16th international conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control STA'2015-PID3814-REC

& computer engineering - STA'2015, Monastir, Tunisia, December 21-23, 2015

Grid Stability Study After The Integration

of a Wind Farm
WALID OULED AMOR HASSEN BEN AMAR MOEZ GHARIANI
Electric Vehicle and Power Electric Vehicle and Power Electric Vehicle and Power
Electronics Group Electronics Group Electronics Group
Laboratory of Electronics and Laboratory of Electronics and Laboratory of Electronics and
Information Technology Information Technology Information Technology
National School of Engineers of Sfax National School of Engineers of Sfax National School of Engineers of Sfax
University of Sfax University of Sfax University of Sfax
B.P. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia B.P. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia B.P. 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
oa.walid@gmail.com hassen.ba33@gmail.com moez.ghariani@isecs.rnu.tn

AbstractAlthough the integration of wind farms into power purpose analyzing the linear model is to design the parameters
grids is beneficial, it generally disturbs the quality and stability of of the AVR and TG regulators of our system. The simulation
power supply. In order to overcome the problems caused by results are discussed and interpreted in the third part.
electromechanical oscillation, additional stabilizing signals are
used. Automatic voltage regulators act on the exciters to reach II. STABILITY STUDY BEFORE THE WIND FARM
the desired voltage, and turbine governors act on the admission INTEGRATION
servo-motor to rectify the speed of the generator. Nonetheless,
the interaction between the power system components and these A. Grid design
devices requires optimization. The various results of simulations
The electric power conversion systems are mainly based on
realized in the PSAT environment show the performance of the
regulators integrated into the synchronous generators.
controllable primary sources such as fossil fuel, thermonuclear
and hydro-electric power stations. Our study is based on a
Keywordsgrid; wind farm; stability; PSAT; automatic voltage stable power grid presented in Fig. 1. It includes 9 buses,
regulator (AVR); turbine governor (TG); synchronous generator connects three power stations and supplies electricity to
consumers divided into three loads.
I. INTRODUCTION The studied system is modeled by the PSAT software
The huge increase in the electric power demand is usually developed under Matlab/Simulink for the analysis of grids.
faced by economic constraints which lead to the exploitation of Indeed, this tool is widely used by researchers who work on the
the grids up to their stability limits. Renewable energy sources, grids thanks to its performance and precision in spite of the
notably wind farms have witnessed a large progress in terms of availability of other software [1, 5].
extraction and exploitation during the last years. Meanwhile,
the integration of a wind farm in the grid disturbs the quality of
the produced energy and its stability as well [1, 2]. According
to the level of disturbance, we can classify the stability of
power grids into three categories: dynamic, static and transient.
To study the transient stability of a multi-source power grid, we
need a representative model for the nonlinear system. Indeed,
angular stability, voltage stability and frequency stability must
be revised; which means that stability is always a current
problem which should be dealt with. One of the methods used
to improve the capacity of an electric system to resist great
incidents is to integrate it into the synchronous generator of the
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), Turbine Governor (TG)
and Power System Stabilizer (PSS) [3, 4].
The concern of this work is to carry out a stability study in Fig. 1. Configuration of the studied power system.
case of disturbance due to the integration of a wind farm into
the grid. This paper evolves through three parts: The first part B. Simulation results and interpretation
presents a general description of the system to be studied. The Electric power generators are mainly based on
second is focused on the modeling of the grid and the synchronous machines; thus synchronism is a key feature of
components which ensure the transfer of energy. Indeed, the such stations. During synchronism, the rotors of each

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synchronous machine turn at the same electric speed and the
angles between the magnetic fields, rotor and stator, remain
constant. Under balanced nominal operation, the electric
power provided by the generator to the loads is equal,
regardless the losses, to the mechanical power provided by the
turbine. Fig. 2 presents the curve of the load angle of the
synchronous generators. According to the obtained results, the
curves converge towards its limit of stability.

Fig. 5. Distribution of the poles on the complex plan.

III. STABILITY STUDY AFTER THE INTEGRATION OF A WIND

Fig. 2. Load angle curve of the generator.
Fig. 3 presents the frequency curve at the level of the three
synchronous generators. According to the obtained results, the
curves converge towards its limit of stability. Indeed,
maintaining the frequency is related to total balance between
the produced and consumed active powers.
FARM
Considering the importance of development of renewable
energies, a variable speed wind farm based on a double fed
induction generator (DFIG) was integrated into the third node.
Fig. 6 shows oscillations on the curve of the load angle of
the synchronous generators after the integration of the wind
farm. Indeed, the electric power supplied by the generators
varies quickly, while the mechanical variation of power
provided to the generator is relatively slow. Consequently, this
imbalance of power includes a variation of the torques
operating the rotor. This involves an acceleration or
deceleration of the rotor according to the imbalance
orientation, or even a sliding of the synchronism field
involving a loss of synchronism of the generator with the
remainder of the system.

Fig. 3. Frequency curve of generator.

Fig. 4 presents the voltage curve of the synchronous

generators. According to the obtained results, the curves
converge towards its stability limit. Indeed, the voltage stability
thus depends on the capacity to maintain/restore balance
between the load demand and the power supply.
Fig. 6. Load angle curve of the generator.
Fig. 7 presents the frequency curve of the synchronous
generators, small oscillations occur with the integration of the
wind farm, which causes an imbalance between the powers
produced and consumed.

Fig. 4. Voltage curve of the synchronous generators.

Fig. 5 presents the distribution of the poles on the complex

plan of our system. It does not present any Eigen value at a
positive real part, which confirms the stability of our system. Fig. 7. Frequency curve of the generator.

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 Fig. 8 shows small oscillations on the voltage curve of the
synchronous generators. Indeed, with the integration of the
wind farm, certain loads tend to restore the power
consumption before disturbance. The available maximum
power depends not only on the characteristics of the grid but
also those of the generators (possibility of maintaining the
voltage thanks to a sufficient reserve of reactive power).
Consequently, if the power that the loads tend to restore
becomes higher than the maximum transferrable power, the
restoration mechanism of the loads forces the high voltage
grid by increasing the consumed reactive power and thus
gradually lowering the power of the grid.
Fig. 8. Voltage curve of the synchronous generators.
Fig. 9 presents the distribution of the poles of our system
on the complex plan. It is noticed that our system contains
only one eigenvalue with positive real parts located at the third
node. This confirms the instability of the grid after the
integration of the wind farm. The stability study of the grid
investigates the performance of the regulators to restore the
stability of the system.
Fig. 9. Distribution of the poles on the complex plan.
IV. CHOICE OF THE REGULATION SYSTEMS
A. Integration of AVR regulator
x Modeling of AVR regulator
The AVR is aimed at improving stability in continuous
operation. It acts on the excitation current of the alternator to
regulate the magnetic flux in the generator and set back the
output voltage to the desired values. A very significant
characteristic of a voltage regulator is its capacity to vary
rapidly the excitation power. It is composed of [6, 7, 8]:
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Amplified model
The excitation system amplifier may be a magnetic
amplifier, rotating amplifier or modern electronic amplifier. It
is modeled by a simple first order transfer function given by:
V (s) K
=
V (s) 1 + . s
Exciter model
There is a variety of different excitation models. The output
voltage of the exciter is a nonlinear function of the field voltage
because of the saturation effects in the magnetic circuit. A
reasonable model of a modern exciter is a linearized model. In
the simplest form, the transfer function of a modern exciter
may be presented by the following expression:
V (s) K
=
V (s) 1 + . s
Generator model
The synchronous machine is the principal source of electric
power in the power systems. In the linearized model, the
transfer function relating the generator terminal voltage to its
field voltage can be represented by a gain KG and a time
constant G and the transfer function is:
V (s) K
=
V (s) 1 + . s
Sensor model
The voltage is sensed through a potential transformer and in
one form it is rectified through a bridge rectifier. The sensor is
modeled by a simple first order transfer function given by:
V (s) K
=
V (s) 1 + . s
Fig. 10 illustrates the block diagram model of the AVR
regulator:
Fig. 10. AVR block diagram.
x Adjustment of the regulation parameters
To restore the stability of the grid after the integration of
the wind farm, we initially apply the AVR to all the generators
of our system since the voltage has undergone small
disturbances. The role of the AVR of the synchronous
generator, presented by Fig. 11, is to provide a stable power
supply with a high output and a good dynamic response.
 Fig. 13. Frequency curve of the generator.

Fig. 11. A real model of AVR system.

Several researches focused on determining the AVR

regulator parameters. We determine the open loop transfer
function by the following expression:
K .K .K .K
K. G(s). H(s) =
(1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s)
We determine the closed loop transfer function by the
following expression: Fig. 14. Voltage curve of the synchronous generators.
V (s) K . K . K . K . (1 + s)
= Fig. 15 presents the distribution of the poles of our system
V (s) (1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s) + K . K . K . K
on the complex plan. It is noticed that our system comprises
Based on the Routh method, we determine the parameters of only one eigenvalue with real positive parts at the third node;
our regulator [9]: which confirms the instability of the grid in spite of the
The characteristic equation is given by: integration of the AVR regulator. Indeed, the couple added by
the AVR voltage regulators is not sufficient to act on the
K .K .K .K oscillations in the grid. So, the integration of a TG regulator is
1 + K. G(s). H(s) = 1 + =0
(1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s) deemed essential to restore the stability of our system.
(1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s). (1 + s) + K . K . K . K = 0
x Simulation results and interpretation
Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 present oscillations of the load angle
curves and the synchronous generators frequency. Indeed, the
voltage regulator acts on the excitation current of the alternator
to regulate the magnetic flux of the machine and bring its
output voltage back to the desired values. Consequently, Fig.
14 shows the improvement of the power curve of the
synchronous generators.

Fig. 15. Distribution of the poles on the complex plan.

Fig. 12. Load angle curve of the generator.
B. Integration of TG regulator
x Modeling of TG regulator
The frequency regulator operates on the servo-motor to
open or close the control valves in order to rectify the speed of
the generator. Indeed, the turbine maintains the synchronized
generators rotor speed with the frequency of the power system
[10, 11].

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 Block diagrams of turbine and governor models for Model
1 are depicted in Fig. 16.

Fig. 18. Load angle curve of the generator.

Fig. 16. TG modeling. Fig. 19 presents the frequency at the synchronous

x Adjustment of the regulation parameters
To restore the stability of the grid after the integration of
a wind farm, we initially apply the AVR to all the generators.
Even though, our system remains unstable. So, we apply a TG
regulator to the third generator presented by Fig. 17. This
regulator operates the servo-motor to open or close the control
valves in order to rectify the speed of the generator [12].
generators. Indeed, the frequency stability of a power system is
defined by the capacity of the system to maintain its frequency
close to the nominal value following the integration of the wind
farm. The response of the system implies the effectiveness of
the regulators applied to it. Then, we notice that the curves
converge towards its limit of stability.

Fig. 19. Frequency curve of the generator.

Fig. 20 presents the voltage of the synchronous generators.

Indeed, power stability refers to the capacity of a power system
to maintain power values acceptable to all the nodes of the
system after the integration of the wind farm. It thus depends
on the capacity to maintain balance between the demand of the
load and the power transfer of to it. The response of the system
Fig. 17. Configuration of the turbine governor. implies the effectiveness of the regulators applied to the
system. So, we notice that the curves converge towards its limit
x Simulation results and interpretation of stability.
The application of a TG regulator is vital to maintain
the stability of the system. It operates the servo-motor in order
to rectify the speed of the generator.
Fig. 18 displays the curve of the load angle of the three
synchronous generators. Indeed, angular stability illustrates the
capacity of the power system to maintain synchronism after
having undergone a disturbance following the integration of the
wind farm. The response of the system implies the
effectiveness of the regulators applied to our system. It depends
on the non-linear relation couple angles. Thus, we notice that
the curves converge towards its stability limit. Fig. 20. Voltage curve of the synchronous generators.

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 Fig. 21 presents the distribution of the poles of our system [7] J. Faiz, Gh.Shahgholian, M.Arezoomand, Analysis and
on the complex level. It does not present any eigenvalue at Simulation of the AVR System and Parameters Variation Effects,
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V. CONCLUSION (AVR) system, International Journal on Technical and Physical
In this article, we presented a stability study of a grid Problems of Engineering
undergoing a disturbance due to the integration of a wind
farm. The use of AVR regulators acting on the excitation
system is not sufficient; therefore we needed to integrate the
TG regulators capable to maintain a better dynamic
performance and to guarantee the stability of the studied
system. The simulation results obtained under the PSAT
environment illustrate the importance of this type of regulators
to maintain the stability of the grid on the one hand and to
improve the quality of energy supplied to the users on the
other hand.
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