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Goals
Define basic ideas of diffraction (using x-ray, electrons, or neutrons,
which, although they are particles, they can behave as waves) and show
how to determine:
Crystal Structure
Miller Index Planes and Determine the Structure
Identify cell symmetry.
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Chapter 3: Diffraction
Learning Objective
Know and utilize the results of diffraction pattern to get:
lattice constant.
allow computation of densities for close-packed structures.
Identify Symmetry of Cells.
Specify directions and planes for crystals and be able to relate
to characterization experiments.
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CRYSTALS AS BUILDING BLOCKS
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POLYCRYSTALS
Most engineering materials are polycrystals.
1 mm
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Diffraction by Planes of Atoms
Light gets scattered off atomsBut since d (atomic spacing) is on
the order of angstroms, you need x-ray diffraction (wavelength ~ d).
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Figure (a)
Destructive and (b)
reinforcing
interactions between
x-rays and the
crystalline material.
(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
Reinforcement
occurs at angles that
satisfy Braggs law.
Diffraction Experiment and Signal
Diffraction Experiment Scan versus 2x Angle: Polycrystalline Cu
Measure 2
7
Figure: (a) Diagram of a
diffractometer, showing
powder sample, incident
and diffracted beams. (b)
The diffraction pattern
obtained from a sample of
gold powder.
(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
Figure : Photograph of a XRD
diffractometer. (Courtesy of
H&M Analytical Services.)
Crystal Structure and Planar Distances
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Allowed (hkl) in FCC and BCC for principal scattering (n=1)
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Example from Graphite
Powder diffraction figures taken from Th. Proffe and R.B. Neder (2001)
http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/crystal/teaching/pow_a.html
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Example from Aluminum
Powder diffraction figures taken from Th. Proffe and R.B. Neder (2001)
http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/crystal/teaching/pow_a.html
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Example from QuasiCrystals
an ordering is non-periodic if
it lacks translation symmetry.
icosahedral
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SUMMARY
Only 14 Bravais Lattices are possible (e.g. FCC, HCP, and BCC).
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Example: Examining X-ray Diffraction