8

8.1 ,

, -
-
.
() -
.
-
. -
, , .
. .
-
.

, .
,
, ,
, :
) ,
;
) .

, -

173
 -
, .

.

. ,
-
. . -
. -
. -
-
n 4, .

. , -
,
-
.
-
. 7.4(. 118).
. F(1) = {0,1,2,5,8,9} -
( -
). . 8.1 -
f = x1 x2 x4 x1 x3 x4 x2 x3 -
f = x1 ( x2 x4 x3 x4) x2 x3 .

x1 V V x2 V
x2 x4 V f x4 V V
V x1
x1 V V x3 V
x3 x4
x4 V f
x2 V x2 V
x3 x3
8.1 NE , I ILI

174
8.2

.
n- x1/x2 / ... /xn n- -
x1x2 ... xn. 8.1.

8.1 n-
x1 x2 ... xn-1 xn x1 / x2 / ... / xn-1 / xn x1 x2 xn-1 xn
0 0 ... 0 0 1 1
0 0 ... 0 1 1 0
0 0 ... 1 0 1 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 1 ... 1 0 1 0
1 1 ... 1 1 0 0

n- -
. :

x / x / ... / x = x ; x x ... x = x ;
x / x / ... / x / x / ... / x = 1 ; x x ... x x ... x = 0 ;
x1/ ... / xk / 1 / ... / 1 = x1 / ... / xk ; x1 x2 ... xk 1 ... 1 = 0 ;
x1/ ... / xk / 0 / ... / 0 = 1 ; x1 x2 ... xk 0 ... 0 = x1 x2 ... xk

x1 / x2 / ... / xn = x 1 x2 ... x n ; x1 x2 .... xn = x 1 x2 ... x n

-
, . -
:
1)
.
.

:

(x1 / x2) / ( x1 / x2) = x2 ; (x1 x2) ( x1 x2) = x2 ;

175
 x1 / ( x1 / x2) = x1 x1 / (x1 / x2) = x1 ;

x1 ( x1 x2) = x1 x1 (x1 x2) = x1.

2) -

.
-
. -
-
. -
,
. -
,
.

.
. 7.6 (. 121) -
: f1min = x3 x4 x1 x2 x4 x1 x3 x4 , -
7.8 (. 131) : f2min =
(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 x4 ) .

f1min = x3 x4 x1 x2 x4 x1 x3 x4 = (x3 / x4) / (x1 / x2 / x4 ) / ( x1 / x3 / x4 ) ,

f2min = ( x1 x3 ) ( x2 x3 x4 = (x1 x3 ) (x2 x3 x4 ) .

8.2 f1
8.2 f2 .

, .


.
:

176
 x3 x1
x4 /
x3
x1
x2 f2
/ / f1 x2
x4 x3
x1 x4
x3 / ) )
x4
8.2 NI NILI

x/x = x ;

x1 / x2 / x3 = x1 x2 x3 = ( x1 x2 ) x3 = x1 / x2 x3 = [( x1 / x2 ) /( x1 / x2 )] / x3 ;

x1/x2 /x3 /x4 = ( x1 x2 )( x3 x4 ) = ( x1 / x2 ) ( x3 x4 ) = [(x1/x2)(x1/x2)] / [(x3/x4)(x3/x4)] .

8.3
.
.

x x x1
/ /
x2 /
x1
x2 / x3 / f4
/ / f3 x4 /
x3 /
f3 = x1 / x2 / x3 = x1 x2 x3 f4 = x1 / x2 / x3 / x4 = x1 x2 x3 x4
8.3 NI NI

xx= x;

x1x2x3 = x1 x2 x3 = ( x1 x2 ) x3 = x1 o x2 x3 = [(x1 x2) (x1 x2)] x3 ;

x1x2x3x4 = x1 x2 x3 x4 = ( x1 x2 ) ( x3 x4 ) = ( x1 o x2 ) ( x3 o x4 )

= [(x1 x2) (x1 x2)] [(x3 x4) (x3 x4)].

8.4 -
. -
.

177
 x x1
x
x2
x1 f4
x2 x3
x3 f3 x4
f3 = x1 x2 x3 = x1 x2 x3 f4 = x1 x2 x3 x4 = x1 x2 x3 x4
8.4 NILI NILI

8.3

, -
1, , ,
, . , -

. -
, . -
x = x 1 . -
. -
, .
.
Fs(1) = {1,2,4,7} Fp(1) = {3,5,6,7}.

fs(x1,x2,x3) = x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1x2x3 = (x11) (x21)x3

(x11)x2(x31) x1(x21)(x31) x1x2x3 = x1 x2 x3 ,

fp(x1,x2,x3) = x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1x2 x3 x1x2x3= x1x2 x1x3 x2x3 .

8.5 -
.

.

, -
- .

178
 x1 V
x2
x1
x2 x1 V fp
fs x3
x3
x2 V
x3
8.5

.
F(1) = {0,3,5,6,11,12,13,14.
8.6 -
.

x1 x2
x3 V
00 01 11 10 x4
00 1 1
x2 f
01 1 1
x3 x4 x1
11 1 1 x3
V
10 1 1 x4
f = x2 x3 x4 x1x3x4

8.6

8.4 NPN

. , n -
.
(), -
, -
. -
:
1) N - -
,

179
 2) NP -
,
3) NPN -
.
-
:

("") .
-
. 8.7
.
8.2 -
. n -
n.

x1
x1 x1
xi1
x2

x2 x2 xi2
NPN f(x1 ,...,xn )
. . . . . .
xn

xn xn xin

8.7 NPN

8.2 N, NP NPN
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
4 16 256 65536 4.3x109 1.8x1019

n 2 10 218 64594 4.3x109 1.8x1019
7
N 4 12 80 3984 3.7x10 --------
6
NP 3 6 22 402 1.2x10 4.0x1014
NPN 2 4 14 222 6.1x105 2.0x1014

180
8.5

f(x1,x2,...,xn) ()

f(X) = g[h(Y),Z], Y Z = X,

: X = {x1,x2,...,xn}, Y = {y1,y2,...,ym}, Z = {z1,z2,...,zk} .

g h , -
f -

. 8.8
.
() -
( -
). Y Z = , . X Z
, -
.
:
1. f(x1,x2,...,xn)

.
2. f(x1,x2,...,xn) -
:
1) 0,
2) 1,
3) h,
4) h .
,
, .

181
 y1
y2 z1 f(x1 ,...,xn ) = g[ h(y1,...,ym ),z1 ,...,zk ]
Y ... h Z ... g
ym zk f(X) = g[h(Y),Z] , Y Z=X

8.8

s r , s,r 2, -
Y -
Z. -
.
s = 1 r = 1 , -
, -
.
-
0, 1, h h ,
.
.
-
X Y Z. -
:

1) {x1,x2} {x3,x4},
2) {x1,x3} {x2,x4},
3) {x1,x4} {x2,x3}.

g h -
.
-
.
. 8.9 -
, h 1
F(1) = {4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14},
F(*) = {1, 6, 11, 15}.
-
. :

182
 x1 x2
00 01 11 10 x1
00 1 1 x3 h = x3 x4 V
x4 V
01 * 1 1 x2 V f
x3x4 V
11 h
* *
10 * 1 1

h(x3 ,x4 ) = x3 x4 x3 x4 x3 x4 = x3 x4
f(x1,x2,h) = x1 x2h x1 x2 1 x1x2 h = x2h x1 h

8.9

1) ( 8.10), :

f(X) = hm[h1(X1), h2(X2), ..., hm-1(Xm-1), Xm] ;

X1 ... h1
...
f(X)
...... hm
Xm ...
Xm-1 ... h
m-1
f(X) = hm [h1 (X 1), h 2(X 2),...,h m-1(X m-1), X m]

8.10

2) ( 8.11), :

f(X) = hm [ Xm, hm-1(Xm-1, hm-2(..., h2(X2, h1(x1))...)) ] .

...
h1 h2 hm-1 hm f(X)
X1 ... X2 ... Xm-1 ... Xm ...

f(X) = hm [ Xm , hm-1 (Xm-1 , hm-2 (...,h2 (X2 , h1 (X1 ))...))]

8.11

183

Xi , X :
Xi X = , i, j = 1, 2, ..., m, i j .

.
.

-
, . 8.12.
-
. .
,
, . -
, . -

.

a8
a4
a9 a2
a5 f
a1

a6 a3
a10

a7
a11

8.12

8.6

-
-
.

184
 -
.
.

( )
n (n 1), 2n .
2n -
. -
. -
:

y = x1 x2 ... xn 1 xn I0 x1 x2 ... x n 1 xn I1 ... x1x2 ... xn-1xn I2 n 1 ,

x1,...,xn , I0, I1, ... , I2 n 1 y -

.
1, 2, 3 4
21, 41, 81 161, -
. 8.13 21 41 -
.

I0 00
I0 0 y = x1 I0 x1 I1 I1 01 y = x1x2 I0 x 1 x2 I1 x1x 2 I2 x 1x 2 I 3
I1 1 I2 10
I3 11
x1
x1 x2
8.13 2x1 4x1

, , ,
. . 8.14
21.

185
 I0 v I0 /
x1 x1 /
v u / u
/
v
I1 I1

8.14 2x1

-
I, n x1,...,xn 2n Dj , j = 0,1,...,2n-1. -

.
.
8.15 -
.

D0 = x1x2 ...xn-1 xn I D0
D1
D1 = x1x2 ...xn-1 xn I I DMPX ... ....
..... D2n-1
D2n-1 = x1 x2 ...xn-1 xn I ...
x1 Xn
8.15

(ULM)

n -
()
n -n. r -n
n, -
n .
:
1) 0 1 ,
2) ,

186
 3) ,
4) .
8.16 n
-n .

0 0
u1
1 1
x1
x1 x1 u2 ULM-n
f(x1,...,xn )
. . . . . .

xn
xn xn ur

8.16
ULM-n

-
n. n=2
r=3, n=3 r=5. n=2 -
-2 .
-n -
n . -
.

n x1,...,xn 2n D0, D1, ...,

n
D2 n 1 2 :

D0 = x1 x2 ... x n 1 xn ,

D1 = x1 x2 ... x n 1 xn ,

.......
D2 n 1 = x1x2...xn-1xn.

187
 -
Dj, j = 0,1,...,2n-1, 1. -
D -
n . -
D j ,
( ).

E
. -
( -
).
8.17 .

E E
X1 D0 x1 D0
x2 D1 x2 D1
...
DEC ..... ... DEC .....
xn D2n-1 xn D2n-1

8.17

-
( ) -
. (. Programmed Logic
Devices) .
:

(. Programmed Logic Arrays),
( ) (. Read-Only Memories),
-
(. Programmed Gate Arrays).

, . -
.
()

188
 , .
-
, .

8.7

-
. -
.

; f(x1,x2,...,xn)
( ) -
, . x1, :

f(x1,x2,...,xn) = x1 f(0,x2,...,xn) x1f(1, x2, ..., xn).

21

8.18. f(0,x2,...,xn) f(1,x2,...,xn), -
, -
x2 8.18.
n-1 -
, ,
0,1 xn xn .
n .
-
, . -
.
,
. -

189
 . -
. -2
-
-2 .
, -2 .

f(0,0,x3 ,...,xn ) 0
f(0,1,x3 ,...,xn ) 1 f(0,x2 ,...,xn )
F(0,x2 ,...,xn ) 0 0 f
f x2
F(1,x2 ,...,xn ) 1
1 f(1,x2 ,...,xn )
f(1,0,x3 ,...,xn ) 0
) x1 x1
f(1,1,x3 ,...,xn ) 1
)
x2
8.18 2x1

-
41,
81, . ,
21.

i1, i2,...,im
f(x1,x2,...,xn) 1 j1, j2, ..., jk
0. f(x1,x2,...,xn) -
:

f(x1,x2,...,xn) = pi1 pi2 pim,

f(x1,x2,...,xn) = q j1 q j 2 ... q jk ,

f(x1,x2,...,xn) = q j1q j 2 ...q jk ,

f(x1,x2,...,xn) = pi1 pi 2 ...pim ,

190
 pi1, pi2, , pim
f 1 qj1, qj2, , qjk
f 0. -
-
.
Di Dj
Di D j
n -
:
pi1, pi2, , pim, Di -
,
qj1, qj2, , qjk, Dj
,

q j1 , q j 2 , ...,q jk , D j -
,
pi1 , pi 2 ,..., pim , Di -
.
. fs fp .139 -
8.19.

x1 x1
x2 DEC v fs x2 DEC / fp
x3 x3

8.19

8.8

,
-
. .

191


. :
(. HA - Half Adder) -
(. FA - Full Adder).
-
i- () ,
. -
-
i- -
. -
8.3.

8.3
ai bi pi si ai bi pi-1 pi si
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

8.20 -
.

ai si ai si
HA bi FA
bi pi ci pi

8.20

-
, :

192
 )
) .
-
n- n ,
, . 8.21.
. -
n-
.
-
8.21.

ai bn-1 an-1 b1 a1 b0 a0 0
si
bi FA
bi-1 pi ...
FA FA FA

ME ...
pn-1 sn-1 pn-2 p1 s1 p0 s0
8.21

. -

8.4. . "" i+1, .
.

. -
= n-1n-2...10
L = n-2n-3...10IL. -
R = IRn-1n-2...10. IL IR -
, IL, IR {0,1,n-1,g} g
.

193
 8.4
ai bi ei+1 si ai bi ei ei+1 si
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

IL=0 , IR =0
. IR = An-1
, .
IL = n-1 IR=0
.
n ()

. 8.22
8.22. SL ,
SR , TR . .

Ai-1 v Ai-1 Ai Ai +1
SL
Ai
v Ap SR
v
TR SL
TR
Ai+1 v
SR Ap
8.22

(. increment), . ,
(. decrement), .
.
= n-1n-2...10 . S = A+1 -
S = A-1 i- 8.5.

194
 pi i-, pi+1 i-
, ei "" i-
, ei+1 "" i- . -

-
. -
.

8.5 i-
ai pi si pi ai ei ei+1 si
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

A B
: , . Gi, Ei Li
= n-1n-2...10 ,
B = Bn-1Bn-2...B1B0, .

:

Gi+1 = Ai Bi Gi (AiBi Ai Bi ),

Ei+1 = Ei (AiBi Ai Bi ),

Li+1 = Ai Bi Li (AiBi Ai Bi ).

-
, .

195

c , .
9-c. BCD -
, . BCD 8421.
BCD 10 16
, -
, .

8.9

, -
,
. .

n m
-
. BCD -
, , .
ASCII EBCDIC .

-
.
.
. -
. -

196

.

. 1
, . -
, 1
,
. , -
.

-
m.
a (mod m) a
m. .

-
, -
.

.

197