 Parameters
Prx/PtxMeasAveWindow

The parameter defines the number of frames used for long term averaging at the BS of
the short term (frame based) averages of Prx/PtxTotal measurements
range: 10...200 frames, step 1 frame
default: 20 frames (during one RRI period when RRI=200 ms)
In case the measured values are fluctuating very much, the averaging period could be
made longer to get better PS performance

Prx/PtxAlpha

Defines the type of measurement filter used for the total received wideband power
(PrxTotal) in a cell. If the value is 0, pure sliding window mean filter is used and if the
value is 0.5, sliding window median filter is used. If the value is between 0 - 0.5,
trimmed mean filter is used
range: 0... 0.5, step 0.05
default: 0
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 Radio Resource Indication Period

BTS Measurements

RRI Period

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 Radio Resource Indication Period
RRIndPeriod

The parameter defines the reporting period of the RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION
messages, which are used for cell based load measurements.
range: 0...2000 ms, step 100 ms
default: 200ms

The BTS informs the RNC about the current load at the radio interface from the radio
resource point of view and the load of every RACH in each cell.

For that purpose the BTS sends periodically a Radio Resource Indication message to the
RNC

In the Radio Resource Indication message the BTS reports periodically:

the total uplink interference power of the cells
the total transmitted power of the cell,
and RACH load

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 RACH Measurements
A BTS measures RACH load of cell, and reports it to the RNC using the RADIO
RESOURCE INDICATION message

RACH load includes following measurements:

RACH load: Averaged number of received RACH preambles per radio frame during the
reporting period
RACH decoded messages: Averaged number of all decoded RACH messages per radio frame
during the reporting period
Successfully decoded messages: Averaged number of successfully decoded RACH messages
per radio frame during the reporting period

Reporting is controlled by parameters RRIndicationPeriod & RACHLoadIndicationPeriod

which the BTS receives in the CONFIGURATION DATA message

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 RACH Measurements
RACHLoadIndicationPeriod

The parameter defines the reporting period of the PRACHs in a BTS. The BTS may
report load figures to the RNC in every Nth (N=1-20) NBAP Radio Resource Indication
message. Value 0 of the parameter means that the BTS does not report the load
information for RACH.

range: 1...20, step 1

default: 1

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 Connection Based Measurements
A base station measures:
transmission power of one carrier
one scrambling code
one channelisation code
and averages it during the reporting period. BTS reports transmitted code powers using dedicate
RADIO LINK MEASUREMENT REPORT message.

Reporting is controlled by RLMeasRepPeriod parameter, which the BTS receives from

the RNC in the CONFIGURATION DATA message.

These measurement reports are used as an input for defining initial power for PS and AC

The report affects the accuracy of PS and AC initial power definition

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 Connection Based Measurements
RLMeasRepPeriod
range: 0...2000 ms, step 100 ms
default: 500 ms

Bigger value decreases Iub signalling load, smaller value increases accuracy

Value 0 = OFF

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 Chapter 3
-Load Control-
1. Which RRM functional entities are in direct relationship with load control?

2. List the traffic load included in non controllable load

3. List the traffic load included in controllable load

4. Which LC parameter gives the upper limit for the noise rise? What is its default value?

5. What hapens if cell load exceeds this limit?

6. How the overload threshold is defined?

7. What kind of filter is used for WBTS measurements?

8. How offen BTS sends measurement to the RNC?

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