4.7 In order to compute composition, in atom percent, of a 92.5 wts Ag-7.5 wie Cu alloy, we employ Equation 4.6 as, ¢ Chg "= atte x 100 Cradew “Couns z (092.5463.58 g/mol) isto CLINGS g/mol) + 750787 el mel) = 87.9 a1% Cond — eae ss Cagteu*Keudag (7.500787 g/mol) . (©2.5(63.55 g/mol) + (7.510787 / mo) 100 = 12.1 a%4.1 In order to compute the fraction of atom sites that are vacant in copper at 1357 K, we must employ Equation 4.1. As stated in the problem, Q, = 0.90 eV/atom. ‘Thus, 0.90 eV /atomn €V/atom-K) (1357 &) =4.86x 10" 42 Determination of the number of vacancies per cubie meter in gold at 900°C (1173 K) requires the utilization of Equations 4.1 and 4.2 as follows. W, ~ Nexp = 6028 + WA soms imo (1868 sven!) 1969 #/ mol Ges 0 0.98 eV atom eV /atom—K) (1173 K) 2 x 10! cm = 3,52 10% ar44 In this problem we are asked to cite which of the elements listed form with Ni the thee possible solid solution types. For complete substitutional solubility the following criteria must be met: 1) the difference in atomic radii between Ni and the other element (AR%) must be less than £15%, 2) the crystal stictares mast be the same, 3) the electronegativities must be similar, and 4) the valences should be the same, or nearly the same. Below are tabulated, for the various elements, these criteria. Crystal ABlectro= Element ARY% Structue negativity Valence Ni Fcc & c 8 H 83 oO 52 Ag +16 FOC +01 ia Al +15 FOC 03 # Co +06 HCP 0 » cr +02 Bec 02 Be Fe 4 BCC 0 » Pt +l FOC +04 » Za 4 HCP 02 » (a) Pris the only element that meets all of the criteria and thus forms a substitutional solid solution having complete solubility, At elevated temperatures Co and Fe experience allotropic transformations to the ECC crystal structure and thus display complete solid solubility at these temperatures. (b) Ag. Al. Co, Cr, Fe, and Za form substitutional solid solutions of incomplete solubility. All these metals have either BCC or HCP crystal structures, andlor the difference between their atomic radii and that for Ni are ‘greater than +15%, and/or have a valence different than 2+. (© C, H, and O form interstitial solid solutions, These elements have atomic radi that are significantly smaller than the atomic radius of Ni.