2015 Heat Lecture 09

Heat Lecture 9 CM3110 12/7/2015
CM3110
Transport I
Part II: Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer with Phase

Change
Evaporators and Condensers
ProfessorFaithMorrison
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering
MichiganTechnologicalUniversity
1
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Heat Transfer with Phase Change
So far we have discussed heat transfer at a boundary due to

a temperature difference between bulk temperatures
qx
h Tb Tw 1. forced convection
laminar
A
turbulent
Newtons law of 2. natural convection
cooling
2
1
Heat Transfer with Phase Change
So far we have discussed heat transfer at a boundary due to

a temperature difference between bulk temperatures
qx
h Tb Tw 1. forced convection
laminar
A
turbulent
Newtons law of 2. natural convection
cooling 3. phase change
When a phase change takes place, the temperature on one

side is CONSTANT, but the presence of boiling/condensing
fluids produces heat transfer.
Important in evaporation, distillation
LARGE h
Its important to know in which regime you operate
Each regime has different correlations
3
resistance to heat transfer

Boiling
Tsat
At low DT, few bubbles

T Tsat form, and heat transfer
is by natural
convection.
heat As DT increases, more
liquid phase bubbles form,
increasing convection
(flow) in the liquid
phase, increasing h.
vapor phase
4
2
resistance to heat transfer
Tsat Film Boiling
T Tsat As increases further,

a film appears and
grows, increasing
resistance to heat
transfer
liquid phase
heat
vapor phase
5
transition boiling
nucleate boiling
Regimes of Heat
Transfer during
convection
film boiling
Boiling
radiation
natural
becomes
important
There are
correlations T 0.25
for h for each
regime.
Geankoplis 4th ed, p284
6
3
Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

Transfer during
Boiling
For example: Equations

Nucleate boiling, horizontal surfaces good for
these units:
16
1043 T
5.56 T 16 240

7

Transfer during
Boiling

Nucleate boiling, vertical surfaces good for
these units:
3
537 T
7.95 T 3 63

8
4

Transfer during
Boiling

Nucleate boiling, forced convection inside tubes good for
these units:

2.55

9

Transfer during
Boiling
For example:
Film boiling, horizontal tubes
0.4 ,
0.62

Equations good for these units:

/
,
2

(All material properties at
the film temperature)
10
5
Condensation
heat At low , few droplets

T Tsat form,
Tsat As increases, more
droplets form,
vapor phase increasing convection
(flow).
Vertical plates;
horizontal tubes
important
condensed phase
11
Dropwise Condensation high h

hard to maintain
not used in practice
heat
T Tsat
Tsat
vapor phase
condensed phase
There are correlations for h for each regime. 12

6
Film Condensation film reduces h

very stable
often used
heat
T Tsat Tsat
vapor phase
heat
condensed phase
There are correlations for h for each regime. 13


Transfer during
Condensation Geankoplis 4th ed, p289
For example:
Film condensation, vertical surfaces, laminar flow
Re
4
1800
1.13


/
,
2

(All material properties
at the film temperature)
14
7

Transfer during
For example:
Film condensation, vertical surfaces, turbulent flow
L . Re
4
1800
0.0077 Re
2
15

Transfer during
For example:
Film condensation, outside horizontal cylinders, laminar flow
Re
4
1800
0.725


/
,
2

16
8
Evaporators
Issues:
hot fluid boiling viscosity, m
(steam) liquor scale formation
liquor velocity
heat time in evaporator
Tsat, steam hs
large heat-transfer
hl resistance on liquor-
side
negligible heat-transfer Tsat,liquor
resistance due to wall
17
steam in tubes liquor in tubes

liquor on outside steam steam on steam
inexpensive, but outside
poor liquid liquid circulates
circulation by natural
good for non- convection
depositing, low
fluids
downcomer
steam
hydrostatic
head in
tubes
horizontal-tube vertical-tube prevents
evaporator evaporator boiling in
tubes
18
Geankoplis, p492
9
liquor in tubes liquor in tubes

steam on outside steam on outside
liquid circulates by liquid circulates by forced
natural convection convection
single pass good for high fluids
high liquid velocities
steam
condensate
long-tube vertical forced-circulation

evaporator evaporator
19
Geankoplis, p492
Long-tube vertical
evaporators
boiling, 2-phase zone
Decreasing
Increasing
non-boiling zone
g
For discussion of how to

estimate , see Geankoplis 4th
edition, p533
20
10
Greater efficiency may be obtained by

operating several evaporators in series:
Multiple-Effect Evaporation
T1 T2 T3
Tf P3
P1 P2
Ts
21
Norbert Rillieux: Inventor of Multiple-Effect Evaporation
11
Single-Effect Evaporators
Tb
vapor
Tf Tb
feed
steam steam
Ts Tb condensate
concentrated liquor
Tb
23
Multiple-Effect Evaporators
P1 P2 P3
For each effect the vapor product becomes the
source of heat for the subsequent effect T1 T2 T3
T1 T2 T3
Tf P3
P1 P2
Ts
pressure, temperature decrease
24
(made white sugar possible)
12
Compare Single- and Multiple-Effect Evaporators

T3
Q UATs T3
Tf T3
Ts
T3 T3
T1 T2
q1 UATs T1
Tf P3
P1 P2
Ts q2 UAT1 T2
q3 UAT2 T3
Q qi UATs T3
same capacity = same amount of heat transferred

(but we did not have to pay for it all = more efficient)
25
(used in sugar production, for example) Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Summary
Boiling/Evaporation
Industrially we operate either in nucleate boiling or film boiling regimes
There are different correlations for each regime and for different
geometries
Nucleate boiling, horizontal surfaces
Nucleate boiling, vertical surfaces
Nucleate boiling, forced convection
Film boiling, horizontal tube
Condensation
Industrially we operate in film condensation
There are different correlations for different geometries
Vertical surfaces, laminar or turbulent
Outside stack of horizontal cylinders
Evaporators designed with the boiling regimes in mind
26
13
Next:
Heat transfer with phase change
Evaporators
Radiation
DONE
27
14

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Heat Lecture 9 CM3110 12/7/2015

Heat Transfer with Phase

Heat Transfer with Phase Change

So far we have discussed heat transfer at a boundary due to

Heat Transfer with Phase Change

So far we have discussed heat transfer at a boundary due to

When a phase change takes place, the temperature on one

resistance to heat transfer

At low DT, few bubbles

resistance to heat transfer

Tsat Film Boiling

T Tsat As increases further,

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

For example: Equations

Geankoplis 4th ed, p284

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

For example: Equations

Geankoplis 4th ed, p285

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

For example: Equations

Geankoplis 4th ed, p285

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

heat At low , few droplets

Dropwise Condensation high h

There are correlations for h for each regime. 12

Film Condensation film reduces h

There are correlations for h for each regime. 13

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

Equations good for these units:

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

Equations good for these units:

Regimes of Heat There are correlations for h for each regime.

Equations good for these units:

steam in tubes liquor in tubes

liquor in tubes liquor in tubes

long-tube vertical forced-circulation

For discussion of how to

Greater efficiency may be obtained by

Norbert Rillieux: Inventor of Multiple-Effect Evaporation

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

pressure, temperature decrease

Compare Single- and Multiple-Effect Evaporators

same capacity = same amount of heat transferred

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