TIN HC C BN Chng

C S V MY TNH

Chng ny bao gm

Bi 1: Cc khi nim c bn v my tnh

Bi 2: Phn cng
Bi 3: Phn mm
Bi 4: Mng my tnh

Copyright 2006 Trung tm nghin cu v t vn v qun l

Phng 312, nh A17, s 17 T Quang Bu, H Ni.
 CC KHI NIM C BN V
Bi
1 MY TNH

Thng tin v khoa

hc x l thng tin
Khi nim phn
cng, phn mm
Cc loi my tnh

Cc thnh phn
chnh ca my tnh
PC
Hiu nng my tnh

Bi hc ny gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v my tnh nh: phn cng, phn

mm my tnh; cc loi my tnh; cc yu t nh hng n hiu nng ca my
tnh. Ngoi ra, bi hc cng gii thiu khi nim v thng tin v khoa hc x l
thng tin.

Mctiu
Mc tiu Kt thc bi hc ny bn c th

Nm c mt s khi nim c bn v my tnh nh: thng tin v khoa

hc x l thng tin; phn cng v phn mm.
Nm c c im ca cc loi my tnh.
Nm c cc thnh phn chnh ca mt my tnh PC.
Nm c cc yu t nh hng n hiu nng ca my tnh.
 Ni dung

1.1 THNG TIN V

KHOA HC X L Thng tin v d liu
Thng tin (information) l mt khi nim tru tng, tuy nhin, y li chnh l ci
chng ta c th hiu v nhn thc th gii.
Thng tin tn ti khch quan, c th ghi li v truyn i. Nhng iu m ta hng ngy gp
nh thng tin d bo thi tit, tin tc thi s chnh l thng tin. Vic chng ta ghi li
nhng iu ny ra giy, l chng ta ghi li thng tin. Vic chng ta ni vi mi ngi
nhng iu ny hoc a cho ngi khc xem nhng iu ny, l truyn tin.
D liu (data) l ci mang thng tin. D liu c th l cc du hiu (k hiu, vn bn ch
s, ch vit ), cc tn hiu (in, t, quang, nhit ) hoc cc c ch, hnh vi (nng
gin, st rut, ti ci ). Khi nhn thy mt ngi ti ci, hnh vi c th cho
chng ta thng tin rng ngi ang rt vui. c c ni dung ca mt cun sch, ta
bit thm c nhiu kin thc mi, l thng tin do cun sch mang li.

Lng tin n v o lng tin

Khi no lng tin bng khng, hay ni cch khc, khi no th cc thng tin c coi nh
khng c ngha? chnh l nhng iu hin nhin, chc chn, ai cng bit. iu ny
tng ng vi vic h thng ch c mt trng thi.
V d v lng tin bng khng: Ai thng bo rng: Ngy mai mt tri li mc hng
ng y. Thng bo ny hu nh khng em li thng tin g mi c, ai cng bit iu
ny.
Tuy nhin, iu cng bt ng, kh xy ra th lng tin cng cao. V d, tin v thin tai sng
thn ti chu , tin v ta thp i ca M b thu ht s quan tm ca rt nhiu ngi
bi y l nhng iu hon ton bt ng, rt kh xy ra. Nh vy, c th ni rng: Lng
tin t l nghch vi xc sut ca s kin.
n v o lng tin: Trong h thng my tnh, n v o lng tin l bit. y chnh l tin
v h thng ch c hai trng thi: bng 0 hoc bng 1 (iu ny rt ph hp vi cc my
tnh in t bi mt thi im, mch in ch c mt trong hai trng thi, ng hoc m,
tc 1 hoc 0).
Cc bi s ca bt ln lt nh sau:

- Byte: 1 Byte = 8 bit (lu : b l vit tt ca bit cn B l vit tt ca Byte)

- KiloByte (KB): 1 KB = 1024 Byte.
- MegaByte (MB): 1 MB = 1024 KB.
- GigaByte (GB): 1 GB = 1024 MB.
Khoa hc x l thng tin:
C rt nhiu tn gi khc nhau lin quan n ngnh khoa hc ny. C th k tn nhng tn
gi nh Khoa hc my tnh (Computer Science), Tin hc (Informatics), Cng ngh thng
tin (Information Technology)... Tuy nhin, d c nhiu tn gi m t, tt c u thng
nht chung mt im: Khoa hc x l thng tin l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu cc
phng php, cng ngh, k thut x l thng tin mt cch t ng bng my tnh in t.
1.2 KHI NIM
PHN CNG,
PHN MM MY Phn cng (hardware)
TNH
Phn cng l cc thnh phn vt l ca my tnh, bao gm cc thit b in t v c kh. V
d: mn hnh, bn phm, chut, b vi x l
Phn mm (software)
Phn mm l tp hp cc ch th cho my tnh lm vic. Ni cch khc, ton b cc chng
trnh chy trn my tnh gi l phn mm my tnh. V d: phn mm son tho vn bn,
phn mm bng tnh, phn mm trnh din

1.3 CC KIU
MY TNH
My tnh ln (Mainframe)
My tnh ln l cc c my kch thc ln, mnh m v rt t tin, c s dng trong
cc cng ty cn x l mt khi lng d liu ln (chng hn ngn hng, cng ty in lc).
Kh nng ca my tnh ln c chia s cho nhiu ngi cng truy nhp vo khi trung
tm thng qua u cui ca h.

My PC (Personal Computer)
My tnh in t c ngun gc ra i kh sm v c rt nhiu chng loi. Tuy nhin, chic
my tnh PC theo m hnh ca IBM u tin c ra i ch mi gn y, chnh xc l vo
nm 1981. T tr i, tt c cc my PC c sn xut u tng thch vi thit k ban
u.

My MAC
My MAC l mt my tnh, nhng khng phi my PC theo m hnh IBM. My MAC s
dng mt h iu hnh khc vi PC v tng ng vi n, cc phin bn c bit ca
chng trnh ng dng (nh x l vn bn, bng tnh).
 Thi k u, iu gip cho vic phn bit my MAC v my PC l vic my MAC s
dng giao din ngi dng ha, hay ni cch khc chnh l cch m ta c th dng
chut iu khin my tnh. Tuy nhin, gn y s khc bit c bn gia my MAC v
PC khng cn r rng nh trc khi m Microsoft s dng giao din ngi dng
ha cho my PC.
Mch xch tay (laptop)
Laptop, ting Anh c ngha l t trong lng, phn bit vi my tnh t trn bn, desktop.
y l loi my tnh nh gn, c th mang i, c th chy bng pin.

1.4 CC B PHN
CHNH CA MY
TNH PC
Thit b tr gip c nhn k thut s (PDA)
PDA l mt thit b cm tay kt hp cc chc nng ca my tnh, in thoi, fax, Internet
v mng. Nhng chc nng ni tri nht ca PDA l chc nng ca mt thit b t chc
thng tin c nhn.

Khc vi cc loi my tnh di ng, hu ht cc PDA u s dng bt iu khin v

nhp liu thay cho bn phm. iu ny i hi ngi dng phi hc cch vit cho ng
kiu v my phi c chc nng nhn dng ch vit tay.

ng trc mt my tnh PC, bn c th thy my tnh ny gm nhng b phn: Bn

phm, chut, mn hnh, v my. y l nhng thnh phn d dng nhn thy. Tuy nhin,
my tnh PC cn c nhiu b phn khc. Cc b phn ny c nhm trong cc khi chc
nng sau:
Khi x l trung tm
Khi x l trung tm, hay cn gi l b vi x l hoc con chip, l b no ca my tnh.
Cng vic chnh ca khi x l trung tm l tnh ton v iu khin mi hot ng trong
 my tnh.
B nh trong
B nh trong dng cha cc lnh v d liu phc v cho qu trnh thc hin chng
trnh. B nh trong bao gm b nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM) v b nh ch c
(ROM).
B nh ngoi
B nh ngoi hay cc thit b lu tr ngoi bao gm a cng, a mm, a CD a ZIP
Ch : Do cng nm bn trong v my nn nhiu ngi nhm ln cng l thit b lu
tr trong. Thc cht n l thit b lu tr ngoi.
Cc thit b vo
Cc thit b vo cho php thng tin hy d liu c nhp vo my tnh, v d nh bn
phm, chut, my qut
Cc thit b ra
Cc thit b ra cho php thng tin c th c xut ra t my tnh, v d nh my in, mn
hnh, loa
Cc thit b ngoi vi
Thit b ngoi vi l bt k thit b no c th gn vo my tnh. Nh vy, ton b cc thit
b nh my qut, my in, bn phm, chut u l cc thit b ngoi vi.
Cng ni tip
Cng ni tip l mt khe cm c nhiu chn nm pha sau my tnh, cho php cc thit b
c th kt ni vi my tnh, chng hn Modem. Cc cng ni tip thng c t tn l
COM1, COM2.

Cng song song

Cng song song l mt khe cm nhiu chn nm pha sau my tnh, cho php cc thit b
c th kt ni vi my tnh, chng hn my in. Cc cng song song thng c t tn l
LPT1 hoc LPT2.
Cng ni tip vn nng USB
Cng ni tip vn nng USB l mt b phn mi trong my tnh, ch c trong cc my tnh
th h gn y. C th c mt hoc nhiu cm USB trn thn v my, cho php cc
thit b c thit k cho USB c th kt ni vi my tnh.

1.5 HIU NNG

MY TNH
Mt s yu t nh hng n hiu nng ca my tnh:
Tc ng h b vi x l
Tc ng h quyt nh tc thc thi v tnh ton ca b vi x l. Tc ng h cao
th my tnh s tnh ton nhanh hn, iu khin nhanh hn v nh lm vic nhanh hn.
Tc ny c o bng MHz. Cc my tnh trc y ca IBM c tc vo khong
4.77 MHz cn cc my tnh hin i ngy nay lm vic tc trn 2GHz.
Dung lng b nh truy nhp ngu nhin RAM
My tnh cng c nhiu RAM th cng chy nhanh. Ngoi vic truy xut d liu trn RAM,
Windows cn thng xuyn truy xut d liu trn a cng. Nh vy tc a cng cng
nh hng n tc my tnh.
Tc v dung lng cng
Tc a cng c xc nh bi thi gian truy nhp a cng, n v o bng miligiy.
Thi gian truy nhp cng nh c ngha vic c/ghi a cng nhanh.
Khng gian trng trong a
Khng nhng a cng cn phi nhanh m cn cn phi c dung lng ln h iu hnh
c th di chuyn d liu d dng gia cng v RAM. Windows s to ra rt nhiu tp tin
tm thi trong qu trnh x l chng trnh gip qun l qu trnh thc thi c tt hn.
Nh vy, nu c qu t khng gian trng trn a cng, my tnh s khng cn ni cha
cc tp tin tm thi, ng ngha vi vic khng th vn hnh cng mt lc nhiu chng
trnh c.
Ghp cc tp tin phn mnh
Vic cc tp tin trong cng, sau mt thi gian lm vic b chia tch thnh cc phn ring
l v tri ra trn ton b a cng gi l phn mnh tp tin. Vic ghp cc tp tin phn
mnh c ngha l sp xp li d liu trong a cng sao cho d liu ca cng mt tp tin
hoc cng mt chng loi c sp xp lin tc, gn nhau. Nh , h iu hnh c th d
dng qun l v truy xut ti tng vng thng tin. Cng vic ny nn c tin hnh nh
k tc my tnh ca bn c ci thin.
a nhim
Windows l mt h thng a nhim, c ngha l n c th thc thi nhiu hn mt chng
trnh trong cng mt thi im. Tuy nhin, cng nhiu chng trnh chy cng lc th mi
chng trnh s b chm i. S chm tr ph thuc vo chng trnh hin ang lm g.
V d vic x l mt lc nhiu bc nh ln s tn rt nhiu thi gian ca b x l.
 Tng kt bi Trong bi hc ny bn hc cc ni dung:

Thng tin v khoa hc x l thng tin

Khi nim phn cng, phn mm
Cc loi my tnh
Cc thnh phn chnh ca my tnh PC
Hiu nng my tnh

Cu hi n tp

1. Hng IBM cho ra mt chic my tnh c nhn vo nm no?

2. Phn cng my tnh l g? Cho mt s v d v phn cng my tnh.
3. Phn mm my tnh l g? Cho mt s v d v phn mm my tnh.
4. Nhng yu t no nh hng n hiu nng ca my tnh?
5. K tn 03 loi my tnh v trnh by cc c im ni bt ca 03 loi my tnh ny.
 Bi
2 PHN CNG

Khi x l trung tm
(CPU)
Bo mch ch
(mainboard
motherboard)
B nh

Thit b vo

Thit b ra

Thit b lu tr

Bi hc ny gip bn lm quen vi cc thnh phn phn cng ca my

tnh nh: v my, bo mch ch, khi x l trung tm, b nh trong, b nh
ngoi.

Mc tiu Kt thc bi hc ny bn c th

Nm c cc thnh phn phn cng ca my tnh v chc nng ca

chng.
Nhn din c cc thnh phn phn cng chnh ca my tnh.
 Ni dung
V my l b phn cha cc thnh phn khc nhau ca my PC. V d, bn trong v my
2.1 V MY
l bo mch ch, con chip, a cng, a CD
Ty thuc vo mc tiu s dng, c hai kiu v my, l kiu ng v kiu nm. Nhiu
ngi quen gi v my l CPU. Tuy nhin, gi nh vy l khng chnh xc v CPU l khi
x l trung tm, ch l mt b phn c gn trn bo mch ch bn trong v my.

2.2 BO MCH CH

Bo mch ch nm bn trong v my. y l c s h tng ca my tnh v tt c cc thnh

phn h thng ca my tnh u c cm mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua cp
vo bo mch ch.

V d: Mt s thit b nh b x l trung tm (CPU), b nh truy cp ngu nhin cm vo

bo mch ch qua cc khe cm, trong khi a mm, cng, a quang c cm vo
thng qua cp in v cp d liu. Cc bo mch ch ngy cng nh hn do cc linh kin
in t c tch hp hn.

2.3 KHI X L
TRUNG TM
(CPU)
Khi x l trung tm, hay cn gi l con chip, c coi nh b no ca my tnh. S d c
tn gi nh vy bi v khi x l trung tm c hai thnh phn chnh nh sau:

Khi iu khin (Control Unit) l ni tm c cc lnh t b nh, gii m v xc nh, iu

khin cc bc thc hin trong my tnh.
Khi tnh ton s hc logic (Arithmetic Logical Unit ALU) l ni thc hin cc php
 ton s hc c bn (cng, tr ) v cc php ton logic (AND, OR ).

Ngoi ra, CPU cn c mt b phn to nhp (clock), to ra cc xung nhp iu khin

hot ng ca CPU theo trnh t cng nh ng b s hot ng ca cc khi trong ton
b h thng. Tc ca CPU da trn nhp ng h ny v c n v l MHz. Tc ny
cng cao th my tnh chy cng nhanh.
C rt nhiu loi CPU khc nhau dnh cho my tnh, thng dng nht phi k n CPU ca
hng Intel v AMD.

2.4 B NH
TRONG
B nh trong bao gm b nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM) v b nh ch c (ROM).
B nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM)
B nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM) l ni m h iu hnh c ti vo khi my tnh khi
ng, l ni cc chng trnh hay ng dng c ti vo v lu tr tm thi trong qu
trnh vn hnh, D liu trong RAM ch tn ti khi my tnh c in v chng trnh ang
hot ng.

Thut ng truy nhp ngu nhin ni rng vic sao lu, xa b thng tin ra khi RAM rt
ngu nhin v khng theo mt trnh t c th no bi vic truy cp ny ph thuc vo cch
thc v trng thi lm vic ca h thng lc .
Ni chung, my tnh cm cng nhiu RAM th tc x l cng nhanh.
B nh ch c (ROM)
B nh ch c (ROM) l mt chip c bit, c np sn phn mm v c gn trn bo
mch ch ca my tnh. Phn mm trn RAM s c c u tin sau khi my tnh khi
ng v phn mm ny c tc dng np h iu hnh vo b nh RAM.

Thut ng ch c ni ln rng thng tin trn ROM l thng tin c nh, ch c th c ch

khng vit ln c, khng b mt ni dung khi mt ngun in. Cc thng tin ny c
gn theo phn cng v c lp trnh sn bi hng sn xut.

2.5 B NH
NGOI
a cng
a cng l thit b lu tr d liu chnh ca my tnh. Tc truy xut a cng rt nhanh
c th thc hin ng thi cc cng vic c, ghi d liu tm thi trong qu trnh x l
v c sao lu d liu lu di.
Tc a cng hay thi gian truy cp trung bnh thng c o bng miligiy. Thi
gian truy cp cng nh th tc a cng nhanh.

a cng c dung lng rt ln. Hin nay, cc a cng thng c dung lng t 80 GB
n 120 GB.
a mm
a mm tng l phng tin sao chp v lu tr ph bin i vi ngi dng bi s nh
gn v d s dng. Ngy nay, a mm b thay th bi a giao tip theo chun USB.

Tc truy xut ca a mm rt chm v dung lng ca a mm ch bng 1,44 MB nn

a mm thng c s dng sao chp vn bn hoc phn mm c kch thc nh t
my tnh ny sang my tnh khc.
a ZIP
a ZIP c th lm vic ging ht a mm, tc l c th lp a ZIP vo trong hp my
v sau s dng a ZIP ging nh s dng a mm. u im ca loi a ny l c th
thay th c a mm trong vic sao lu d liu v chuyn d liu gia cc my tnh
khng c ni mng vi nhau cng nh trong vic sao lu d liu vi dung lng kh
ln. Dung lng thng thng ca a ZIP l t 100 MB n hn 1GB.

a USB
y l thit b c a chung v ang c s dng ht sc rng ri, thay th cho a
mm, bi kch thc nh gn, s tng thch cao v kh nng lu tr ln. Cc thit b ny
ngoi tnh nng lu tr d liu cn tch hp thm cc tnh nng nh ghi m, nghe nhc
MP3 v bt sng pht thanh. y thc s l mt cng ngh v thit b ca tng lai v
chc chn s cn c pht trin mnh m.
 Tc truy xut ca a giao tip theo chun USB kh nhanh. Dung lng ca a t
khong 32 MB n 1 GB.
a CD
a CD cng ang l mt trong nhng thit b lu tr d liu tin dng, khi m a CD
ny ngy cng ph bin.

Tc a CD c ghi gi tr 1x tc_ v cc a CD nhanh hn c mc nh l bi

ca gi tr . Nh vy mt CD 52x l nhanh hn tc ca CD gc 52 ln.
a CD thng thng c dung lng khong 650 MB. Vi dng lng ny, ngi dng c
th s dng CD nh mt phng tin sao lu d liu ht sc d dng v kinh t.
a DVD ( Digital Versilite Disk)
a DVD c tc khng bng a cng nhng nhanh hn a CD rt nhiu, tuy rng
trng bn ngoi, mt chic a DVD kh ging vi a CD
V dung lng, a DVD c dung lng kh cao, c th ti 17GB.

2.6 THIT B VO

Chut my tnh (Mouse)

L thit b gip ngi dng c th tng tc vi my tnh mt cch trc quan v d dng
thng qua cc thao tc nhn phm trn b mt chut. Vic kt hp cc thao tc nhn phm
ny cho php ngi dng ra lnh cho my hoc la chn cc i tng mnh cn ang hin
th trn mn hnh t c cc lnh k tip.

C rt nhiu loi chut khc nhau. Loi chut thng dng thng c mt bi ln tng tc
vi bnh xe bn trong, bnh xe ny c kt ni vi phn mm cho php iu khin hoc
s dng cc chng trnh ng dng. Khi s dng loi chut c b ln cn ch thnh
thong tho bi ln ra v v sinh khu vc pha bn trong, ni thng xuyn tip xc vi bi
ln nhm chng cn bn lu ngy bm vo. (y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin
cho thao tc chut ca bn khng cn c chnh xc sau mt thi gian di s dng m
khng v sinh chut).
Ngoi ra, cn c loi chut quang, khng s dng bi ln (chut quang s dng nh sng
chiu pha di iu khin chuyn ng). Khi s dng chut quang cn lu khng nn
di chut b mt phn x nh sng. V d : mt gng, mt knh.v nh sng phn x s
nh hng n chnh xc ca cc ng tc di chuyn chut.
S nt nhn ca chut c th l 2 hoc 3, tu theo mc tiu thit k v s dng. Thng th
2 nt 2 bn l cc nt chc nng tri, phi. Cn nt gia (hay vng ln gia) gip bn
c th cun vn bn ln, xung d dng hn.
Bn phm (keyboard)
L thit b thng dng gip ngi dng g phm a thng tin vo trong my tnh hoc ra
lnh cho my tnh thng qua cc phm.

Ngoi cc phm chun, xu hng cc bn phm hin nay u mong mun tch hp kh
nng iu khin cc thit b a phng tin hoc cc nt ch nng tin ch b sung, v d
chc nang cho php truy xut Internet, c thu in t nhanh chng.Cc nt chc nng
b sung ny kh a dng v phong ph, tu thuc theo nhu cu va th hiu ca ngi dng.
My qut ( Scanner)
L thit bi cho php nhng bn in v i chung sang mt dng tp tin c th c s dng
trong my tnh. D liu sau khi qut vo my tnh c nh dng nh v c th chnh sa
chng trong my tnh bng cch s dng cc ng dng ha. Ngoi ra, ngi dng c th
qut cc vn bn i chng thnh mt bc nh cng nh c th i cc tp tin hnh nh
thnh tp tin vn bn m ta c th son hoc chnh sa bng cc chng trnh son tho
vn bn. iu ny c thc hin bi cc chng trnh phn mm nhn dng cc k t
bng quang hc OCR (Optical Character Recognition).

Webcam
Webcam l mt camera s nh, thng trc mm hnh, dng thu hnh nh ca
 ngi ang ngi trc n ri truyn hnh nh ny quan mng ti ngi kia va ngc li.

Cht lng hnh nh ca webcam ngy cng c ci thin, gi thnh ngy cng h, kiu
dng th c ci tin lin tc v hn ht c, nhu cu thng tin, trao i l mt trong nhng
nhu cu chnh ca con ngi nn webcam ngy cng ph bin v gn gi vi mi ngi.

2.7 THIT B RA
Mn hnh (Monitor)
Mn hnh my tnh c s dng hin th thng tin di dng m con ngi c th hiu
c. Thc ra, my tnh ch lm vic vi d liu di dng cc m nh phn, tc l mt t
hp cc trng thi ng/ m mch. Tuy nhin, ci m con ngi cn l dng d liu dng
ch, dng s v cc hnh nh biu hin v mn hnh thc hin chc nng hin th cc thng
tin ny.

Mn hnh my tnh truyn thng da trn cng mt k thut l s dng ng phng tia Ca-
tt. iu ny khin cho mn hnh lun c phn ui di to ng phng. Gn y
c cc mn hnh my tnh tinh th lng, chng chim din tch t hn v tn t nng lng
hn do s dng cng ngh tinh th lng, khac vi cng ngh phng tia Ca-tt truyn thng.
Khi ni n kch thc ca mt mn hnh 17-inch ( 17) th l chiu di ca ng
cho mn hnh chc khng phi chiu ngang ca mn hnh. Mn hnh thng dng hin nay
c khc thc l 15, 17 v 21.
Thit b trnh din my chiu ( Projector)
Cc thit b trnh din c th kt ni vi my tnh va c s dng hin th cc chng
trnh trnh din trc ng ngi. Cc thit b ny c s dng km vi cc chng trnh
trnh din nh Microsoft PowerPoint. Ni s dng thit b ny thng xuyn nht l ngnh
gio dc v kinh doanh.
Khi s dng my chiu kt ni vi my tnh xch tay, ban cn lu nhn t hp phm Fn
v phm F7 hoc phm F4 ( tu theo phm no c hnh 2 mn hnh). Khi , hnh nh t
my tnh xch tay mi oc chuyn qua my chiu trnh chiu tn mn hnh.
Cc loi my in ( Printers)
C nhiu chng loi my in khac nhau. My in mu v my in en trng, my in theo cng
ngh s dng kim, my in theo cng ngh phun hay my in theo cng ngh laser. Tu theo
tng trng hp m ngi dng la chn nen s dng my in loi no. Ni chung, cc c
quan t chc thng s dng my in laser bi v chng c th in rt nhanh v cho cht
lng cao. Ngoi ra, my in thng c ni trc tip vi mng hoc ni vi my tnh qua
mng. Nh vy, mi my tnh c ni mng u c th in bng cch s dng chung my
in chia s ny.
My in laser (Laser Printer)
Cc my in Laser cho cht lng rt tt vi tc cao. Chng c coi l my in laser
bi v chng cha mt thit b Laser, thit b ny cho php vic in n k t v cc hnh nh
c r rng v sc nt. Vic cc my in Laser c gi c hpl cng vi cht lng v tc
d in tt khin cho my in ny c s dng rt ph bin trong cc vng phng cng s
cng nh trong h gia nh.

Trc y hu ht cc my in Laser ch in dui dng en trng. Ngy nay, vi cng ngh

in laser mu, cc my in c th in ra nhng hnh nh c cht lng rt cao. Tuy nhin, gi
c mt chic in laser mu rt t, t hn my in en trng nhiu ln.
My in phun (Ink- jet Printer)
My in phun hot ng s dng cc vi phun nh phun mc in trn giy in. Cc my in
phun lm vic trn cht lng kh cao. My in phun dng trong trng hp in vi s lng
t v vi cht lng kh, v d nh dng trong nhng vn phng nh hoc trong gia nh.

My in ma trn im (Dot-matrix Printer)

My in ma trn im, hay cn gi l my in kim, lm vic bng cch nung mt hng kim
qua mt di bng mc ln giy in. Cng nhiu kim th cht lng in cng cao, hu ht cc
my in ma trn im hin ti c 24 kim. Mc d vy my in ma trn vn c th to ra
nho cao v cht lng in khng cao c bit l khi in cc bn in c cha hnh nh ho.
V kt qu l ngy nay my phun thay th cho my in ny. Tuy nhin, my in ma trn
im vn c s dng in lng vn bn ln vi cht lng thp. (v d: vic in cc
ph bu in).
Loa (Speaker)
L thit b m thnh. C rt nhiu kiu loa s dng cho my tnh. C loa c gn trong bo
mch ch (loa trong), c loa c kt ni vi bo mch ch thng qua v m thanh (loa
ngoi). Thng thng ngi dng hay s dng loa ngoi v kiu dng loa ny ngy cng
c thit kt p v cht lng m thanh ngy mt cao.
Tng kt bi Trong bi hc ny bn hc cc ni dung:
Khi x l trung tm (CPU)
Bo mch ch
B nh
Thit b vo
Thit b ra
Thit b lu tr

Cu hi n tp

1. Khi x l trung tm c chc nng v nhim v g? Nu cc thnh phn chnh ca khi x

l trung tm. My tnh ca bn ang s dng CPU g, tc bao nhiu?
2. ROM v RAM thuc nhm b nh no? Trnh by im khc bit c bn gia ROM v
RAM. Dung lng RAM ca my tnh bn ang s dng l bao nhiu?
3. Hy k tn 05 thnh phn phn cng m bn bit.
4. My tnh ca bn s dng my a cng, dung lng ca mi a l bao nhiu?
 3
PHN MM
Bi

Phn loi phn mm

Phn mm h iu
hnh
Phn mm ng dng
Giao din ngi
dng ha
Quy trnh pht trin
h thng

Bi hc ny cung cp cho bn cc khi nim v phn mm my tnh nh:

phn mm ng dng v phn mm h iu hnh. Ngoi ra bn cng c
hc v giao din ngi dng ha v quy trnh pht trin mt h thng
phn mm.

Mc tiu Kt thc bi hc ny bn c th

Phn bit c phn mm h iu hnh v phn mm ng dng.

Nm c khi nim v giao din ngi dng ha v u im ca n.
Nm c quy trnh pht trin mt h thng phn mm.
3.1 PHN LOI
PHN MM
C 2 loi phn mm, l phn mm h thng (system software) v phn mm ng dng
(Application software).
Phn mm h thng bao gm H iu hnh, cc chng trnh iu khin thit b ... trong
khi phn mm ng dng l cc phn mm chy trn nn ca H iu hnh. Cc phn mm
ng dng gip cho cng vic hng ngy ca ngi dng c t ng ho. V d chng
trnh x l vn bn, bng tnh, c s d liu v cc chng trnh ho ... l cc phn
mm ng dng in hnh.
Ti sao hng nm lun xut hin cc phin bn phn mm mi
Vic hng nm lun xut hin cc phin bn phn mm mi do nhiu l do khc nhau. L
do th nht phi k n pha nh sn xut lun cn hon thin sn phm ca mnh, sao cho
t li hn, mm do hn v mang nhiu c trng hn. L do th hai l do nhu cu ca con
ngi ngy cng cao. Ngi dng lun mong ch sn phm mi c nhiu chc nng v
tin ch hn. Cng c trng hp ngi dng cha s dng ht cc chc nng ca phin
bn c th phin bn mi ra i. Tuy nhin, theo xu th pht trin chung, vic ra i
phin bn mi ca phn mm l iu tt yu, chng no th trng cn chp nhn n.
Mun bit mnh ang s dng phn mm phin bn g, thng thng ngi dng c th
nhn vo thc n Help v nhn vo mc About.

3.2 PHN MM H
THNG H iu hnh ( Operating System)
H iu hnh l mt phn mm h thng c bit, c ti mt cch t ng khi my tnh
khi ng. H iu hnh cho php qun l mi hot ng ca phn mm h thng v ng
dng khc cng nh c phn cng my tnh.
Mt cch chi tit hn, H iu hnh gm hai nhim v chnh. Nhim v th nht l qun
l, iu khin mi thit b phn cng ca my tnh, nhim v th hai l cung cp mt mi
trng v giao din cho cc chng trnh h thng v ng dng, iu phi v qun l cc
chng trnh ny. Chnh v chc nng v nhim v nh vy m H iu hnh lun c
khi ng u tin sau khi my tnh c bt, v y l phn mm c bit, khng th
thiu trn bt k h thng my tnh no.
Cc phn mm H iu hnh
Thi k u, khi PC mi ra i, H iu hnh u tin dnh cho PC chnh l MS DOS
(Mcrosoft Disk Operating System). H iu hnh ny bao gm nhng chc nng rt c
bn v ngi dng cn phi hiu mt cht v my tnh th mi c th vn hnh c. Giao
din ca H iu hnh DOS khng thn thin lm vi ngi s dng bi H iu hnh ny
khng cung cp giao din ho tng tc m ch c th giao tip vi my tnh thng qua
cu lnh iu khin (V d, mun to mi mt th mc, ngi dng phi g vo du nhc
lnh dng ch MD Tn_th_mc_cn_to, cn chuyn vo trong th mc ny, ngi
dng phi g CD Tn_th_mc_cn_chuyn_vo ....)
Sau Microsoft gii thiu Windows v ngy nay H iu hnh ny c s dng rng
ri trong PC. C nhiu phin bn H iu hnh Windows khc nhau, phin bn u tin
ca Windows c gi l Windows 3.1. Phin bn ny mnh hn DOS v d s dng bi
n a nhim v c h tri giao din ngi s dng. Ngi dng c th s dng bn phm
nhp d liu v chut ra lnh, iu khin cc thc n... Cc phin bn v sau ny
 ca Windows gm Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows
XP, Windows 2003. Cc phin bn ca Microsoft Windows hu ht l trng ging nhau v
tt c u d s dng hn Windows 3.1 rt nhiu.
Ngoi H iu hnh Windows, cn rt nhiu H iu hnh khc. IBM cng a ra mt H
iu hnh c tn gi l OS/2 nhng H iu hnh ny khng c ph bin cho lm v ch
c s dng trong mt s t cc cng ty. Unix v Linux cng l cc H iu hnh c th
chy trn PC. Cc loi my tnh khc nh nhng my c sn xut bi Apple c H iu
hnh c th ring nh Unix, Linux, PS2...
Hnh minh ho l biu tng ca hai H iu hnh ni ting v thng dng hin nay, bn
tri l biu tng H iu hnh Windows XP ca Microsoft, bn phi l biu tng ca H
iu hnh m ngun m Linux.
Cc phn mm h thng khc
Khi bn lp t mt thit b no vo bo mch ch ca my tnh, thit b cha th vn
hnh c ngay. Mun vn hnh c, bn thng thy lun c cc a CD phn
mm i cng vi thit b. y chnh l cc chng trnh phn mm h thng gip cho thit
b c th c nhn din v lm vic tt vi H iu hnh v bn cn phi ci t phn
mm trong a CD ny th thit b mi c kh nng vn hnh c.
Bn thn bn trong H iu hnh cng c rt nhiu cc phn mm h thng khc nhau vi
cc tnh nng iu khin khc nhau. Tp hp cc phn mm h thng ny gip cho bn c
mt mi trng lm vic mnh m v hiu qu.

3.3 PHN MM
NG DNG
Phn mm ng dng l chng trnh c thc thi nhm gii quyt mt cng vic no
theo nhu cu ca ngi dng, sau khi H iu hnh c khi ng. V d: chng
trnh x l vn bn nhm gip bn c th vit th, to bo co..., bng tnh gip bn c th
tnh ton s liu, c s d liu gip bn t chc thng tin v cc chng trnh ho gip
cho bn c th xem nh, x l hnh nh.
Sau y l mt s phn mm ng dng tiu biu v thng dng vi mi ngi.
Chng trnh x l vn bn (Word processing)
Chng trnh x l vn bn (nh Microsoft Word) cho php bn c th to ra cc bc th
hoc cc vn bn mt cch d dng. Khng nhng cung cp chc nng cho php bn nhp
vo cc k t, chng trnh x l vn bn cn cho php ngi dng sa cha cc k t
nhp vo khng ng v c th in ra sau khi chnh sa hon tt
C rt nhiu chng trnh x l vn bn, tiu biu nh MS Word trong b ng dng tin
hc vn phng (Office) ca Microsoft, Lotus Word Pro ca hng Lotus v WordPerfect
ca hng Corel
Chng trnh bng tnh (Spreadsheet)
Chng trnh bng tnh (nh Microsoft Excel) cho php bn c th tnh ton thu nhp, chi
tiu ca mt cng ty v t tnh ton cn i. Chng tnh bng tnh cho php bn c th
xy dng d n v tng lai ca cng ty v d bo gi c thay i s nh hng n li
nhun ca cng ty nh th no cng nh rt nhiu cc chc nng tin ch khc nh to
biu , tham chiu gi tr
 Chng trnh c s d liu (Database)
Chng trnh c s d liu (nh Microsoft Access) cho php bn c th nhp thng tin,
lu tr thng tin v sau c th s dng cc thng tin theo cc nhu cu khc nhau. S
d c th lm c nh vy l v phn mm CSDL cho php lu tr thng tin theo cu
trc, gip cho vic truy xut thng tin d dng v khoa hc.
Chng trnh trnh din (Presentation)
Chng trnh trnh din (nh Microsoft PowerPoint) cho php bn to ra cc bn trnh din
sng ng v p mt, sau c th c s dng trnh chiu bng my chiu qua u
(overhead) hoc kt ni vi my chiu (projector) trnh din trc ng ngi.
Chng trnh duyt web (web browsing)
Cc ng dng duyt web, hay cn gi l trnh duyt web, cho php bn c th truy xut,
hin th v tng tc vi World Wide Web. Nh c trnh duyt web m Internet thc s tr
thnh mi trng hu ch v khng th thiu i vi mi ngi, ni m bn c th thng
qua trnh duyt web ca mnh c tin, gi tin v lm c rt nhiu vic khc.
3.4 GIAO DIN
NGI DNG
Giao din ngi dng ho l g?
HO
Giao din ngi dng ho (Graphic User Interface - GUI) l mt phn ca H iu
hnh, cho php hin th ca s, cc chc nng ko th cc thc n, v cho php ngi
dng iu khin my tnh bng chut. Xu hng ngy nay l hu ht cc H iu hnh u
c s dng giao din ho do tnh d dng v kh nng tng tc vi ngi dng cao.
V d v H iu hnh s dng giao din ngi dng ho l Windows, linux, OS/2
u im ca giao din ho
Giao din ngi dng ha khin cho hu ht cc chng trnh trng tng t nhau v
cch thc x l cc i tng cng kh ging nhau. Do vy, khi ngi dng chuyn t mt
chng trnh c cung cp bi mt nh sn xut ny ti mt chng trnh c cung cp
bi mt nh sn xut khc, ngi s thy vic chuyn i l kh d dng.
Giao din ngi dng ha cng cho php cc lp trnh vin d dng vit chng trnh
theo cc quy tc giao din nht qun.

3.5 PHT TRIN

H THNG
Pht trin h thng l g?
Pht trin h thng l mt thut ng c s dng m t cch thc mt phn mm mi
c c t, c lp trnh, c kim tra v sau c chuyn giao ti ngi dng.
Quy trnh pht trin h thng
Hu ht cc d n cng ngh thng tin u lm vic theo chu trnh.
Bc u tin l phn tch nhu cu ngi dng. Cng vic ny thng c thc hin
bi chuyn gia phn tch h thng, ngi s lm vic vi ngi dng tm hiu xem
chnh xc h mun h thng lm g.
Bc tip theo l bc ln k hoch v ch ra cc cng vic s c thc hin trn h
thng my tnh thc nh th no.
 Bc tip theo l lp trnh: Cc lp trnh vin s ly cc c t t phn phn tch h
thng v sau m ha thnh cc chng trnh my tnh.
K n l vn hnh th v kim tra, r sot li, b sung nh gi nhu cu.
Bc cui cng l gii thiu h thng mi v pht hnh s dng. Pha ngi dng s
bt u s dng h thng, nh gi v gi nhng ci tin mi v qu trnh c bt
u li t u.
C nhiu phng php lun xc nh quy trnh pht trin mt h thng v thng thng
bn s thy bn giai on di y.
Tng kt bi Trong bi hc ny bn hc cc ni dung:

Phn loi phn mm

Phn mm h iu hnh
Phn mm ng dng
Giao din ngi dng ha
Quy trnh pht trin h thng

Cu hi n tp

1. H iu hnh thuc nhm phn mm no? Linux c phi l phn mm ng dng

khng?
2. Giao din ngi dng ha l g? Trnh by cc u im ca giao din ngi dng
ha.
3. Chng trnh son tho vn bn Word thuc nhm phn mm no?
4. Pht trin h thng bao gm my bc, lit k tn v chc nng chnh ca cc bc
ny.
 Bi
4 MNG MY TNH

Tng quan v mng

my tnh
Mng cc b (LAN)
Internet

Mng my tnh ni chung v mng Internet ni ring tr nn kh quen

thuc i vi mi ngi. Bn s dng mng my tnh chia s ti
nguyn, chng hn chia s my in hoc d liu. Bn s dng Internet
gi th in t, duyt web, tn gu

Mc tiu Kt thc bi hc ny bn c th

Nm c cc khi min c bn v mng my tnh.

Bit cch phn loi mng my tnh.
Nm c lch s pht trin ca Internet v cc dch v n cung cp.
 Ni dung
Mng my tnh l mng gm nhiu my tnh v thit b mng kt ni vi nhau. Mng my
4.1 TNG QUAN V tnh n gin nht ch gm hai my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau bng cp hoc bng tia
MNG MY TNH hng ngoi. Mng my tnh phc tp c th gm hng ngn my tnh, v d h thng my
tnh ca cc ngn hng truyn d liu vi tc nh sng qua cc ng truyn d liu
cp quang.
L do c bn chng ta phi thit lp mng my tnh l:

- Dng chung ti nguyn mng nh my in, thit b lu tr, chng trnh ng

dng.
- Tng hiu qu, an ton, tin cy khi khai thc d liu lu tr trn my tnh.
- Mun xy dng mng my tnh cn chun b phn cng v phn mm cho
mng:
- Phn cng gm my tnh, card mng, dy cp, cc thit b kt ni nh Hub,
Switch Ty theo kiu kin trc mng m chng ta chn la phn cng cho
ng.
- Phn mm gm cc chng trnh ci t trn my tnh cc my tnh c th
nhn ra nhau v c th truyn d liu vi nhau.
Phn loi mng my tnh
C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh, chng hn phn loi theo khong cch a l;
phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch hoc phn loi theo kin trc mng.
Nu phn loi da theo khong cch a l, chng ta c cc loi mng my tnh sau:

- Mng cc b (LAN Local Area Network): l mng my tnh c ci t

trong mt phm vi tng i nh (v d mt ta nh hay mt khu trng hc).
- Mng th (MAN Metropolitan Area Network): l mng c ci t
4.2 MNG CC B
trong phm vi th hoc mt trung tm kinh t-x hi.
- Mng din rng (WAN Wide Area Network): kt ni cc LAN hoc
MAN. Mt WAN c th tri rng khp trn ton quc gia hay thm tr khp
ton th gii.
Mng cc b l mt mng d liu tc cao bao ph mt khu vc a l tng i nh.
N thng kt ni cc trm lm vic, my tnh c nhn, my in, my ch v mt s thit b
khc. Mng cc b cung cp cho ngi dng my tnh nhiu li ch, gm truy nhp chia s
ti cc thit b v ng dng, trao i tp v truyn thng gia cc ngi dng thng qua
th in t v cc ng dng khc.
mt mng cc b c th hot ng, cn c c cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm.

Thnh phn phn cng

Phn cng mng cc b gm cc ng truyn dn, card mng, trm cui v cc thit
b lin kt mng.

- Trm cui
 - Cc thit b c ni vi mng cc b c gi l trm cui. Cc thit b ny
bao gm my tnh c nhn, my trm, my ch, my in, .v.v. Cc trm cui
cn c cc chng trnh ng dng thc thi cc dch v nh th in t,
truyn tp .v.v. v mt chng trnh iu khin truyn thng truyn cc
thng tin cn thit khi cc ng dng c thc thi.
- ng truyn dn
l mt phng tin truyn dn dng kt ni cc trm cui trong mng cc
b. ng truyn dn thc hin vic truyn v gi d liu gia cc trm cui.

- Card mng
Card mng (NIC - Netwok Interface Card) cung cp giao din gia ng truyn
dn (cp mng) v trm cui.

- Cc thit b lin kt mng

Cc thit b lin kt mng nh b lp, HUB, b chuyn mch, b nh tuyn c
s dng kt ni cc on mng vi nhau.

Thnh phn phn mm

Ngoi cc thnh phn phn cng, mi my tnh c kt ni vo mng phi c ci t
mt h iu hnh mng (NOS - Network Operating System). Mt s h iu hnh mng
thng dng hin ny gm Windows NT, Windows 2000, Netware, UNIX. Ngoi ra, cn
cn c cc b giao thc truyn thng, chng hn TCP/IP, cho php cc my tnh trong
mng truyn thng tin vi nhau.

Cu trc lin kt mng cc b

Thut ng cu trc lin kt (hay cn gi l tp) mng my tnh ch s sp xp cc trm
cui c gn vo mng. Cc cu trc lin kt thng dng trong mng cc b l hnh sao
(star), ng trc (bus), v vng (ring).

SWITCH
(B i u k hin Trung tm)

a. Hnh sao (star) b. Xa l (bus)

Ring

c. Vng (ring)

Mng hnh sao bao gm mt b iu khin trung tm, mi trm cui c kt

ni vo b iu khin trung tm ny.
 - Mng dng BUS bao gm mt ng truyn d liu tc cao duy nht.
ng truyn ny c gi l BUS v c chia s bi nhiu nt. Bt c khi
no mun truyn d liu, trm truyn n nh a ch trm ch v truyn d
liu ln BUS.
- Mng c cu trc lin kt vng c hnh dng mt vng khp kn, cc nt c
ni vi vng ti cc im cch nhau mt khong no . Thng tin c
truyn trn vng theo mt hng nhm trnh xung t. Do mi nt c th ti
to v lp li tn hiu nn cu trc lin kt kiu ny ph hp vi cc mng c
phm vi rng hn so vi kin trc dng BUS.
Phng tin truyn dn
Phng tin truyn dn dng chuyn tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu
in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn. Tt c cc tn hiu c
truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t no , tri t cc tn s radio
ti sng vi ba v tia hng ngoi. Tu theo tn s ca sng in t m c th dng cc
phng tin truyn dn khc nhau truyn tn hiu.
Hin nay, trong mng cc b, c hai loi ng truyn hu tuyn (dng cp) v v tuyn
(khng dng cp) u c s dng.
ng truyn hu tuyn gm:
- Cp ng trc (coaxial cable)
4.3 INTERNET
- Cp xon i (Twisted-pair cable)
- Cp si quang
ng truyn v tuyn gm:
- Radio
- Sng vi ba
- Tia hng ngoi
Internet l lin mng my tnh ton cu. V phn cng bao gm cc mng LAN, WAN ca
c th gii kt ni vi nhau; v phn mm cn phi c cc my tnh nhn ra nhau v
truyn thng vi nhau l b giao thc TCP/IP. C th hiu TCP/IP l ngn ng chung cho
cc my tnh thuc Internet.

Lch s pht trin:

Mt s mc quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca Internet:

- Internet c hnh thnh t cui thp k 60 ca th k trc, t mt d n

nghin cu ca B quc phng M. Thng 7 nm 1968, C quan qun l d
n nghin cu cp cao ca B Quc phng M (ARPA - Advanced Research
Project Agency) ngh lin kt 4 a im: Vin Nghin cu Standford,
Trng i hc tng hp California LosAngeles, UC - Santa Barbara v
Trng i hc tng hp Utah. Bn im trn c ni thnh mng vo nm
1969 nh du s ra i ca Internet ngy nay. Mng ny c bit n
di ci tn ARPANET.
(Continued from page 28)

- Nm 1983, ARPANET s dng b giao thc TCP/IP. Sau , T chc Khoa

hc Quc gia ca M (NFS National Science Foundation) ti tr cho vic
xy dng NFSNET thay th cho ARPANET.
- Nm 1986, NFSNET lin kt 60 trng i hc M v 3 trng i hc chu
u. im khc bit ca NFSNET l cho n php mi ngi cng s dng.
- Nm 1989. ti Trung tm Nghin cu nguyn t chu u CERN, Tim Berners
trin khai thnh cng dch v World Wide Web (WWW).
- Nm 1990, th in t v web lm cho Internet tr thnh cng c lm vic
khng th thiu ca hng triu ngi trn th gii.
-
- Thng 12 nm 1997, Vit Nam chnh thc tham gia Internet.
Cc dch v Internet:
Internet tr thnh phng tin khng th thiu trong x hi hin i do tnh hiu qu cao
ca cc dch v sau y:

- Trang thng tin ton cu (World Wide Web): Cung cp h thng ti liu siu
vn bn c t trn cc my ch v cho php ngi dng truy nhp thng
qua Internet.
- Th in t (Email): Cho php ngi dng gi v nhn th in t qua mng
Internet.
- Truyn tp tin (FTP File Transfer Protocol): H tr truyn d liu dung
lng ln t ni ny n ni khc qua mng Internet.
- ng nhp t xa (Telnet): Cho php ngi dng ng nhp t xa vo h
thng.
- Tn gu (chat): Cho php ngi dng tho lun trc tuyn qua mng Internet.
Tng kt bi Trong bi hc ny, bn hc cc ni dung:
Tng quan v mng my tnh
Mng cc b (LAN)
Internet

Cu hi n tp

1. Nu phn loi mng my tnh theo khong cch a l, ta c my loi mng my tnh?
2. Nhng cu trc lin kt no thng c s dng cho mng cc b? Hy trnh by
c im ca cc cu trc lin kt .
3. B giao thc truyn thng no c s dng trn Internet?
4. Hy k tn cc dch v Internet bn s dng?
5. Vit Nam chnh thc ra nhp Internet vo nm no?