AJSupplement - 189 1 1

This supplement was published in ASHRAE Journal, June 2010.
Copyright 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Posted
at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about
ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org.
S June 2010
Guide to Standard 189.1

Balancing Environmental Responsibility, Resource Efficiency & Occupant Comfort
IEQ
Site Construction
& Plans for
Sustainability
Operation
Water Use Atmosphere,

Efficiency Materials,
Resources
Energy
Efficiency
AJcover.indd 2 5/13/2010 9:56:10 AM

www.info.hotims.com/30916-63
ASHRAE Journals
Commentary
Standardizing High Performance

T
hirty-five years ago, ASHRAE set the foundation for net-zero-energy buildings. Standard 189.1 provides that
long-needed green building foundation for those who strive to
energy conservation with the development of Stan-
design, build and operate green buildings.
dard 90, which is the first standard in the nation set- As ASHRAE President Gordon Holness said, The far-
reaching influence of the built environment necessitates
ting requirements for energy efficiency in buildings. The stan-
action to reduce its impact. Provisions in the standard
dard, developed in reaction to the 1970 oil embargo and can reduce negative environmental impacts through high-
performance building design, construction and operations
resulting energy crisis, now serves as the basis for building
practices. Ultimately, the aim is not just energy efficiency but
codes and the standard for building design and construction a balance of environmental responsibility, resource efficiency,
occupant comfort and well-being and community sensitivity,
throughout the United States, influencing designs worldwide.
all while supporting the goal of sustainable development.
Earlier this year, ASHRAE published another standard When I think about the standard, I envision a group
that is poised to have the same impact as 90.1. Together of building blocks representing ASHRAE standards and
with the U.S. Green Building Council and the Illuminating guidelines, including Standard 55, Thermal Environmental
Engineering Society of North America (IES), we released Conditions for Human Occupancy; 90.1, Energy Standard
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1, Standard for the for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings; 62.1,
Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings Except Low- Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality; 180, Standard
Rise Residential Buildings. Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial
Where Standard 90.1 sets the foundation forenergy Building HVAC Systems and Guideline 0, The Commissioning
efficiency, Standard 189.1 builds on that foundation with Process. Requirements from these existing documents
additional energy efficiency measures and renewable served as cornerstones in development of Standard 189.1,
energy requirements and then goes a step further with along with guidance from USGBC, IES, the U.S. Department
requirements for site sustainability, water use efficiency, of Energy and many other agencies and groups. This
indoor environmental quality and the buildings impact on standard is truly the most diverse in the Societys history and
the atmosphere, materials and resources. that is precisely why ASHRAE partnered with USGBC and IES
We took another step in March toward strong sustainable to ensure that knowledge from all aspects of the sustainable
buildings by joining forces with the International Code marketplace were part of the process.
Council. Standard 189.1 became a jurisdictional compliance The standard covers the same group of building spaces
option in the Public Version 1.0 of the International Green as Standard 90.1 but only for those buildings intended as
Construction Code (IGCC) published by the International high performance. It covers all nonresidential spaces and
Code Council. The IGCC regulates construction of new and all residential spaces in buildings more than three stories.
remodeled commercial buildings, and Standard 189.1 Within these buildings, Standard 189.1 applies to new and
serves as a strong technical backbone of that document. renovated buildings and their systems; and new or renovated
Together, IGCC and Standard 189.1 provide the first set portions of buildings and their systems.
of model codes and standards for green building in the The standard includes mandatory provisions in each section
United States. For ASHRAE Journal readers, this means with an option to use a prescriptive path or performance path
that requirements to help you in the design, operation and for compliance. The mandatory provisions must be complied
maintenance of green buildings can soon be adopted by with by all projects. The prescriptive option contains additional
local and state code communities. The interest in green criteria specified in a manner that provides a simple way
buildings already has shown us that the marketplace to show compliance that involves little or no calculations.
is ready for a green building standard that sets energy- The performance option contains an alternate way to show
efficiency requirements beyond those in Standard 90.1, compliance that provides more design flexibility and is typically
pushing the building industry toward the goal of future more complex than the prescriptive option.
June 2010 ASHRAE Journals Guide to Standard 189.1 S3

In the area of energy, actual energy savings will vary
Contents
ASHRAE Journals Guide to Standard 189.1
depending on the building type and climate zone. Standard
189.1-2009 is more stringent that Standard 90.1-2007,
Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential S3 Commentary: Standardizing High Performance
Buildings. Standard 90.1 remains the basis for the model By Kent Peterson, P.E., and Mark MacCracken, P.E.
energy code in the United States. Standard 189.1 is not
intended to replace Standard 90.1. The U.S. Department of
Energy, through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, S6 LEED & Green Building Codes
has made a preliminary energy savings estimate based on By Brendan Owens, P.E., and Jeremy Sigmon
Standard 189.1. Applying the minimum set of prescriptive
recommendations in the standard resulted in weighted
average site energy savings of 30% when compared to S10 Right Start, Right Result:
Standard 90.1-2007. Beginning With the Site
Another topic important to Journal readers are the standards By Anthony C. Floyd, AIA;
mandatory provisions regarding indoor environmental quality. Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E.;
Requirements include improved source contaminant control, Martha G. VanGeem, P.E.
ventilation rates per ASHRAE Standard 62.1s Ventilation Rate
Procedure, elimination of air bypass around filters, no smoking
and an outdoor air delivery monitoring system. The standard S16 Addressing Unnecessary
also has requirements for acoustical control, daylighting by Water Waste in Buildings
toplighting and isolation of the building from pollutants in soil. By John Koeller and
The standard also provides significant water savings over Katherine Hammack
current codes. The standard addresses the unnecessary
water waste that takes place in buildings and on landscape
and establishes significant, yet attainable, limits to monitor
and manage water consumption. S22 Energy Efficiency:
Another area that will be of interest in the industry, Building on Standard 90.1
and one that is unique to Standard 189.1, requirements By Stephen D. Kennedy;
for construction and operation plansincluding the Martha G. VanGeem, P.E.;
commissioning process, building acceptance testing, Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E.;
measurement and verification and reporting of energy use, Richard Lord
water use and indoor air qualityarespecified to assist
building owners in achieving high-performance operation. S30 Modeling Energy Savings
This article is only an overview of the standard. I By Drury Crawley, Ph.D.; Paul Torcellini, Ph.D.;
encourage you to read the others published in this same Nicholas Long; Eric Bonnema; Kristin Field;
issue providing more in-depth information on water, energy, Kent Peterson, P.E.
IAQ, materials and resources, high-performance operation
and site sustainability aspects of the standard. S34 The Ins & Outs of IEQ
As Standard 189.1 moves us along in the evolution By Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E.; Molly McGuire, P.E.;
of sustainable design, what is your best path forward? I Leon Alevantis, P.E.
encourage you to begin to understand the impact of these
new requirements on your firm and technical expertise.
S40 Choosing Materials Wisely
You also should identify the requisite skills and knowledge
By John Cross, P.E.; Martha G. VanGeem,
you will need once the standard and green codes are
P.E.; Don Horn, AIA
implemented. As always, working toward sustainability is
something we do for ourselves and humanity. Standard
189.1 will help to pave the way to a greener future. S46 Its More Than Design:
Kent Peterson, P.E., chair, SPC 189.1 Construction & Building
Mark MacCracken, P.E., vice chair, SPC 189.1 Operation
By Nick Ferzacca, P.E.;
Martha G. VanGeem, P.E.;
Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E.
S4 ASHRAE Journals Guide to Standard 189.1 ashrae.org June 2010

ASHRAE Journals
The emergence of green building codes and standards...

is an important next step for the green building movement.
LEED & Green Building Codes

By Brendan Owens, P.E., Member ASHRAE; and The norm is that codes improve incrementally, approxi-
Jeremy Sigmon mately a three-year cycle. As ideas originally pioneered in
B
LEED begin to emerge as acceptable industry practice, a
uilding codes are the tools we use to ensure growing community of professionals has recognized the
the basic health and safety of a buildings oc- need for enforceable codes and standards for large-scale
cupants. They have long played an important adoption and implementation by building departments
and regulatory authorities. This far more inclusive perspec-
role in establishing minimum standards of practice to
tive of risk and responsibility recognized by LEED has
ensure fire, structural and sanitary safety in homes, required not an incremental, but instead a very signifi-
schools, offices, and public buildings of all types. cant leap forward in the scope of the building codes.
Green building rating systems, such as U.S. Green Broad stakeholder input and community consensus have
Building Councils LEED certification program, have been recently led to the development of green building codes and
working to address an expanded spectrum of risks to hu- standards that can be adopted and enforced by jurisdictions
man and environmental health that are related to what we in line with their commitments to safeguarding environ-
build, how we build, where we build, and how we operate mental and public health. In response to demand for a clear
buildings over the long term. After 17 years since USGBCs message from their membership, the International Code
founding and tens of thousands of volunteer hours, LEED Council (ICC) launched the development of the Internation-
is the most widely accepted green building rating system, al Green Construction Code (IGCC) with cooperating spon-
and has been credited with inspiring innovation, driving sors AIA and ASTM. Recognizing the value of the several
demand for high performance buildings and communi- years of expert content development in ASHRAE Standard
ties, and changing the way that much of the building 189.1, and ICCs unparalleled delivery model that reaches
industry approaches design, construction and operations. all 50 states and more than 22,000 local jurisdictions,
LEED and the codes have always strived to work to- ICC, AIA and ASTM worked together with ASHRAE, IES
gether as complementary and compatible elements in the and USGBC to launch a joint effort to support the IGCC
building process. But before attempting above-code mea- with Standard 189.1 as an alternate path to compliance.
sures in energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions Standard 189.1 is a set of technically rigorous require-
reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, or ments that, like IGCC, covers criteria including water use
stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts, efficiency, indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency,
green buildings require minimum compliance with base- materials and resource use, and the buildings impact on its
line codes in a given jurisdiction. LEEDs recognition of site and its community. Written by experts representing all
ASHRAE Standards 90.1, 62 and 55, as well as standards areas of the building industry and developed in partnership
set by the California Air Resources Board and the Sheet
About the Authors
Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors National As-
Brendan Owens, P.E., is vice president, LEED Technical Development
sociation are a few examples of how LEED has encour- and Jeremy Sigmon is manager, building codes advocacy at the U.S.
aged benchmarking against industry-accepted standards. Green Building Council in Washington, D.C.
S6 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010
with IES and USGBC the standard Standards Code, is an important next able by regulatory jurisdictions. The
was three years in the making. step for the green building movement, IGCC and its 189.1 compliance path
The emergence of green building establishing a much-needed rubric provide a substantially improved
codes and standards, like the IGCC for high-performance green buildings minimum baseline for the design and
and the California Green Building that is adoptable, usable and enforce- performance of new and renovated
buildings, allowing all new build-
ings to reap the rewards of improved
design and construction practices.
Major advances in codes and stan-
dards like these make it possible to
accelerate the technical development of
LEED, allowing exemplary leadership
in green building design, construction
and operation to take even greater
steps forward. The IGCC provides a
substantially enhanced baseline that
jurisdictions can couple with LEED-
based incentive programs. Green
building rating systems play a distinct
and complementary role to green
building codes. Given the strength of
its content, its enforceable language,
and its applicability to all commercial
buildings, widespread adoption of
IGCC and its 189.1 compliance path
will catapult the commercial build-
ing sector forward with measurable
achievements and results that are
responsive to the economic, environ-
mental and health challenges at hand.
The adoption and enforcement of
green building standards and codes
advances USGBCs mission to trans-
form the way our industry designs,
constructs and operates buildings.
By integrating tried-and-tested green
building practices into minimum code
language, green building standards also
provide USGBC, LEED and the green
building industry the freedom to go
farther and faster, blazing new trails
towards a truly sustainable future. But
its not a choice between green building
codes or green building rating systems
its both these codes and rating systems
working together, learning from one
another, and continuously improving
content, implementation, and results.
S8 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 June 2010
ASHRAE Journals
Right Start,
Right Result:
Beginning
With the Site
By Anthony C. Floyd, AIA; Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE; and Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., Member ASHRAE
S
ite sustainability addresses ning, protect environmentally sensi- Mandatory Provisions
the environmental impacts tive lands, reduce heat island effect, Mandatory site provisions in-
minimize site light pollution, maximize clude site selection, mitigation of
involved in the process
pervious surfaces, retain native and heat island effect and the reduc-
of site design, development and biodiverse vegetation and manage tion of light pollution (Figure 1).
post-development activities. Build- on-site storm water through reuse,
ings and associated development infiltration or evapotranspiration. Site Selection
often disrupts natural ecosystems The intent of this section is to
and increases the negative effects minimize development on greenfields
Figure 1 Compliance paths.
and undeveloped sites. Development
of erosion, storm water runoff and
Mandatory Provisions must occur on sites that have exist-
summer heat sinks. The loca- Site Selection: Section 5.3.1 ing infrastructure, including building
tion of a building site can impact Mitigation of Heat Island Effect: Section 5.3.2 reuse and modifications to an exist-
greenhouse gas emissions and Reduction of Light Pollution: Section 5.3.3 ing building envelope. This includes
other pollutants based on avail-
able options for alternative modes Then, Choose One: About the Authors
Prescriptive Option Anthony C. Floyd, AIA, is senior green building
of transportation including pedes- consultant for the City of Scottsdale in Arizona.
Site Development: Section 5.4.1
trian proximity to basic services Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., is public service
or
and residential communities. associate, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Performance Option Georgia, in Athens, Ga. Martha G. VanGeem,
The intent of site sustainability Site Development: Section 5.5.1 P.E., is a principal engineer, Building Science and
is to support smart growth plan- Sustainability, at CTLGroup, Skokie, Ill.

Section 5:
Site
Figure 2 Sample map of pedestrian Figure 3 Sample diagram of hardscape
Sustainability
connectivity in the immediate area shading cast by a building on summer solstice.
surrounding the building site. The intent of site sustainability
is to support smart growth
planning, protect environmen-
tally sensitive lands, reduce
heat island effect, minimize

3 p.m. Summer Solstice site light pollution, maximize
pervious surfaces, retain native

with a solar reflective index (SRI) of at
least 29 (Figure 3). The shade coverage and biodiverse vegetation and
on hardscape must be based on the
manage on-site storm water.
arithmetic mean of the shade coverage
calculated at 10 a.m., noon, and 3 p.m.
development on existing greyfields on summer solstice. Climate Zones 6, 7
or mitigated brownfield sites. and 8 are exempt from this requirement.
Development cannot occur on a green- At least 30% of east and west above-
field site unless conditions exist that sup- grade walls must be shaded from simulation in accordance with Energy
port pedestrian connectivity in the imme- grade level to a height of 20 ft (6 m) Efficiency Sections 7.5.2 and 7.5.3.
diate area surrounding the site (Figure 2). by any one or combination of strate- The sidebar covers the rela-
These conditions include proximity to resi- gies involving vegetation, building tionship between heat island ef-
dential density (10 units per acre), 10 basic projections, architectural screening fect and building heat gains.
services (with 0.5 mile [0.8 km]) and train elements, existing buildings and/or
service (within 0.5 mile [0.8 km]) or other topographical land features such as Reduction of Light Pollution
adequate transit service (within 0.25 mile hillsides (Photos 1 and 2). The shade The intent of this section is to
[0.4 km]). Finally, development can occur coverage calculations must be based on minimize nighttime site illumina-
on a greenfield site that is classified as summer solstice at 10 a.m. for eastern tion. Adverse effects include light
agricultural, forest or designated park land exposed walls and 3 p.m. for western trespass, glare, sky glow, decreased
when the specific function of the building exposed walls. There are a number visibility and wasted energy.
is related to the respective use of the land. of exceptions based on east/west Light pollution is a broad term used
In addition to site selection, Stan- wall orientation and climate zone. to describe unwanted or unneces-
dard 189.1 limits development in flood In Climate Zones 1, 2 and 3, at least sary nighttime illumination, classified
hazard areas, fish and wildlife habitat 75% of the roof surface must comply as light trespass, glare and skyglow.
conservation areas, and wetlands. with one or a combination of strategies Light trespass is light that strays from
involving a minimum solar reflectance the intended purpose and becomes
Mitigation of Heat Island Effect index (SRI) of 78 for a low-slope roof an annoyance, a nuisance, or a detri-
The intent of this section is to (2:12), and an SRI of 29 for a steep- ment to visual performance.1 Sky-glow
minimize the effect of heat-absorbing sloped roof (>2:12), vegetated roof- is the brightening of the night sky
materials used for site hardscape, ing, roof-covered solar energy systems that results from the reflection of
walls and roofs. At least 50% of the and/or a roof complying with ENERGY radiation.1 Glare refers to light that
site hardscape must be provided by STAR criteria. An exception exists hinders or bothers the human eye.2
any one or combination of strategies for roofs used to cover parking and The light pollution requirements
involving shade provided by vegetation, for buildings that demonstrate energy in Standard 189.1 are applied in five
structures and/or paving materials cost savings through an energy analysis different lighting zones (Table 1). These
J u n e 2 0 1 0 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 S11
Photo 1 (left) West wall protection in Climate
Zone 2 (photo: Will Bruder + Partners).
Photo 2 (below) Shade on the west wall

in Climate Zone 5 (photo: CTLGroup).
lighting zones are defined to reflect different nighttime ambi-

ent lighting conditions ranging from inherently dark to higher
ambient urban settings. The lower lighting zones (LZ0) have
much more restrictive requirements than the higher zones.
Based on the type of light pollution, the building project must
use the backlight, uplight and glare (BUG) ratings developed
in IESNA TM-15 to determine fixture requirements for the
various lighting zones. This section also requires adherence
to the exterior lighting power allowances of ASHRAE/IES
Standard 90.1 Addendum i in an attempt to balance visual roofs, porous pavers, permeable pavement or open-graded
needs with the desire to eliminate unnecessary light. aggregate (Photo 3). A number of exceptions are based on the
percentage of rainfall that is captured and reused for site or
Prescriptive Option building water use. There is also an exception for locations
For those building projects choosing the prescriptive with an average annual rainfall of less than 10 in. (254 mm).
compliance path, additional site-related requirements must
be followed to demonstrate compliance with the Stan- Greenfield Sites
dard. These requirements address the effective pervious- A minimum of 20% of a site must consist of local
ness of surfaces and the preservation of native plants. native plants or adapted plants based on predevelop-
ment site conditions. A minimum of 60% of such veg-
Effective Pervious Area etated area must consist of biodiverse plantings. Once
At least 40% of the site must incorporate any one or com- again, there is an exception for locations with an aver-
bination of strategies involving native vegetation, vegetated age annual rainfall of less than 10 in. (254 mm).
Exterior Zone & Lighting Level

Photo 3 Pervious concrete (photo: CTLGroup).
LZ0: Very Dark Remote fire station located in an undeveloped portion of a National Park
LZ1: Dark Gas station in a rural location outside a small town
LZ2: Low Grocery store adjacent to a residential neighborhood
LZ3: Medium Commercial district including retail and restaurant establishments
LZ4: High Hotel located in a high density, metropolitan area
Table 1 Lighting zone designations.

Figure 4 Rainwater collection and reuse. Figure 5 On-site infiltration of rainwater (figure: Ann Audrey).
Perforated Pipe Non-Perforated Pipe
Rainwater
Collection
Ground
Level
Rainwater Reuse
10 ft or Greater to
Building Foundation
Storage Level
Performance Option the average annual rainfall to be managed through infiltration,

For building projects that do not follow the prescriptive op- reuse or ET. Whereas greyfield and brownfield sites require 40%
tion, the performance option provides an alternative method to and projects in an existing building envelope require only 20%.
demonstrate compliance with requirements for on-site retention,
collection and/or reuse of rainfall (Figures 4 and 5). As such, a References
percentage of the average annual rainfall on the development 1. IESNA. 2000. Technical Manual TM-1000, Ad-
dressing Obtrusive Light (Urban Sky Glow and Light Tres-
footprint (on-site impervious surfaces) must be managed through pass) in Conjunction with Roadway Lighting. New York:
infiltration, reuse or evapotranspiration (ET) based on whether the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.
site is on an existing building site, greyfield, brownfield or green- 2. NEMA. 2000. White Paper on Outdoor Lighting Code Issues.
field site. Existing greenfield sites require a minimum of 50% of Rosslyn, Va.: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
Urban Heat Island Effect and Building Heat Gain

Confusion can easily arise when trying to balance the
impact of the building surface reflectivity (expressed as
SRI) on the urban heat island effect with the impact of
building SRI or shading on the overall heat gain to the How
building and its resulting impact on cooling or heat-
ing loads. SRI takes into account thermal emittance
as well as solar reflectance of building materials.
Cool
The requirements of Section 5 deal with the impacts
on the surrounding environment external to the build- Roofs Conventional Roof Cool Roof
Reflects 30% to 60% Reflects up to 80%
ing. The urban heat island effect is a well-documented
of incident solar. of incident solar.
phenomenon that is caused by a number of factors, Work Absorbs 40% to 70% Absorbs ~20%
one of which is the absorption and later release of (heats roof and adds
the suns energy into the local atmosphere and sur- to cooling load and
urban heat island).
roundings. In this case, setting sufficiently high SRI
values (or inclusion of shading provisions) will mini-
mize the absorption of the suns energy by the build- dominated environment the absorption of solar energy
ing exterior and reradiation or convective heat to the by the envelope overall is a good thing overall (although
local environment (air and adjacent surfaces). not a lot of solar energy is available for absorption in the
How much of the suns energy gets absorbed by the winter in most cold climates). The opposite is true for
building envelope impacts the building cooling and cooling-load-dominated climate zones. Cooling load domi-
heating loads to some extent, and the requirements in nated climate zones also would tend to have more of a
Section 5.3.2 were written to take into account cli- problem with urban heat islands than heating-dominated
mate zone differences. For example, in a heating-load- climates, at least on a total number of hours per year.

Advertisement
ASHRAE Journals
Addressing Unnecessary
Water Waste in Buildings
By John Koeller and Katherine Hammack, Member ASHRAE cant, yet attainable, limits to monitor
W
and manage water consumption.
hen we think about water At Least 36 U.S. States Section 6 of the Standard, Water
shortages, we think about Face Water Shortage. Use Efficiency, details mandatory
a local problem, possibly in According to the Organisation for measures for water use efficiency that
Economic Co-operation and De- are required on all projects. There
our town or city, state or region. We
velopment (OECD), By 2030, the are two pathways for projects to
usually dont regard such problems number of people living under severe meet the remainder of the require-
as particularly worrisome, sharing water stress, leaving aside possible ments. Projects must follow either:
confidence that the situation will impacts of climate change, is expected The prescriptive pathway, which
be readily handled by investment to rise to 3.9 billion, nearly half of outlines a series of specific
in infrastructure, conservation, or the projected world population. water-saving strategies; or
Water shortages are an is- A performance option, which
other management strategies.
sue. Therefore, guidance and allows a projects overall water use
But, its not that simple. stricter building codes regarding to be calculated and compared
Headlines inform us that: the use of water are critical. to a maximum baseline level.
Global Water Shortage ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard
Looms In New Century; 189.1, Standard for the Design of High-Per- About the Authors
John Koeller is a principal at Koeller and
Four Billion People Threat- formance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise
Company in Yorba Linda, Calif. Katherine
ened by Water Shortages if World Residential Buildings, addresses water Hammack is senior manager,climate change
Leaders Stumble at 2010s First waste in buildings and on surround- and sustainability services at Ernst & Young LLP
Climate Change Hurdle; and ing landscapes. It establishes signifi- in Phoenix.

ASHRAE Journals
Section 6:
Water Use
Plumbing Fixture Maximum Volume Efficiency
Water Closets (Toilets)
Flushometer Valve Type Single Flush1.28 gal (4.8 L)
Flushometer Valve Type Effective Dual Flush1.28 gal (4.8 L) The standard provides sig-
Tank-Type Single Flush1.28 gal (4.8 L)
and WaterSense-Certified nificant water savings over
Effective Dual Flush1.28 gal (4.8 L)
and WaterSense-Certified current codes and addresses
Urinals 0.5 gal (1.9 L)
the unnecessary water waste
Faucets
Public Lavatory 0.5 gpm (1.9 L/min) that takes place in buildings
Public Metering Self-Closing 0.25 gal (1.0 L) per Metering Cycle
Residential Bathroom Lavatory Sink 1.5 gpm (5.7 L/min) and WaterSense-Certified and on landscape, and es-
Residential Kitchen 2.2 gpm (8.3 L/min)
Showerheads tablishes significant yet at-
Residential 2.0 gpm (7.6 L/min) tainable limits to monitor and
Residential Shower Compar tment All Shower Outlets2.0 gpm (7.6 L/min)
(Stall) in Dwelling Units and Guestrooms manage water consumption.
Table 1 Plumbing fixtures and fittings requirements.
Mandatory Site Water Use irrigation that use evapotranspiration,

Reduction soil types, weather data or on-site rain or are prohibited. In these prohibited
Landscape design has a huge impact moisture sensors can fix this problem. systems, water is withdrawn directly
on water use. To conserve resources, They will shut down the system when from the source water body, diverted
municipalities and other local water there is enough water available to the through a condenser where it absorbs
utilities have started to impose restric- root zone of the plants. Another require- heat, and then discharged back into the
tions on the use of domestic treated ment to reduce water use in landscaping source water body at elevated tempera-
(tap or potable) water for lawns and is through use of zoning the irrigation tures. Because once-through cooling
other landscape areas. From an eco- system. By placing plants in groups systems do not recirculate the cooling
nomic standpoint, the water that is near each other that require similar water, they can require thousands of gal-
available is becoming more expensive moisture levels, they can be similarly lons of water per day. Even though these
to water users than in the past. When irrigated, a practice known as hydrozon- systems can be simple and low-cost,
extensive landscaping is in turfgrass, ing, since differing amounts of water the environmental impact of drawing
water needs are the highest. Standard are required by trees, shrubs and grass. water from wells, lakes, streams, rivers
189.1 requires that at least 60% of the or even municipal water systems is high.
improved landscape of a project be in Mandatory Building High discharge temperatures back into
biodiversity plantings of native and Water Use Reduction the environment can have damaging
adapted plants, limiting the allowed The U.S. Green Building Councils impacts, such as increased algae growth,
areas for turfgrass. These are plants that LEED rating system encourages use of depleted oxygen levels and elimination
reliably grow well in a given habitat with plumbing fixtures that are more efficient of microorganisms that feed fish.
minimal attention from humans in the than the EPAct 1992 code requirements Condensate from steam systems
form of winter protection, pest protec- and, in some cases, are WaterSense and large air-conditioning units (larger
tion, water irrigation, or fertilization certified. These high-efficiency goals than 65,000 Btu/h [19 000 W]) must
once root systems are established in the are part of the mandatory requirements be recovered and reused. Air handler
soil. Adapted plants are considered to of Standard 189.1 (Table 1). Appli- condensate recovery systems can reroute
be low maintenance but not invasive. ances must be ENERGY STAR rated. the collected condensate from the
Have you ever noticed sprinklers The standard also contains water effi- AHUs to cooling towers to be used as
watering grass when it is raining? The ciency requirements for HVAC equip- makeup water, reducing the amount
required use of smart controllers for ment. Once-through cooling systems of potable water needed for cooling
tower processes. The recovered condensate
Subsystem Submetering Threshold
could also be used for landscape irrigation.
Cooling Towers (Meter On Makeup Cooling Tower Flow Through
Water use in cooling towers and evapora- Water and Blowdown) Tower >500 gpm (30 L/s)
tive cooling must be evaluated. Conductivity
Evaporative Coolers Makeup Water >0.6 gpm (0.04 L/s)
controllers and overflow alarms are required
in cooling towers with a flow rate greater than Steam and Hot Water Boilers >500,000 Btu/h (50 kW) Input
500 gpm (32 L/s) and evaporative coolers with Total Irrigated Landscape
>25,000 ft2 (2500 m2)
makeup water flow greater than 0.6 gpm (0.4 Area With Controllers
L/s). In addition, drift eliminators that achieve Separate Campus or Project Buildings Consumption >1,000 gal/day (3800 L/day)
drift reduction to a maximum of 0.002% of
the recirculated water volume for counterflow Separately Leased or Rental Space Consumption >1,000 gal/day (3800 L/day)
towers and 0.005% of the recirculated water Any Large Water-Using Process Consumption >1,000 gal/day (3800 L/day)
flow for cross-flow towers must be implemented.
Table 2 Water consumption monitoring thresholds.
Some buildings use potable water sprayed
on the roof to provide thermal condition-
ing. Although the use of roof ponds, roof spray and wetted ments, it has the option of demonstrating water savings via
gunny-bag systems can reduce the temperature of the roof a performance-based calculation, which is covered later.
and the heat load in a building, this is not a good use for
drinking water and is prohibited by Standard 189.1. Po- Prescriptive Site Water Use Reduction
table water can be used on a roof to establish a vegetated For landscaping site water use, a maximum of one-third of
or green roof, but after the landscape has been established the improved landscape area is allowed to be irrigated with
(no more than 18 months), the potable water irrigation potable water. The remainder of the improved landscape area
system must be removed or permanently disabled. must be designed with drought-tolerant plants that do not
require irrigation or are irrigated with water from an alterna-
Mandatory Water Consumption Measurement tive water source. Facilities with large areas of turfgrass in
The ongoing measurement of water consumption is their design, such as golf courses and driving ranges, must use
critical to the management of a building or campus and only municipally reclaimed water or another alternate on-site
the consumption of resources. The requirements for mea- source of water (such as on-site treated wastewater, captured
suring and monitoring water use is primarily to identify rainwater, cooling condensate, or groundwater pumped for
water use anomalies that might occur when building and purposes of dewatering foundations). Potable water or other
process systems break down. When connected to a real-time groundwater sources may not be used for irrigating these areas.
building management system, such events can be quickly When a landscape is initially installed, irrigation often is need-
addressed and corrected. Therefore, it is critical for build- ed to establish the vegetation. For a period of 18 months from
ing operators to measure and track the water consumption initial installation, potable water may be used for irrigation. Once
in their projects to ensure satisfactory performance during that period ends, the temporary irrigation system must be re-
operation. All projects are required to install measure- moved or permanently disabled. However, the amount of potable
ment devices with remote communication capability. water used during the landscape establishment period may not ex-
Both potable and reclaimed water entering the building ceed 70% of evapotranspiration rate (ETo) for turfgrass and 55%
project must be monitored or submetered (Table 2). Although it of ETo for other species. ETo values can be found in regional ag-
is important for projects to install measurement equipment on ricultural data for the projects jurisdiction. Reclaimed water is re-
various water end uses, it is equally important for the resulting quired to be used during the landscape establishment period if it
data and use trends to be collected and evaluated by building is available at a water main within 200 ft (61 m) of the project site.
management. Consistent water use data informs manage-
ment staff of typical use patterns and alerts them to any leaks Prescriptive Building Water Use Reduction
or problems that may have arisen in the project. Monitoring Water use in cooling towers and evaporative cooling is a key
systems must be capable of recording and electronically storing concern. The water that is evaporated from a cooling tower is
the collected data on an hourly, daily and monthly basis and pure; that is, it doesnt contain any of the mineral solids that
must be equipped to alert operators to problems in real time. are dissolved in the cooling water. Evaporation has the effect
of concentrating these dissolved minerals in the remainder
Prescriptive Option of the tower water. As water flows through a cooling tower
The prescriptive pathway outlines a series of additional system, the water becomes more concentrated with the miner-
specific water-saving strategies, building upon the manda- als remaining when water is evaporated. As a result, these
tory requirements detailed in the previous sections. If the systems require continuous blow down or bleed off with
project cannot, for any reason, meet the prescriptive require- added makeup water to maintain an acceptable concentra-

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tion of minerals (measured as total dissolved solids). Dis- are required to have a leak detection system and a makeup
solved minerals (most commonly calcium and magnesium water meter so that building managers are made aware of
salts) can precipitate as an insoluble scale or sludge. any repairs that need to be made. An exception to the water
One indicator of cooling tower efficiency is cycles of con- features requirements exists for those building projects wish-
centration (COC), or concentration ratio. This is the ratio of ing to include an ornamental fountain, but which are not
the makeup water rate to the blowdown rate. While COC is located near a municipally reclaimed water source. Under this
an important factor in determining the ultimate water use of a exception, potable water may be used as makeup water for
cooling tower, it is also closely linked with the chemical treat- features with less than a 10,000 gallon (38 000 L) capacity.
ment regimen. Higher COC save water because the water stays Unlike ornamental water features, pools and spas are
in the system longer. However, in some cases, this also increases not required to use reclaimed water for health reasons.
requirements for chemical treatment. Lower COC result in However, they must be designed to either reuse treated
higher water use but generally also make water treatment sim- backwash water on landscaping or other applications, or
pler. As a result, the minimum COC required in this standard to reuse backwash water within the pool/spa system.
to conserve water are directly tied to makeup water quality.
In places with softer makeup water (less than 200 ppm or Performance Option
200 mg/L of total hardness expressed as calcium carbonate), The intent of the performance option is to provide an alter-
the cooling tower must be set to achieve a minimum of 5.0 native approach, wherein the project must exhibit overall water
COC. In areas with harder water (greater than 200 ppm or use reduction for projects that, for whatever reason, cannotor
200 mg/L of total hardness expressed as calcium carbonate), will notcomply with the prescriptive methods. Projects can
a minimum of 3.5 COC is required. Implementation of a demonstrate compliance by completing performance-based
comprehensive water treatment system (sometimes using acid calculations for either site or building water use, or both.
treatment) is one strategy for compliance with the standard.
It is important to consider the pH/alkalinity associated with Performance Site Water Use Reduction
increased cycles of concentration. Standard galvanic protec- To demonstrate compliance with the performance op-
tion may be susceptible to white rust associated with higher tion it is necessary for the potable water use for landscaping
pH levels. The requirements of the standard can be waived to be less than 35% of the water demand for the landscape.
only in cases where the discharge water exceeds 1,500 ppm This means that a baseline water demand for the improved
(1,500 mg/L), or the silica exceeds 150 ppm (150 mg/L) landscape area of the project, based on evapotranspiration
measured as silicon dioxide before the COC are reached. rates for the applicable climatic area must be determined.
Commercial food service operations are one of the larger
users of water within the commercial sector. As such, the Performance Building Water Use Reduction
standard incorporates provisions addressing some of the Projects that want to complete a performance calcula-
water-using food preparation and dishwashing operations tion must demonstrate that by using the specified build-
in a typical food service facility. The specialized equipment ing and tenant equipment, together with expected oc-
available today for modern commercial kitchens uses much cupant type, the buildings water use will equal to or less
less water than their predecessors of the 1990s. The standard than the requirements for water use that otherwise would
encourages the installation of the most efficient equipment have been achieved through the prescriptive approach.
by establishing maximum water use thresholds that do not Based on the building and tenant equipment in the
compromise health, sanitary or culinary requirements. The building, project proponents must calculate expected wa-
types of equipment addressed by this standard include pre-rinse ter use if simply complying with the prescriptive measures,
spray valves, commercial dishwashers, food steamers, combina- and then compare that water use with the building as pro-
tion ovens, air-cooled ice machines and faucet controllers. posed. A successful performance calculation should dem-
Medical facilities such as hospitals, clinics, medical centers, onstrate that the building is using an amount of water that
and physician and dental offices are large water users as well. is equal to or less than the amount of water it would have
Specific requirements are applied to the following types of used had it adhered to the prescriptive requirements.
equipment and processes: steam sterilizers, large-frame x-ray film
processing equipment, digital imaging of radiography systems, Conclusion
hood scrubbers, vacuum pumps, and water treatment processes, Rapidly growing concerns regarding the impacts of water
including filtration processes, ion exchange and softening stress and scarcity have driven the need for an increased
processes, and reverse osmosis and nanofiltration equipment. focus on water use in, on and around buildings. Building
Ornamental fountains and features are acceptable within designers must recognize the impact their design decisions
a high-performance project, however, they must be supplied have on future generations. Professionals in the build-
with reclaimed water or another nonpotable source, and must ing industry must incorporate responsible water use ef-
be designed to reuse the water in the system. Water fountains ficiencies and strategies into the built environment.

ASHRAE Journals
Energy Efficiency:
Building on Standard 90.1
By Stephen D. Kennedy, Member ASHRAE; Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Tom Lawrence, Ph.D.,
P.E., Member ASHRAE; Richard Lord, Member ASHRAE
E
nergy Efficiency, Section 7, either a prescriptive set of requirements zones across the U.S. Unless specifically
addresses six major catego- or a performance path to demonstrate exempted or otherwise addressed in the
ries: envelope requirements, full compliance with the energy chapter. energy efficiency section, the building
The energy requirements in Stan- project must meet all of the require-
on-site renewable energy systems,
dard 189.1 build upon those in Stan- ments of the Standard 90.1 Chapters 5
mechanical equipment efficiencies, dard 90.1. During the development through 10 (building envelope, HVAC,
energy consumption data collection, of Standard 189.1, a general goal was
peak load control and lighting. Each determined of setting design require- About the Authors
of these areas has been identified ments that would result in an overall Stephen D. Kennedy is territorial affairs
as a critical component in address- average of 30% energy use savings manager at Georgia Power Company in Atlanta.
compared to Standard 90.1-2007. Based Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., is a principal en-
ing the efficient use of energy in the
on energy modeling results by the gineer, Building Science and Sustainability, at
design of high-performance buildings. National Renewable Energy Lab and CTLGroup, Skokie, Ill. Tom Lawrence, Ph.D.,
P.E., is public service associate, Faculty of
The energy requirements include a set the U.S. Department of Energy, this Engineering, University of Georgia, in Athens,
of mandatory requirements that must goal was achieved based on an overall Ga. Richard Lord is Carrier fellow at United
be met for all projects, and the choice of average of building stock and climate Technologies Carrier Corp. in Murfreesboro, Tenn.

ASHRAE Journals
Section 7:
Energy
Figure 1 U.S. climate zone map.
Efficiency
Dry (B) Moist (A)
Marine (C)
Unless specifically exempted
or otherwise addressed in the
energy efficiency section, the
building project must meet
all of the requirements of

Warm-Humid the Standard 90.1. In gen-
Below White Line
All of Alaska in Zone 7 except for eral, Standard 189.1 provides
the following boroughs in Zone 8:
Bethel Northwest Arctic requirements that are more
Dellingham Southeast Fairbanks Zone 1 includes:
Fairbanks N. Star Wade Hampton Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico stringent than Standard 90.1.
Nome Yukon-Koyukuk and the Virgin Islands
North Slope
service water heating, power, lighting, Energy Design Guide for Small Retail
and motors). In general, Standard Buildings, provided that those criteria
189.1 provides requirements that are were more stringent than the require-
more stringent than Standard 90.1. ments in Standard 90.1-2007. Where Materials. Using individual
the criteria in Standard 90.1-2007 were materials that have an air perme-
Prescriptive Envelope Requirements equal or more stringent, the require- ability not to exceed 0.004 cfm/ft 2
Insulation and Fenestration ment for Standard 189.1 was raised under a pressure differential of 0.3
The prescriptive building envelope by an increment with a few excep- in. water (1.57 lb/ft2) (0.02 L/sm2
requirements in Standard 189.1 include tions in some milder climate zones. under a pressure differential of 75
additional energy-saving measures to For residential spaces, where the Pa). The requirement can be met
those in Standard 90.1. The thermal criteria are the same as those for non- using the list of the materials pro-
insulation requirements for opaque residential spaces in Standard 90.1, they vided in Appendix B of the stan-
assemblies, as well as the U-factor and are the same in Standard 189.1. Where dard or by testing other materials.
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) the residential criteria are more strin- Assemblies. Using assemblies of mate-
fenestration requirements for Stan- gent than the nonresidential criteria in rials and components that have an aver-
dard 189.1 are presented in Appendix Standard 90.1-2007, they have also been age air leakage not to exceed 0.04cfm/ft2
A using the same format as those for made more stringent in Standard 189.1. under a pressure differential of 0.3 in. wa-
Standard 90.1. These criteria vary The prescriptive requirements can ter (1.57 lb/ft2) (0.2 L/sm2 under a pres-
by climate zone (Figure 1), and these only be used when vertical fenestra- sure differential of 75Pa). The require-
are the same climate zones used in tion is less than 40% of gross wall ment can be met using the list of the
Standard 90.1 and the International area. When using greater amounts assemblies provided in Appendix B of the
Energy Conservation Code (IECC). of vertical fenestration, the energy standard or by testing other assemblies.
For nonresidential spaces, the performance path in Section 7.5 of Building. Testing the completed
building envelope criteria are gener- the standard must be used. building and demonstrating that the
ally based on the most stringent of air leakage rate of the building en-
the criteria in E-Benchmark 1.1 (now Continuous Air Barrier velope does not exceed 0.4 cfm/ft2
Core Performance as of July 2007) and The prescriptive requirement for under a pressure differential of 0.3in.
the Advanced Energy Design Guide for a continuous air barrier can be met water (1.57 lb/ft2) (2.0 L/sm2 under
Small Office Buildings and the Advanced using any one of three criteria: a pressure differential of 75 Pa).
Note that the requirement for assemblies is 10 times Photo 1 Overhang on west face of building in Climate Zone 5
more stringent than for whole buildings. This is because (photo courtesy of CTLGroup).
of the added air leakage that occurs due to penetrations
and gaps that occur when whole buildings are tested com-
pared to individual assemblies. Similarly, the requirement
for materials is 10 times more stringent than that for as-
semblies because of the air leakage that occurs when ma-
terials are taped or pieced together to form assemblies.
Fenestration Shading
The standard requires that there be permanent shading
projections on the west, south, and east walls of buildings
in Climate Zones 1 through 5 unless the vertical fenes-
tration receives direct solar radiation for fewer than 250
hours per year because of shading by nearby structures or
topography. This requirement is intended to reduce the
solar heat gain to the buildings in these climate zones.
Since the requirement is for an area-weighted projec-
tion factor of 0.5, not every window is required to have Figure 2 U.S. photovoltaic solar resource map: Flat plate tilted
a permanent shading projection or overhang. Require- at latitude. (NREL: www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html.)
ments also can be met by recessed windows, the use of
balconies, building shapes that shade themselves or other
architectural features. A projection on the west face of
a building in Climate Zone 5 is shown in Photo 1.
Building and Fenestration Orientation

The prescriptive fenestration orientation requirement
for Climate Zones 1 through 6 encourages design that
orients the building with the longest faades on the north
and south. This discourages large amounts of fenestration
on the east and west facades, which are subject to the most
solar gains in the summer months due to the lower angle of
the sun on these faces. Lower SHGCs on the east and west
faades can be used to meet these requirements in Climate
Zones 1 through 4. A similar requirement is in place for
Climate Zones 5 and 6, but only restricts fenestration on
the west face. This recognizes the benefits of solar gains on
the east faade for morning warm-up in colder climates. for solar collectors, pathways for conduit, piping and as-
sociated equipment on the construction documents.
On-site Renewable Energy This minimum requirement was based on the assumption
The project committee recognized that today, renewable that a typical photovoltaic array generates 8 to 10 watts of
energy systems are not always cost effective. However, the power per square foot of photovoltaic panel when operating
committee also realized that once a building is constructed, at peak capacity and that roofs on most building can allocate
the opportunity for future installation of such systems is 50% of their roof area for these systems. The only exception
often lost forever. Meanwhile, the capital cost for such for the installation of such systems is if the building is in a
systems is expected to decline as their use increases. location with poor incident solar radiation, defined as 4 kW/
To enable the future installation of such systems as they m2day on a collector oriented due south and tilted at an
become more cost effective, the standard has a manda- angle equal to the sites latitude and as illustrated in Figure 2.
tory requirement that the building design provide for This exempts the upper Midwest and New England states, as
the future installation of a photovoltaic, solar thermal, well as portions of the Pacific Northwest. Sites with adequate
geothermal energy (but not including ground-source heat permanent shade also will often meet the exemption.
pumps) or wind system with a minimum rating of 13 Btu/h. Under the prescriptive requirements, buildings that do
ft2 (3.7 W/ft2) multiplied by the total roof area. Provi- not qualify for the same incident solar radiation exception
sion for future installation means to show allocated space must install on-site renewable energy systems at the time of

construction. These systems must be
Figure 3 Complying with the HVAC equipment minimum efficiency requirements.
capable of providing annually at least ei-
ther 4 or 6 kBtu/ft2 (45 to 68 MJ/m2)of EPAct Baseline Higher Efficiency
conditioned space, depending on other Use equipment with EPAct baseline efficiency Use higher efficiency of ENERGY STAR require-
criteria that are used for compliance. levels, and: ments and Appendix C, and:
Since this requirement is in terms of Renewable energy system producing 6.0 Renewable energy system producing 4.0
kBtu/ft2 conditioned floor space annually kBtu/ft2 conditioned floor space annually
conditioned space rather than roof area, Peak electrical load reduction of 10% Peak electrical load reduction of 5%
compliance will be easier for low-rise
buildings or buildings with surrounding
space that can be used for on-site renew- Figure 4 Air economizer HVAC cooling energy savings.
able energy systems. Sites that meet the
poor incident solar radiation exception 8Fairbanks 81.6%
must purchase a specified amount of 7Duluth 72.1%
renewable energy complying with the 6BHelena 66.5%
Green-e Energy National Standard for 6ABurlington 53.7%
5CVancouver 81.2%
Renewable Electricity Products. This
5BBoise 58.8%
requirement corresponds to a purchase
5AChicago 24.5%
of renewable energy certificates (RECs) 4CSalem 65.1%
for about 10 years. When these pre- 4BAlbuquerque 54.4%
scriptive requirements are not met, the 4ABaltimore 42.9%
energy performance path in Section 3CSan Francisco 80.4%
7.5 of the standard must be used. 3BEl Paso 40%
3AMemphis 29%
2BPhoenix 25.5%
Mechanical Equipment
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
The minimum mechanical equip-
Percent Savings Versus No Economizer
ment efficiencies are those required
by the National Appliance Energy
Conservation Act (NAECA), the En- STAR requirements and the require- control with the first stage relying on the
ergy Policy Act (EPACT), and the ments in Appendix C of Standard 189.1. economizer and the second stage adding
Energy Independence and Security Act There are also lower occupant density the mechanical cooling. It also requires
(EISA). As a high performance green thresholds associated with demand integrated economizers for all econo-
building standard, Standard 189.1 control ventilation requirements and mized units such that the economizer
seeks to encourage the installation increased duct sealing requirements. and mechanical cooling can be used
of higher than minimum efficien- To avoid providing outside ventila- together. For most systems with cooling
cies not only in mechanical equip- tion air to a space during periods of capacity exceeding 33,000 Btu/h (9671
ment but throughout the standard. less than design occupancy, demand W), either an air or water economizer is
The requirements for mechanical control ventilation is required except required except in certain circumstances
equipment are based on Section 6 of in certain cases. Not only does this (for example, Climate Zones 1A, 1B
Standard 90.1 except as modified. In result in additional energy savings, but and 2A). The changeover control for
the case of mechanical equipment for this may help avoid mold and other economizers must be either differential
HVAC, two options exist for compliance excess moisture problems that occur, enthalpy or differential dry bulb.
within the prescriptive compliance path resulting in a healthier environment, To reduce the energy waste associated
(Figure 3). The first option is to comply as well as a more efficient building. with simultaneous operation of heating
with the energy-efficiency requirements With the increased envelope require- and cooling equipment, zone controls
of the NAECA, EPACT and EISA, ments and higher internal commercial are required. These controls are intend-
which are the values listed in Standard building loads, the use of air and water ed to prevent reheating, recooling and
90.1 and the renewable energy and peak economizers for free cooling can offer the mixing or simultaneous supply of air
load reduction provisions as outlined in significant energy savings for a typical that has been previously heated with air
the prescriptive sections. The second op- office building. Standard 189.1 modi- that has been previously cooled either by
tion allows a reduction by one-third in fies the minimum size requirements for mechanical systems or by an economiz-
the amount of on-site renewable energy economizers from those of Standard er. Limited simultaneous heating and
required and a less stringent peak load 90.1 and requires rooftop units with a cooling of air is allowed, based on the
reduction if mechanical equipment effi- capacity of less than 60,000 Btu/h (17 larger of the design outdoor airflow rate or
ciencies are increased to meet ENERGY 584 W) to have two stages of capacity 15% of the supply airflow to the zone.

Indoor fan power in commercial a function of the region, supply air and retained. For energy sources meet-
buildings can be a significant por- volume and outside air volume. ing certain size or capacity thresholds,
tion of the overall HVAC energy To reduce energy in unoccupied Standard 189.1 requires that measure-
use due to ventilation requirements hotels and motel guest rooms, controls ment devices with remote communica-
that require the fan to operate con- must be installed that set back the tion capability be installed to collect
tinuously. Standard 189.1 has reduced HVAC system and turn off plug loads energy consumption data. If building
maximum allowable fan power by 10% when the rooms are unoccupied. Plug energy metering is required for an
versus Standard 90.1. It also requires loads, including lighting, switched energy source, then energy subsystems
all constant volume DX units with a outlets, and television, must be turned such as the total HVAC system, people
capacity greater than 110,000 Btu/h off when occupants are not in the moving system and so on, are also
(32 238 W) and all fan coils with a room. In Europe and Asia this is often required to collect and electronically
motor horsepower greater than 5 hp accomplished by inserting a room key store data if the subsystems collective
(3.7 kW) to have at least a two-speed card in a device that activates power to load exceeds specified thresholds.
fan or variable speed fan to allow for these items when entering the room. The data storage system must also be
reductions in fan power at lower loads. capable of producing reports summariz-
Standard 189.1 also expands the Energy Consumption Data Collection ing the data so that building perfor-
requirements for exhaust air energy An important part of ensuring the mance can be assessed at least monthly.
recovery devices to be used to transfer sustainable performance of an energy- For example, if the natural gas service
energy from the exhaust air to the efficient building is establishing that it to the building exceeds the equivalent
return air in heating and from the continues to perform as designed. To of 1,000,000 Btu/h (293 kW), then the
outdoor ventilation air to the exhaust better facilitate that performance, energy natural gas service must be metered and
air in cooling. The requirements are consumption data must be captured data retained. Gas subsystems such as
boilers, water heating systems, etc., exceeding a capacity of lighting controls must meet the requirements of Section
500,000 Btu/h (146 kW) must be submetered, and the data 9 of Standard 90.1 with the following modifications. For
retained as well. The meter or the reporting system should lighting of building faades, parking lots, garages, canopies
be calibrated to account for the heating value content of the (sales and non-sales), and all outdoor sales areas, automatic
fuel used, the pressure of the fuel and the atmospheric pres- controls must be installed to reduce the sum of all lighting
sure at the location of the mater installation. Data collected power by a minimum of 50% within one hour after normal
must be at a minimum, daily data with hourly energy use business closing and to turn off outdoor lighting within
profiles and must be retained for at least three years. Build- 30 minutes after sunrise except in certain circumstances.
ings with low energy use thresholds and residential por-
tions of buildings are exempted from these requirements. Performance Options
Section 10 of Standard 189.1 requires plans to use As an alternate compliance path, rather than meeting the
the data to assess the energy use at least every three requirements of the mandatory and prescriptive sections of
years. This key portion of the standard will help iden- Standard 189.1, (sections that begin with 7.3 and 7.4), users
tify increases in energy above what is expected. may demonstrate compliance if their buildings meet the
While utility-grade metering is not required, build- mandatory requirements of Section 7.3 plus the performance
ing owners may take advantage of utility smart me- requirements in Section 7.5. In the performance path, compli-
tering where it exists for whole-building metering. ance is demonstrated in three ways. First, buildings must
have an annual building energy cost less than or equal to the
Service Water Heating annual building energy cost of a baseline building constructed
Minimal changes from those in Standard 90.1 are incorpo- meeting the mandatory and prescriptive requirements of
rated in Standard 189.1. There are requirements for increases in Sections 7.3, 7.4, and seven other sections of the standard.
the amount of piping insulation and, in many cases, water heat- Second, buildings using the performance option must
ing equipment efficiencies to be more stringent than those re- also have an annual CO2e (CO2 equivalent) less than or
quired in Standard 90.1. Insulation on the sides and bottoms of equal to the level achieved by compliance with Sections 7.3,
pools used primarily as spas or for physical therapy is required. 7.4, and seven other sections of the standard. To determine
CO2e, the energy use by energy source (such as electricity or
Peak Load Reduction natural gas) is multiplied by the factors in Table 7.5.3. Third,
Standard 189.1 requires that building projects contain auto- buildings must have the same or less peak electrical demand
matic systems, such as demand limiting or load shifting, that than that achieved by compliance with the mandatory and
are capable of reducing electrical peak demand of the building prescriptive requirements of Sections 7.3, 7.4, and seven
by not less than 10% exclusive of any demand reduction that other sections of the standard. The building also must have
may be provided by standby power generation. As described in a minimum electrical annual load factor of 0.25 or more.
Figure 3, this peak load reduction requirement is lowered to 5% Compliance with the performance option requires
if all the mechanical equipment efficiencies meet the ENERGY the use of Appendix D. This appendix is similar to Ap-
STAR requirements and those in Normative Appendix C. pendix G in Standard 90.1 and requires a whole build-
Automatic peak load reduction can be accomplished through ing, computer-based, energy simulation tool capable of
demand limiting in which load use is curtailed or reduced or modeling annual energy use on an hourly basis. Rules
through load shifting as load use is moved to off-peak hours. for this analysis are presented in Appendix D.
Lighting Summary
Standard 189.1 requires compliance with Standard 90.1 The intent of the energy efficiency section is to sig-
lighting levels and further reduces lighting power allowances nificantly reduce the energy consumption of new build-
in Sections 9.5 and 9.6 by 10%. Occupancy sensors, automatic ings through reductions in energy losses through the
controls for egress and security lighting, automatic controls building envelope, increased efficiencies in mechanical
for lighting in daylight zones and controls for outdoor lighting systems, reduced lighting loads, and other energy sav-
are also required with appropriate exceptions where necessary. ing measures. Standard 189.1 requires that buildings
Users may use either the Building Area method of Section comply with Standard 90.1-2007 and then, in general,
9.5 of Standard 90.1 or the Space-by-Space method defined adds more stringent requirements. Standard 189.1 re-
in Section 9.6 to determine the allowable amount of lighting quires that either on-site renewable energy is used as a
for Standard 189.1. Even though the lighting power density re- prescriptive option, that renewable energy certificates
quirements are reduced in Standard 189.1 the intent is not to are purchased (only allowed in some cases), or that the
result in illumination levels below those recommended by IES. building complies with the performance option and
The standard requires occupancy sensor controls to have uses additional energy-saving measures to make up the
manual on and automatic off controls. All outdoor deficiency from not using on-site renewable energy.

ASHRAE Journals
Annual Energy Intensity (kBtu/ft2)
Climate Zone City

150
CLIMATE ZONE 1A Miami
100
2A Houston
50 2B Phoenix
0 3A Atlanta
1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8 All
Coast Other Climate
Zones 3BCoast Los Angeles
90.1-2007 189.1 3BOther Las Vegas
600 3C San Francisco

BUILDING TYPE
Annual Energy Intensity (kBtu/ft2)
4A Baltimore
500
4B Albuquerque, N.M.
400 4C Seattle
300 5A Chicago
5B Boulder, Colo.
200
6A Minneapolis
100 6B Helena, Mont.
7 Duluth, Minn.
0
Small Hotel
Large Hotel
Small Office
Medium Office
Large Office
Hospital
Outpatient Care
Primary School
Secondary
School
Quick Service
Restaurant
Full Service
Restaurant
Supermarket
Retail
Strip Mall
Warehouse
All Building Types
8 Fairbanks, Alaska
Energy performance modeling for Standard 189.1 used

the climates zones from Standard 169-2006, the same
climate zones as in Standard 90.1 with the 3B climate
modified according to the DOE Commercial Building
Energy savings attributable to Standard 189.1 vary substantially by climate zone and building type. Reference Models for Energy Simulation.
Modeling Energy Savings

By Drury Crawley, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE; Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Nicholas Long, Member ASHRAE;
Eric Bonnema, Associate Member ASHRAE; Kristin Field, Associate Member ASHRAE; Kent Peterson, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE
D
evelopers of Standard 189.1with its provi- The savings predicted by the initial modeling were
sions for renewable energy, peak load reduc- impressiveand right on target. Indeed, the weighted en-
tion, and other efficiency improvementswere ergy savings across all modeled reference buildings was
calculated to be 29.7% versus Standard 90.1-2007.
ambitious in setting the bar for energy performance.
Yet, the more revealing story is in the details, as demon-
Their goal: an average 30% increase in site energy strated in Evaluation of Standard 189.1, issued by NREL in May
efficiency (i.e., a 30% decrease in site energy con- 2010. The report reveals substantial differences in the results
sumption) in comparison with Standard 90.1-2007. across climate zones and building types and also highlights
the importance of miscellaneous loads, which are sometimes
Does Standard 189.1 hit the mark? That was the ques- more significant than any other factor in determining energy
tion evaluated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) performance. Understanding the variables driving energy
and researchers at the National Renewable Energy Labora- performance under Standard 189.1 is vital in setting ap-
tory (NREL). With the completion of the standard, NREL propriate expectations and achieving successful outcomes.
was tasked to run a series of simulations to measure the
order-of-magnitude, site-energy-saving potential of Stan- Methodology and Assumptions
dard 189.1, modeling the performance of commercial Any simulation is only as good as its underlying methodol-
reference prototype buildings across 16 climate zones. ogy and assumptions. NREL relied as much as possible on

www.info.hotims.com/30916-70 www.info.hotims.com/30916-xx
ASHRAE Journals
established reference buildings and mod- reference prototype research drawn from
eling assumptions, applying updates and standards, industry-specific guides, and Section 7:
changes as necessitated by the new stan-
dard. The DOE commercial building
input from industry professionals.
According to Standard 189.1, there are Energy
reference models for new construction,
created with EnergyPlus1 and OpenStu-
two possible prescriptive paths for compli-
ance with the equipment efficiencies Efficiency
dio2 software, served as starting points portion (7.4.3.1). The higher efficiency
for the models used in this study.3,4 path (7.4.3.1b) was modeled, instead The goal of the develop-
Approximately 2,000 simulations were of the EPAct baseline path (7.4.3.1a).
performed with EnergyPlus over a two- Notably, the higher efficiency choice ers of Standard 189.1 is an
week period as the basis for the initial reduced the amount of annual renew-
average 30% increase in
analysis. Researchers were charged with able energy production required from
generating minimally code-compliant 6.0 kBtu/ft2 (68 MJ/m2) of conditioned site energy efficiency (i.e., a
models for Standards 90.1-2004, 90.1- space to 4.0 kBtu/ft2 (45 MJ/m2).
2007, and Standard 189.1 for 15 of the Modeling was done for each of the 16 30% decrease in site energy
16 reference buildings (only the mid-rise U.S. climate zones defined in Standard
consumption) in comparison
apartment building type was excluded), 169. Once the simulations had run, the
with envelope, lighting, and occupancy research team averaged the results across with Standard 90.1-2007.
based on the standards and incorporat- building types and climate zones using
ing mandatory provisions for vertical new construction weighting factors devel-
glazing/skylights, continuous air barrier, oped by the Pacific Northwest National
high-albedo roofs, daylighting controls, Laboratory (PNNL)5 Finally, the team tackle the largest end uses,
interior and exterior lighting power examined differences in energy intensity and where variable speed drive
density, and exterior lighting controls. and percent savings between building (VSD) hood requirements also
Prototypical HVAC systems in the refer- types and climate zones (see Page S30). have a significant impact; and
ence models were replaced with HVAC Future simulations may incorporate Lodging, where occupancy-based
systems as defined by Standard 90.1, Ap- some fine-tuning in model parameters, controls of lights, plugs, and HVAC
pendix G, encompassing cooling/heating such as including refrigeration heat play an important role, especially
efficiencies, economizers, energy recovery, recovery and peak demand reduction in smaller hotels and motels that
fan power limitations, supply fans, ventila- and examining in finer detail the achiev- are guestroom dominated.
tion, and dampers. Sizing was determined able plug and process load reductions
from building size, number of floors, and offered by ENERGY STAR equipment. References
residential or nonresidential status. These 1. Crawley, D.B., et al. 2001. EnergyPlus:
assumptions may have resulted in impracti- Conclusions Creating a New-Generation Building Energy
cal system types for some building applica- Based on an initial analysis, Standard Simulation Program. Energy and Buildings
tions and may ignore system/control com- 189.1 yields significant energy savings 33(4):319331. www.energyplus.gov.
plexities for some situations (transfer air in over previous standards. In a weighted 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
2009. OpenStudio: An Energy Plugin for
restaurants, humidifiers in hospitals, etc.). average, savings are approximately 30%
Google SketchUp. www.energyplus.gov.
Energy-efficient plug and process relative to Standard 90.1-2007, with
3. Long, N., et al. 2010. Evaluation of
loads (such as dishwashers, laundry roughly one-third of those savings at- ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2009. NREL
machines/dryers, supermarket refrigera- tributable to renewable energy and two- Report No. TP-550-47906. National
tion, cooking equipment, and service thirds attributable to energy efficiency. Renewable Energy Laboratory. www.
water heating) were included from Results vary substantially by sec- nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47906.pdf.
tor and climate zone. Sectors seeing 4. Deru, et al. 2010. DOE Commercial
About the Authors Building Reference Models for Energy Simu-
the greatest savings impacts rela-
Drury Crawley, Ph.D., a longtime employee at lation. NREL Report No. TP-550-46861.
U.S. Department of Energy, is director, building
tive to Standard 90.1-2007 are:
Low-energy-use-intensity (EUI) National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
performance products at Bentley Systems in Wash-
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46861.pdf.
ington, D.C. Paul Torcellini, Ph.D., is principal sectors, such as offices and ware-
group manager, Nicholas Long is senior engineer 5. Jarnagin, R.E., G.K. Bandyopadhyay.
houses, where the renewables added
I, Eric Bonnema is mechanical engineer I, and 2010. Weighting Factors for the Com-
by Standard 189.1 constitute a mercial Building Prototypes Used in the
Kristin Field is mechanical engineer II at the Na-
tional Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo.
larger percentage of total EUI; Development of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Kent Peterson, P.E., is vice president and chief Restaurants, where ENERGY Standard 90.1-2010. PNNL-19116. Pacific
engineer at P2S Engineering in Long Beach, Calif. STAR equipment requirements Northwest National Laboratory.

ASHRAE Journals
Figure 1 Building mat system.1
The Ins
& Outs
Of IEQ
By Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE; Molly McGuire, P.E., Associate Member ASHRAE;
Leon Alevantis, P.E., Member ASHRAE
S
ection 8 of the standard cov- instead of the prescriptive requirements Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)
ers most aspects of indoor en- for materials used in the construc- of Standard 62.1 may not be used to
vironmental quality (IEQ) that tion and furnishing of the building. reduce rates below those calculated by
one would expect for a green building, Standard 189.1 is not intended to the Ventilation Rate Procedure, Stan-
replace existing ASHRAE standards, dard 189.1 incorporates source control,
with requirements in indoor air qual-
but rather to build upon these stan- particulate filtration, and gaseous air
ity (IAQ), acoustics, daylighting and dards when appropriate. All buildings cleaning for ozone in non-attainment
thermal comfort (some IAQ require- designed according to the standard areas, three significant design aspects of
ments related to construction and must comply with Sections 4 through the IAQP, into the mandatory and pre-
operation are covered in Section 10). 7 of Standard 62.1, with the modifica- scriptive requirements of the standard.
tions and additions noted below. Outdoor Air Delivery. Monitoring.
Indoor Air Quality Section 8.3.1.2 sets requirements for
The IAQ requirements in Standard Contaminant Concentration Dilution the design of outdoor air monitoring
189.1-2009 incorporate the three criti- Through Ventilation. Minimum Ventila- equipment; operation and maintenance
cal components to IAQ design: source tion Rates. Section 8.3.1.1 requires that of such equipment is outlined in Sec-
control, air cleaning, and dilution. minimum ventilation rates be deter- tion 10.3.2.1.4.1. The standard contains
The standard uses ASHRAE Standard mined according to the Ventilation requirements for direct measurement of
62.1-2007 as a foundation, increasing Rate Procedure of Standard 62.1. Each
stringency and adding requirements occupiable space must have an outdoor About the Authors
where appropriate. A number of items airflow rate no less than that calculated Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., is public service
that influence IAQ in a building are ad- with the Ventilation Rate Procedure, associate, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Georgia, in Athens, Ga. Molly McGuire, P.E.,
dressed with the standard. Most require- and the corresponding system-level is a mechanical engineer at Taylor Engineering,
ments that deal with IAQ are mandatory design outdoor airflow also must be Alameda, Calif. Leon Alevantis, P.E., is a
items, although a whole-space contami- calculated according to Sections 6.2.3 senior mechanical engineer, California Depart-
nant concentration model can be used and 6.2.5 of Standard 62.1. While the ment of Public Health in Sacramento, Calif.

ASHRAE Journals
the total outdoor airflow at the system Source Control. Environmental Tobacco
Section 8:
level using a permanently mounted de-
vice capable of measuring flow to within
Smoke. Allowing smoking inside the
building space was considered incom- Indoor
15% of the minimum outdoor airflow rate.
The measuring device also must be
patible with a high-performance green
building. Signage must be posted at Environmental
capable of sending an alarm or send-
ing a control signal when the outdoor
each entrance announcing that smok-
ing is prohibited inside the building. In Quality
airflow falls below the minimum. addition, smoking is not allowed within
Indirect methods of monitoring out- 25 ft (7.5 m) of entrances, outdoor air The standards requirements
door air, such as using measurement intakes and operable windows.
of CO2 levels, do not comply with the Building Entrances. A significant mode include improved source
outdoor airflow measurement require- of building contaminant transport
contaminant control, ventila-
ment. (We note that Section 7.4.3.2 is an occupants shoes. The standard
of the standard contains requirements requires a three-part building mat system tion rates per ASHRAE Stan-
for CO2 sensors when such sensors are at each entrance (Figure 1). The mat
used as part of a demand-controlled system must consist of a separate scraper, dard 62.1 Ventilation Rate
ventilation in densely occupied spaces.) absorption and finishing surfaces. An
Procedure, elimination of
An exception to the flow measuring exception is allowed for individual
requirement is allowed for constant dwelling units in residential structures. air bypass around filters, no
volume air systems that use a damper Radon Protection. A soil gas retarding
position feedback approach. Outdoor system is required to be installed for smoking and an outdoor air
airflow calibration and verification building projects with construction or
delivery monitoring system.
is required in Section 10.3.2.1.4.2. expansion of a ground-level foundation
and located on either brownfield sites or
Air Cleaning. Standard 189.1 builds on regions that have a significant probability with the emissions requirements of
the air cleaning requirements in Standard of radon concentrations higher than 4 Californias CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174
62.1 in Section 8.3.1.3. Particulate filters picocuries per liter. In the U.S., these (hereafter referred to as Section
or cleaners upstream of wet coils must can be identified as Zone 1 counties 01350)2 for either office or class-
have a minimum rating of MERV 8. This on the U.S. EPA map of radon zones. room spaces, regardless of the actual
requirement is intended to minimize Materials Emissions. Sections 8.4.2 space type for the subject building.
microbial growth on coils by removing and 8.5.2 limit contaminant emissions Alternatively, the second option
large particles from the airstream. When from construction materials and interior requires products (except aerosol
the building is located where the air qual- furnishings. The two compliance paths adhesives) be shown to comply with
ity is designated to be in non-attainment prescriptive and performanceallow the the VOC content requirements of
with the National Ambient Air Quality designer flexibility in materials selection. the South Coast Air Quality Man-
Standards for fine particulate matter Prescriptive Path. For the following cat- agement District (SCAQMD) Rule
(PM2.5), filtration with a minimum egories of materials, the standard requires 1168. Aerosol adhesives need to
MERV rating of 13 is required for all product testing every three years or every comply with the VOC content listed
outdoor air intakes. In addition, if the product reformulation, unless certified in the Green Seal Standard GS-36. 3
building location is designated to be in under a third-party certification program. Paints and Coatings. The standard sets
non-attainment for ozone, air cleaning Adhesives and Sealants. There are two requirements for these types of materi-
devices with minimum ozone removal options for demonstrating compli- als in a similar manner to adhesives and
efficiency as specified in Section 6.2.1.2 ance here, and these apply to adhesives sealants. The requirements only apply
of Standard 62.1 must be provided. and sealants used in the building to paints and coatings applied on the
Determination if an area is in non- interior (inside the weatherproofing) building interior. Compliance can be
attainment is made by the national or and applied on-site. The first option demonstrated via the emissions require-
local authority having jurisdiction, which requires emissions testing whereas the ments for offices or classroom spaces of
is the U.S. Environmental Protection second option is based on calculat- California Section 01350 (again regard-
Agency (EPA) in the United States. All ing emissions from the contents of a less of the actual building space type), or
potential bypass pathways around filters product using several assumptions. with VOC content requirements. VOC
and air cleaners, such as filter frames and More specifically, the first op- contents should comply with Green Seal
access doors, are required to be sealed. tion requires products to comply Standard GS-11 for architectural paints
and coatings, while clear finishes (such as floor coatings, seal- according to ANSI/BIFMA Standard M7.14 and demonstrate
ers and shellacs) should comply with SCAQMD Rule 1113. compliance with the emissions factors or concentration limits
Floor Coverings. The emissions requirements of ali- that are listed in Appendix E of Standard 189.1, which are
fornia Section 01350 are used to determine compli- based on the ANSI/BIFMA Standard X7.1 and BIFMA e3.
ance for carpeting (all space types) and for hard Ceiling and Wall Systems. This applies to materials such
surface flooring in offices and classrooms. as ceiling or wall insulation, ceiling or wall panels, gypsum
Composite Wood, Wood Structural Panel and Agrifiber Products. wall board and other wall covering. The California Section
This section focuses on limiting the occupants exposure to 01350 emission limits for office or classroom spaces (regard-
formaldehyde. Composite wood, wood structural panels and less of the actual space type) apply to these materials.
agrifiber product used on the interior of the building, shall Performance Path. The performance path compliance option for
contain no-added formaldehyde. Given that not all manufac- IAQ is an alternative to the prescriptive option described previous-
turers have been able to meet this requirement, two excep- ly. In this whole-space approach, laboratory-derived emission values
tions are allowed, both allowing low levels of formaldehyde: from seven material categories using the criteria set in Normative
Products meeting the California Air Resource Boards Appendix F of the standard are modeled using the specific char-
regulation, Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Reduce acteristics of the building project to calculate space concentrations
Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood Products for chemicals listed in Section 01350. The sum of each individual
(demonstrated through third-party certification); or VOC concentration from these materials shall be no more than
Products meeting the California Section 1350 100% of the limits listed in Section 01350 (Section 01350 typically
limits for office or classroom spaces (again re- uses 50% of the OEHHA CRELs as limits for individual materials).
gardless of the actual space type).
Office Furniture and Seating. This section limits the oc- Construction and Operations. In addition to the requirements
cupants exposure to numerous VOCs emitted from office concerning the building design, the standard also addresses IAQ
furniture systems and chairs. These products must be tested related issues during construction and operations. A separate ar-
Table 1 Sound transmission class rating requirements for interior assemblies. Figure 2 Elevation and plan view of daylight zone under a skylight.
Minimum
Application Separating
STC Rating Skylight
Width
Dwelling Units, Adjacent Tenant
50 H=Floor to
Spaces, Adjacent Classrooms Ceiling Height
0.7H
Hotel, Motel Rooms;
45
Patient Rooms in Nursing Homes or Hospitals
Classrooms Adjacent to Restrooms or Showers 53
Classrooms Adjacent to Music or Mechanical

60 0.7H
Rooms, Cafeterias, Gymnasiums and Indoor Pools
Partition
ticle in this supplement describes the Construction and Plans for Skylight 0.7H
Footprint
Operation portions of the standard. Specifically, Section 10.3.1.4
outlines how the building project team should develop and imple-
ment an IAQ construction management plan, which needs to in- Daylight Zone
clude procedures to keep air conveyance materials clean, and pro-
cedures for building flush-out (Section 10.3.1.4.b.1) or IAQ testing
prior to occupancy (Section 10.3.1.4.b.2 and Table 10.3.1.4). The outlines procedures for outdoor airflow measurement and verifica-
standard also includes a required Plan for Operation for imple- tion, operation of air cleaning equipment, biennial monitoring of
menting a regular IEQ measurement and verification program IAQ (either via IAQ testing or via occupant compliant/response
after occupancy, which is described in Section 10.3.2.1.4. The Plan program) and development of a building green cleaning program.
Thermal Comfort interfere with the intended use such as in auditoria, theaters,
Standard 189.1 requires compliance with the design and museums, places of worship and refrigerated warehouses.
documentation sections of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55- Sidelighting, Prescriptive Path. Additional requirements for
2004, including addendum e. This requirement is manda- daylighting of office spaces and classrooms are contained in
tory for all buildings. Certain space types have programming Section 8.4.1 of the standard. Note that as of the writing of
that require conditions outside the normal thermal comfort this article, a process to reconcile the requirements for compat-
range for human occupancy; exceptions are allowed for these. ibility with Standard 90.1 is in the works and an addendum
Examples include food storage areas and natatoriums. to the standard will likely result. As originally published in the
Standard, compliance with achieving daylighting by sidelighting
Acoustics is determined from the minimum effective aperture for vertical
The standard contains mandatory requirements for fenestration on north, south and east wall faades, along with
acoustical control and treatment. A minimum composite visible light reflectance levels for opaque interior surfaces in the
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) rating of wall daylight zone. The effective aperture (EAvf) depends on the cli-
and roof-ceiling assemblies is required when a building is mate zone (Table 8.4.1.1 of the Standard) and is determined by:
sited so that it is exposed to higher noise levels. Noise sensi-
EAvf = visible transmittance percent of vertical fenestration area
tive spaces (offices and classrooms, for example) require
a minimum composite Sound Transmission Class (STC) where the visible transmittance of the entire fenestration
ratings for interior wall and floor-ceiling assemblies. OITC product that covers the rough opening (including sash and
and STC ratings are determined according to ASTM Stan- frame) is determined according to Section 5.8.2.6 of Stan-
dards; E1332 for OITC and E90 or E413 for STC. dard 90.1 and the area is the percentage of the gross wall
area that is vertical fenestration. Exceptions are allowed for
Exterior Sound (Section 8.3.3.1). The requirements set a mini- spaces where programming requires dark conditions, where
mum composite OITC (or STC) ratings for walls, roof-ceiling as- the space complies with the mandatory toplighting require-
semblies and fenestration in buildings located near (within 1000 ment, or where adjacent structures will block incoming daylight
ft or 300 m) expressways or busy commercial airports (within 5 (the height of the structure above the window being at least
mi or 8 km). The requirements also apply if the yearly average twice the distance between the window and the structure.
day-night sound levels at the property line exceed 65 decibels. For west, south, and east facing facades on office spaces,
shading is to be provided with devices such as louvers, light
Interior Sound (Section 8.3.3.2). Different STC rating shelves or roof overhangs such that a minimum shading
levels are specified for wall and floor-ceiling assemblies, projection factor of 0.5 is achieved. Exceptions are allowed
depending on the application. Table 1 (see Page S37) here for glazing with a haze value of 90% or more and located
briefly summarizes the STC rating requirements. entirely 8 ft (2.5 m) or more above the floor, or for fenestra-
tion that receives less than 250 hours of direct sunlight per
Daylighting year due to external, permanent factors (buildings, etc.).
Toplighting. The mandatory requirements for daylighting Sidelighting, Performance Path. The additional daylighting
involve toplighting in large enclosed spaces (20,000 ft [2,000 requirements can also be complied with by demonstrating
m]) directly under a roof with finished ceiling heights greater through daylighting simulation an illuminance of at least
than 15 ft (4 m) and with a general lighting with a lighting 30 footcandles (300 lux) on the plane 3 ft (1 m) above the
power density or lighting power allowance greater than 0.5 floor within 75% of the daylight zone area. The simulation
W/ft (5.5 W/m). The standard requires a minimum of 50% must also demonstrate that direct sunlight would not strike
of the floor area directly under a roof shall be in the daylight anywhere on a work surface for more than 20% of the oc-
zone (Figure 2, see Page S37), with a minimum amount of that cupied hours in office spaces. A default value of 2.5 ft (0.75
daylight zone area being within the toplighting area based m) above the floor can be used for the work surface height.
on the lighting power density or allowance in the zone. The
minimum ratio of toplighting area to daylight zone area is References
given in Table 8.3.4.1 and ranges from 3.6% for zones with 1. ASHRAE, et al. 2010. Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best
lighting power of 1.4 W/ft (14 W/m) or more to 3.0% for Practices for Design, Construction, and Commissioning.
lighting power between 0.5 and 1.0 W/ft (5 to 10 W/m). 2. California Department of Public Health, Indoor Air Quality Section.
2004. CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174, Standard Practice for Testing of Volatile Or-
Skylights, with some exceptions, are required to
ganic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers.
have a measured haze value greater than 90%, as tested 3. Green Seal. 2000. GS-36, Green Seal Environmental
according to ASTM D1003 (or other method if ap- Standard for Commercial Adhesives.
proved by the authority having jurisdiction). 4. Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association
The toplighting requirements do not apply to buildings (BIFMA). 2007. ANSI/BIFMA M7.1-2007, Standard Test Method for Deter-
located in the cold Climate Zones of 7 and 8, or where it would mining VOC Emissions from Office Furniture Systems, Components and Seating.

ASHRAE Journals
The materials used in a high-performance green building should be carefully selected to reduce negative impacts on the environment (photo: Timothy Hursley).
Choosing Materials Wisely

By John Cross, P.E., Associate Member ASHRAE; Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Don Horn, AIA
S
ection 9 in Standard 189.1 Mandatory Requirements 42 cubic yards or 12,000 lbs (32 cubic
addresses the buildings The mandatory requirements of meters or 5443 kg) for every 10,000 ft2
impact on the atmosphere, Section 9 address four issues: (1) the (929 m2) of new building floor area.
management of construction waste; (2) Waste diversion requires the tracking of
materials, and resources. Building
the origin of building materials and construction and demolition waste gen-
material choices can have wide- products; (3) the selection of refriger- erated on the project site and verifying
spread impacts on the atmosphere ants and (4) the storage and collection that a minimum of 50% of that waste
and natural resources from the of recyclables and discarded goods. is either recycled or reused throughout
origin of the material components According to the EPA, building-relat- the construction process. Tracking may
to the end of a products use- ed construction and demolition debris be measured by either weight or volume
accounts for nearly 26% of non-indus- and excludes hazardous materials, soil
ful life. The activities associated
trial waste in the U.S. Standard 189.1 and land-clearing debris. The waste
with these choices may contribute addresses the minimization and the
to pollution, habitat destruction, diversion through recycling and reuse of About the Authors
natural resource depletion and waste generated on a construction site. John Cross, P.E., is vice president, American
unnecessary growth of landfills. Waste minimization on sites with Institute of Steel Construction in Chicago.
less than 5% existing buildings, struc- Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., is a principal
A high-performance green build- tures, and hardscape is accomplished engineer, Building Science and Sustainability,
at CTLGroup, Skokie, Ill. Don Horn, AIA, is an
ing must consider these impacts in by limiting the total waste generated assistant director, Office of Federal High-Perfor-
addition to the functional and eco- on a construction site, no matter how mance Green Buildings, U.S. General Services
nomic drivers of material selection. it is diverted or disposed of, to either Administration in Seattle.

ASHRAE Journals
Section 9:
The Buildings
Impact on the
Atmosphere,
Materials, and
Resources
Building material choices can
have widespread impacts on
Left: Crushing concrete for reuse (photo: CTLGroup). Right: On-site collection of construction ma- the atmosphere and natural
terials for recycling (photo: GSA).
resources from the origin of the
can be stored and sorted either on the An additional area will be set aside for material components to the
construction site or at a remote location. the collection of fluorescent and HID
Materials and products used in the lamps and ballasts complying with state end of a products useful life.
construction of the project are required and local hazardous waste requirements.
to meet all laws and regulations of the Many municipalities now identify drop-
laws of the country in which they were off points for used fluorescent bulbs.
harvested, extracted, recovered and In residential structures space will be
manufactured. New wood products in set aside for the collection of items
the project are not to contain wood in good condition that can be reused
from endangered wood species unless or collected by local agencies such as
the trade of that wood conforms with Goodwill or the Salvation Army.
the requirements of the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Spe- Reducing the Impact of Materials
cies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In addition to the mandatory
Refrigerants can contribute to ozone requirements mentioned previously,
depletion, global warming and other en- either the prescriptive or performance
vironmental factors. Standard 189.1 pro- compliance path must be followed to
hibits CFC-based refrigerants in HVAC address the impact that building materi- Preparing steel scrap for recycling(photo:
and refrigeration systems. In addition, als have on the environment and the American Institute of Steel Construction).
ozone depleting substances are not consumption of natural resources.
permitted in fire suppression systems. The prescriptive compliance path three criteria is measured on a cost basis
The final mandatory provision addresses familiar, readily quantifi- against the total cost of applicable ma-
provides for the reuse and recycling of able characteristics of materials used terials in the building. The total cost of
materials during the operational phase in the construction of the building these materials can either be specifically
of the building. A dedicated space will and requires compliance with one of calculated or a value equal to 45% of the
be designed into the structure and three criteria: recycled content, regional overall construction cost can be used.
reserved for the collection and storage of materials, and biobased products. Un- Recycled Content. The first criterion
recyclable materials that are not hazard- like the LEED rating system where all addresses the use of recycled content
ous. The physical size of this space is components of mechanical, electrical, materials, which are materials that con-
determined by the building designer plumbing, fire safety systems and trans- tain waste products that would other-
based on anticipated waste generation portation devices are excluded, Standard wise be disposed. The recycled content
levels and the frequency of collection 189.1 includes the piping, plumbing fix- of specific products is calculated on the
of these materials. The intent is that tures, ductwork, conduit, wiring, cabling basis of weight with recycled materials
recyclables will be picked up or removed and elevator and escalator framing com- recovered on a preconsumer basis count-
from the premises on a regular basis. ponents of those systems. Each of the ing half as much. The resulting recycled
content value is then multiplied by the cost of the product ment contributes to the calculation of the overall percentage
to determine the contribution of the product to the overall of regional materials. Provision is made in the standard to
recycled content of the project. To meet this criterion, the recognize inherently more efficient means of transportation
sum of the contribution of the various materials and products by assessing the distance traveled for materials moving by
must be 10% or greater of the total building materials cost. rail or water at a rate of 25% of the actual travel distance.
The recycled content of domestic steel products may be Biobased Products. The third criterion for fulfilling the pre-
calculated based on the published recycled content of prod- scriptive option recognizes the environmental value of prod-
ucts produced through either an electric arc furnace or a ucts with biobased content such as wood, bamboo, wool, cot-
basic oxygen furnace. This information is available from ton, cork, agricultural fibers or other biobased materials with
industry associations. The recycled content of concrete may at least 50% biobased content. Alternatively, materials can
be calculated either as a single product or by the separate qualify as biobased by complying with the USDAs designation
contributions of its component parts of cementitious mate- of Biobased Items for Federal Procurement or containing the
rial, aggregate (sand, gravel, and crushed stone) and water. USDA Certified Biobased Product label. A minimum of
Regional Materials. The second criterion through which a 5% of the overall material cost must be biobased products.
project can comply with the prescriptive option reduces emis- Wood building products for this requirement must contain
sions associated with transportation and supports local econo- a minimum of 60% certified wood content which has been
mies through the extraction, harvesting, recovery or manufac- tracked through a chain-of-custody process documented on a
turing of materials near the project. To satisfy this criterion percentage or physical separation basis. Documentation must
at least 15% of the construction materials and products used be provided by sources certified through a forest certification
in the building, based on cost, must be extracted, harvested, system developed in compliance with ISO/IEC Guide 59 or
recovered or manufactured within 500 miles of the project the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade. In North America,
site. Just as with the calculation of recycled content, only wood certified through the Canadian Standards Association
that portion of a material or product that meets this require- (CSA), the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the Sustainable
Measuring Material Impacts Wood
Chain-of-custody is an accounting system pro-
Concrete cess that tracks wood fiber through the different
Although cement is only 7% to 15% of the material in stages of production. Standard 189.1 recognizes
concrete, by weight, it is a fired material with significantly two approaches to meeting this requirement.
more environmental impacts than sand, gravel, or water. Physical separation approach: this is the only time a
Supplementary cementitious materials such as a fly ash, company can make a claim on the product that 100%
slag cement, and silica fume are recovered from other of their fiber came from a certified forest.
industrial processes. When used as a replacement for a
Percentage-based approaches:
portion of the cement in concrete, these materials can
Volume credit method: used when the company
reduce significantly the environmental impact of concrete.
wants to sell a portion of their product under
a chain-of-custody claim. For example, if the
Steel company knows 60% of their supply comes from
All structural steel produced in the United States a certified forest, they can make claims on 60%
used in the building process originates in electric arc of the output.
furnaces. The recycled content of this steel typically
exceeds 90%. Steel produced in electric arc furnaces Average percentage method: used when a com-
uses one-third of the amount of energy with one-third of pany wants to label 100% of their output under a
the carbon footprint as steel produced in basic oxygen chain-of-custody claim.
furnaces. If the production process is not known and the Proper documentation can include a copy of a certificate or
material is of domestic origin, then the lower recycled an on-product label from one of the certification programs, or
value (typically that of the basic oxygen furnace pro- other forms of documentation where a chain-of-custody num-
cess) is to be used for calculating recycled content. ber is disclosed and the certification program is identified.
Forestry Initiative (SFI), and the American Tree Farm System

Simplified illustration of a life-cycle inventory (LCI) for a building.
(ATFS) have the potential to meet these requirements. Vendor-
provided wood building components are allowed to comply CO
CO2
when the average annual amount of properly documented cer- Air NOx
N2O
tified wood products purchased by the vendor exceeds 60%. Land SO2
Materials CH4
Water VOC
Energy
Performance Option: Life-Cycle Assessment
As an alternative to the prescriptive path outlined earlier, Disposal
Extracting
a performance path is available, which considers broader Processing Maintenance
Assembly
environmental attributes rather than a single character- Transporting
istic. The performance path is met through performing
a life-cycle assessment (LCA) on a base building and the
proposed project building. The LCA must be performed in ultimate disposal. Once the LCI has been calculated, then
accordance to ISO Standard 14044. The proposed project simulation programs are available that calculate the environ-
building is required to show at least a 5% improvement mental impacts for the building. Standard 189.1 requires
in two of eight impact categories required for the analysis. that, at a minimum, the following impacts categories are
The LCA is allowed to include the energy use over the life included: land use (or habitat alteration), resource use,
of the building, specified as 75 years for most buildings; climate change, ozone layer depletion, human health ef-
however, the energy use does not need to be included. fects, ecotoxicity, smog, acidification, and eutrophication.
An LCA is a complex process requiring computer soft-
ware and analysis. After defining the boundary conditions Summary
in an LCA, the next step is a life-cycle inventory (LCI). Section 9 of Standard 189.1 addresses available green build-
This is an accounting of the materials and energy (inputs) ing strategies that will lessen the buildings impact on the en-
consumed for all of the assemblies and components of vironment including the atmosphere, materials and resources.
a building, and the emissions to air and water and solid It includes mandatory provisions for construction waste, legal
wastes (outputs) that result. The process includes these requirements of the materials country of origin, refrigerants,
inputs and outputs for extraction of raw materials and and the collection of recyclables and discarded goods. In
fuel sources, through manufacturing and transporting of addition, building materials must also comply with a prescrip-
components, construction, repair and replacement, and tive path for recycled content, regional materials, or biobased
finally, deconstruction, demolition, recycling, reuse, and content; or the performance path for a comprehensive LCA.

ASHRAE Journals
Its More
Than Design:
Construction &
Building Operation
By Nick Ferzacca, P.E.; Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
A
rchitects and engineers are The section is divided into two requirement for developing plans for
familiar with applying codes main sections: requirements during operation is the only real method
and standards affecting construction and requirements for available for the standard to influ-
plans for operation. Construction ence the building operation after a
system design. However, standards
activities addressed include acceptance certificate of occupancy is issued.
for high performance buildings testing, commissioning, erosion and
must recognize that the construc- sediment control, and construction Acceptance Testing &
tion process and building operation indoor air quality management. Commissioning
have a large impact on the environ- It is impossible and inappropriate for To ensure optimal building perfor-
ment. While Sections 5 through 9 Standard 189.1-2009 to specify detailed mance it is important to verify that
operating procedures for the wide range systems are operating as designed and
of Standard 189.1-2009 primarily
of building types, climate zones, and meet the needs of the owner. Standard
impact the design and selection of owner needs affected by the standard. 189.1-2009 includes requirements for
building systems, Section 10 speci- Instead, the standard requires the
fies requirements during the con- development of plans for operation that About the Authors
struction of the building as well as include water and energy consumption Nick Ferzacca, P.E., is associate principal, Ar-
tracking, IAQ monitoring, maintenance chitectural Engineers, Inc., in Boston. Martha G.
plans for building operation. All of VanGeem, P.E., is a principal engineer, Building
and service life, and transportation.
the requirements in Section 10 are Science and Sustainability, at CTLGroup, Skokie,
Since Standard 189.1-2009 was Ill. Tom Lawrence, Ph.D., P.E., is public service
mandatory, so there are no pre- primarily written with the intent for associate, Faculty of Engineering, University of
scriptive or performance paths. adoption into building codes, the Georgia, in Athens, Ga.

ASHRAE Journals
Section 10:
Construction
acceptance testing, which is required for domestic and process water and pump- And Plans
all building projects, and a more exten-
sive commissioning process, which is
ing, water heating, renewable energy
systems, water measurement devices, For Operation
required for buildings greater that 5000 and energy measurement devices.
ft2 (465 m2). In both cases, requirements In addition, procedures, docu- Requirements for construction
are separated into activities that must ments, tools, and training must
occur before obtaining a building permit be provided to the building staff and operation plansinclud-
and activities before building occupancy to maintain these systems during
ing the commissioning process,
to reflect common project milestones. the service life of the building.
For acceptance testing, an acceptance building acceptance testing,
representative must be designated Erosion and Sediment Control
prior to obtaining a building permit Construction activities near streams, measurement and verifica-
to lead, review, and oversee comple- rivers, and lakes have the potential
tion and reporting of energy
tion of acceptance testing activities, to cause water pollution and stream
and the representative must review degradation. To address this con- use, water use and indoor air
construction documents to verify cern, Standard 189.1-2009 requires
relevant sensor locations, devices and the development of an erosion and qualityare specified to assist
control sequences are properly sediment control (ESC) plan for all
building owners in achieving
documented. Before the building is construction activities. The ESC plan
occupied, acceptance tests must be must conform to the more stringent high-performance operation.
performed that include sign offs from requirements of the most current
all parties, and system manuals must version of the U.S. EPA National Pol-
be provided to operating staff. Where lutant Discharge Elimination System
buildings exceed 5,000 ft2 (465 m2) a (NPDES) or local erosion and sedimen-
full commissioning process is required, tation control standards and codes. Standard 189.1-2009 includes a list
and this is assumed to also meet the of 35 volatile and nonvolatile organic
requirements for acceptance testing. IAQ Construction Management compounds and acceptable threshold
Similar to the enhanced com- Even with the careful selection of levels based on national standards
missioning requirements in LEED building materials, products such such as ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
and ASHRAE Guideline 0, a com- as adhesives, paints, carpets and 62.1 and Californias Department of
missioning authority (Cx) must be furnishings can emit air pollutants. Health Services document commonly
designated and the Cx must lead a To reduce indoor air quality prob- referred to as Specification 01350. To
process documenting the owners lems, Standard 189.1-2009 requires meet the IAQ testing requirement,
project requirements (OPR), as well a building flush out process. ventilation systems must be operated
as review construction documents Two options for meeting the flush continuously at the design outdoor
throughout the design process. The out requirements are provided. airflow rate for a minimum of 24 hours
design team must document a basis of First, simply delivering a total volume before testing to establish a baseline
design that reflects the needs devel- of outdoor air, measured in total air occupied condition. Contaminants
oped in the OPR. During building changes (TAC) to the building will are tested at the breathing zone level.
construction, systems must be commis- meet the flush out requirements. The If the concentration levels of a specific
sioned to verify proper performance TAC is calculated using the space contaminant are exceeded, only the
and conformance to the OPR and volume and the system design outdoor failed contaminants must be retested
owners personnel must be trained as air requirements according to ANSI/ after corrective action, such as ad-
part of the commissioning process. ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Alterna- ditional area flushing, is taken.
Systems requiring commissioning tively, contaminant testing of HVAC Regardless of which flush out
include HVAC, IAQ, refrigeration, the airstreams must demonstrate that compliance path is used, perma-
building envelope, lighting controls, concentration levels of specific con- nent HVAC systems are prohib-
shading controls, irrigation, plumbing, taminants do not exceed a threshold. ited from being operated during
construction except for system startup, testing, balanc- they are undetected. To address this issue, Standard
ing, and commissioning, and all filters and controls 189.1-2009 requires that the plan for operation include
must be in place and operational during flush out. a process for tracking and assessing energy and water
Mold growth in buildings is a major concern affect- use. The initial assessment must be completed after 12
ing poor indoor air quality and occupant health. Build- months, but no later than 18 months after building
ing materials that are unprotected during construction occupancy, and assessments must be completed at least
and become moist can act as a source for mold growth. every three years. The plan must require energy and
Standard 189.1-2009 requires that materials with absorp- water use reports. Energy reports must also include:
tive properties that are stored or installed on construction Hourly load profile for each day;
sites must be protected from moisture damage. Building Monthly average daily load profile;
materials that show visual evidence of biological growth Monthly and annual energy use; and
due to the presence of moisture must not be installed on Monthly and annual peak demand.
the building project. The standard does not prohibit use Water use and energy consumption data must also be
of materials that may have had mold growth, which has entered into the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager for
been abated, as long as there are no those building types addressed by this
visible signs of biological growth. program to track building performance.
Vehicle staging areas must be Erosion from construction activities can In addition, documents related to
established for loading or unloading cause significant damage. the measurement and verification of
materials. These staging areas shall be energy efficiency must be provided to
located 100 ft (30 m) from any out- the owner and retained by the owner.
door air intakes, operable openings,
and hospitals, schools, residences, Indoor Environmental Quality Plan
hotels, daycare facilities, elderly hous- Regular indoor environmental
ing, and convalescent facilities. quality measurement and verification
programs are required to be included
Plans for Operation in the Plan for Operation. The IEQ
How a building is operated may be plan must include the requirements
the single most significant variable of of Section 8 of ANSI/ASHRAE Stan-
the buildings environmental impact. dard 62.1, as well as specific require-
Efficient building systems operated ments for monitoring outdoor airflow
improperly increase energy use and and indoor air quality measures.
waste resources. Indoor air quality can Standard 189.1 also requires a plan
suffer if air-monitoring procedures are for general cleaning during build-
not used to uncover faulty operation. ing operation according to Green
Building systems and components that Seal Standard GS-42. This includes
are poorly maintained and serviced can cleaning products that are environ-
further deteriorate building perfor- mentally preferable as well as green
mance. It is impractical, and inappropriate, for Standard cleaning practices. The standard covers cleaning of en-
189.1-2009 to specify detailed operating procedures for the tryways, floors, restrooms and dining rooms; vacuuming;
wide range of building types, climate zones, and owner needs disinfecting; solid waste, trash collection, and recycling.
affected by the standard. Instead, the standard requires the
project team to develop plans for operation. The intent is Maintenance and Service Life Plan
to facilitate a vital link and collaborative process between The plan for operation must include maintenance
designers and building operators resulting with a plan that plans addressing all mechanical, electrical, plumbing
is based on the knowledge of system design coupled with the and fire protection systems, and a service life plan ad-
needs of the building owner. While Standard 189.1-2009 dressing structural, building envelope, and hardscape
does not dictate specific operational requirements, it places materials. These plans are meant to inform facility man-
certain requirements about what the plan must include. agers about operational needs, and reveal long-term
impacts of design decisions to the design team.
Water and Energy Use The maintenance plan uses ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA
The quality improvement movement of the 1970s Standard 180 as a basis for HVAC systems. Standard 180
was based on the premise that you cant improve what provides recommendations for maintenance of HVAC
you dont measure. Building inefficiencies, which may systems, and so the intent of Standard 189.1-2009 is that
be easily corrected, can go unnoticed simply because maintenance plans for electrical, plumbing and fire pro-

Advertisers Index/Reader Service Information
To reduce indoor air quality problems, building flush out is Two fast and easy ways to get additional information on
required before occupancy. products and services in this issue:
1. Visit the Web address below the advertisers name for the ad in this issue.
*Regional
2. Go to www.ashrae.org/freeinfo to search for products by category or
company name. Plus, link directly to advertisers Web sites or request
information by e-mail, fax or mail.
Company Page
Web Address
AAON, Inc...................................................................................................... S21
info.hotims.com/30916-53
ASHRAE Standard 189.1.............................................................................. S50
CALMAC........................................................................................................ S33
Captive Aire................................................................................................... S45
Energy Conservatory................................................................................... S49
Greenheck Fan Corp.................................................................................... S19
tection systems must use similar approaches as Standard ITT Bell & Gossett......................................................................................... S25
180 as appropriately applied to these other systems.
Jackson Systems LLC................................................................................. S42
The service life plan is based on similar requirements
in CSA S478-95 Guideline on Durability in Buildings.
KMC Controls.................................................................................................. S8
This plan requires identification of materials that need to info.hotims.com/30916-60
be inspected, repaired, or replaced during the design life,
Lennox........................................................................................................... S51
generally at least 50 years. For these products, the estimated info.hotims.com/30916-61
service life, maintenance frequency, and access for main- Metal-Fab....................................................................................................... S27
tenance must be identified. This plan is submitted to the info.hotims.com/30916-62
owner at the completion of design. This informs the owner Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA Inc................................................... S2
of the maintenance and service life decisions that have been info.hotims.com/30916-63
made before construction begins. The owner is then required Multistack, LLC............................................................................................. S39
to retain the document during the life of the building. The info.hotims.com/30916-64
intent is that this will inform the owner regarding inspec- Munters Corp., Dehumidification Div.......................................................... S52
tion and maintenance procedures that need to be followed. info.hotims.com/30916-65
Price............................................................................................................... S13
Transportation Management Plan info.hotims.com/30916-66
Traffic congestion is a major contributor to poor air Raypak........................................................................................................... S15
quality, and programs that encourage the use of transit, info.hotims.com/30916-67
ridesharing, bicycling rather than driving alone can be part Ruskin..................................................................................................S36S37

of the solution. Standard 189.1-2009 requires all building info.hotims.com/30916-68
projects to develop a transportation management plan, Semco.............................................................................................................. S9

which includes as a minimum, preferred parking for car-
pools and vanpools with parking facilities as well as a plan Siemens Building Technology...................................................................... S7
for bicycle transportation. Owners of the building project
TITUS............................................................................................................. S31
who occupy or partially occupy the build must provide
employee benefits that either incentivize use of mass tran-
Viconics........................................................................................................... S5
sit, initiate telework or flexible work schedule programs,
or initiate ridesharing or carpool matching programs.
Viega LLC...................................................................................................... S29
Summary
Yaskawa Electric America........................................................................... S43
Section 10 of Standard 189.1 goes beyond design into info.hotims.com/30916-72
construction and operation of the building. This pro-
vides for enhanced practices during construction, but For information on advertising in the ASHRAE Journal,
more importantly, during the life of the building. contact Greg Martin at 678-539-1174 or gmartin@ashrae.org.


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This supplement was published in ASHRAE Journal, June 2010.

Guide to Standard 189.1

Water Use Atmosphere,

AJcover.indd 2 5/13/2010 9:56:10 AM

Standardizing High Performance

June 2010 ASHRAE Journals Guide to Standard 189.1 S3

S4 ASHRAE Journals Guide to Standard 189.1 ashrae.org June 2010

The emergence of green building codes and standards...

LEED & Green Building Codes

S10 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

is to support smart growth

planning, protect environmen-

tally sensitive lands, reduce

heat island effect, minimize

pervious surfaces, retain native

Photo 2 (below) Shade on the west wall

lighting zones are defined to reflect different nighttime ambi-

Exterior Zone & Lighting Level

LZ1: Dark Gas station in a rural location outside a small town

LZ2: Low Grocery store adjacent to a residential neighborhood

LZ3: Medium Commercial district including retail and restaurant establishments

LZ4: High Hotel located in a high density, metropolitan area

Table 1 Lighting zone designations.

S12 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Perforated Pipe Non-Perforated Pipe

Performance Option the average annual rainfall to be managed through infiltration,

Urban Heat Island Effect and Building Heat Gain

S14 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S16 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Mandatory Site Water Use irrigation that use evapotranspiration,

S18 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Heck, we were green

Prepared to Support Going green? Go Greenheck visit our

S20 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S22 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

or otherwise addressed in the

energy efficiency section, the

building project must meet

all of the requirements of

Building and Fenestration Orientation

S24 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S26 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S28 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Climate Zone City

90.1-2007 189.1 3BOther Las Vegas

600 3C San Francisco

100 6B Helena, Mont.

All Building Types

Energy performance modeling for Standard 189.1 used

Modeling Energy Savings

S30 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S32 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S34 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Classrooms Adjacent to Restrooms or Showers 53

Classrooms Adjacent to Music or Mechanical

S38 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

Choosing Materials Wisely

S40 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

have widespread impacts on

Forestry Initiative (SFI), and the American Tree Farm System

S44 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S46 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010

S48 A S H R A E J o u r n a l s G u i d e t o S t a n d a r d 1 8 9 . 1 a s h r a e . o r g June 2010