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Using Fig. 3.50, design a problem to help other students to better understand
nodal analysis.
R1 R2
Ix
+ +
12 V 9V
R3
Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and Prob. 3.39.
Solution
Let the node voltage in the top middle of the circuit be designated as V x .
I x = 6/(2k) = 3 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 2
At node 1,
v1 v1 v v2
6 1 60 = - 8v 1 + 5v 2 (1)
10 5 2
At node 2,
v2 v v2
36 1 36 = - 2v 1 + 3v 2 (2)
4 2
v 1 = 0 V, v 2 = 12 V
Chapter 3, Solution 3
v0 vo vo v
8 20 0 = 0 or v 0 = 60 V
10 20 30 60
v0 v
i1 = 6 A , i 2 = 0 3 A,
10 20
v0 v
i3 = 2 A, i 4 = 0 1 A.
30 60
Chapter 3, Solution 4
v1 3A v2
i1 i2 i3 i4
20 10 40 40 2A
6A
At node 1,
At node 2,
i 1 = v 1 /(20) = 3 A, i 2 = v 1 /(10) = 6 A,
i 3 = v 2 /(40) = 500 mA, i 4 = v 2 /(40) = 500 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 5
30 v 0 20 v 0 v 0
v 0 = 20 V
2k 5k 4k
Chapter 3, Solution 6.
+
5 +
10 V
V1 10 20 V
+
Figure 3.55
For Prob. 3.6.
Step 1. The first thing to do is to select a reference node and to identify all the
unknown nodes. We select the bottom of the circuit as the reference node. The only
unknown node is the one connecting all the resistors together and we will call that node
V 1 . The other two nodes are at the top of each source. Relative to the reference, the one
at the top of the 10-volt source is 10 V. At the top of the 20-volt source is +20 V.
Step 2. Setup the nodal equation (there is only one since there is only one
unknown).
or
V 1 = 2 V.
The answer can be checked by calculating all the currents and see if they add up to zero.
The top two currents on the left flow right to left and are 0.8 A and 1.6 A respectively.
The current flowing up through the 10-ohm resistor is 0.2 A. The current flowing right to
left through the 10-ohm resistor is 2.2 A. Summing all the currents flowing out of the
node, V 1 , we get, +0.8+1.6 0.22.2 = 0. The answer checks.
Chapter 3, Solution 7
Vx 0 Vx 0
2 0.2Vx 0
10 20
0.35V x = 2 or V x = 5.714 V.
i2
+ 60V +
V0 4
+ 5V 0
20
v1 ( v1 60) 0 v1 5v 0
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 0
10 20 20
2
But v0 v1 so that 2v 1 + v 1 60 + v 1 2v 1 = 0
5
or v 1 = 60/2 = 30 V, therefore v o = 2v 1 /5 = 12 V.
Chapter 3, Solution 9
Let V 1 be the unknown node voltage to the right of the 250- resistor. Let the ground
reference be placed at the bottom of the 50- resistor. This leads to the following nodal
equation:
V1 24 V1 0 V1 60I b 0
0
250 50 150
simplifying we get
3V1 72 15V1 5V1 300I b 0
24 V1
But I b . Substituting this into the nodal equation leads to
250
v1 v2 v3
This produces,
1.125v 1 v 3 = 4 (1)
Substituting (3) into (1) we get (1.1251)v 1 = 4 or v 1 = 4/0.125 = 32 volts. This leads to,
i o = 32/8 = 4 amps.
Chapter 3, Solution 11
Find V o and the power absorbed by all the resistors in the circuit of Fig. 3.60.
12 Vo 6
+
60 V 12 24 V
_ +
Figure 3.60
For Prob. 3.11.
Solution
Vo 60 Vo 0 Vo (24)
At the top node, KCL produces 0
12 12 6
(1/3)V o = 1 or V o = 3 V.
P 4 = (3(24))2/6 = 121.5 W.
Chapter 3, Solution 12
Ix
+
40 V _ 20 10
4 Ix
At node 1,
V1 40 V1 0 V1 Vo
0 or
20 20 10
(0.05+0.05+.1)V 1 0.1V o = 0.2V 1 0.1V o = 2 (1)
At node o,
Vo V1 V 0
4I x o 0 and I x = V 1 /20
10 10
0.1V 1 0.2V 1 + 0.2V o = 0.3V 1 + 0.2V o = 0 or (2)
V 1 = (2/3)V o (3)
V o = 60 V.
Chapter 3, Solution 13
10 V
15 A
Figure 3.62
For Prob. 3.13.
Solution
v 2 = 40 volts.
v 1 = 8x5 = 40 volts.
Chapter 3, Solution 14
1 2
+
50 V
4 +
vo
100 V +
Figure 3.63
For Prob. 3.14.
12.5 A
Solution
8
v0
v1
1 2
+
50 V
4 +
vo
100 V +
At node 1,
At node o,
v o = 50 V.
At node 1,
At node o,
8
v0
v1
1 2
20 V
4 +
40 V +
At node 3, 2 + 4 = 3 (v 3 - v 2 ) v3 = v2 + 2 (3)
56
2 + 6v 2 + 60 + 8v 2 = 3v 2 + 6 v2 =
11
54
v 1 = v 2 + 10 =
11
i 0 = 6v i = 29.45 A
2
v12 54
P 65 = v12 G 6 144.6 W
R 11
56
2
= v G 5 129.6 W
2
P 55 2
11
P 35 = v L v 3 G (2) 2 3 12 W
2
Chapter 3, Solution 16
2S
v1 v2 8S
v3
i0
+ 13 V +
2A 1S v0 4S
At the supernode,
But
v 1 = v 2 + 2v 0 and v 0 = v 2 .
Hence
v 1 = 3v 2 (2)
v 3 = 13V (3)
v 1 = 18.858 V, v 2 = 6.286 V, v 3 = 13 V
Chapter 3, Solution 17 v1
i0
4 2
10
60 V v2 8
60 V + 3i 0
60 v1 v1 v1 v 2
At node 1, 120 = 7v 1 - 4v 2 (1)
4 8 2
60 v 2 v1 v 2
At node 2, 3i 0 + 0
10 2
60 v1
But i 0 = .
4
Hence
360 v1 60 v 2 v1 v 2
0 1020 = 5v 1 + 12v 2 (2)
4 10 2
60 v1
Solving (1) and (2) gives v 1 = 53.08 V. Hence i 0 = 1.73 A
4
Chapter 3, Solution 18
+
v2
v1 v3
30 V
2 2 + +
15A
v1 v3
4 8
(a) (b)
v 2 v1 v 2 v 3
At node 2, in Fig. (a), 15 = 0 or 0.5v 1 + v 2 0.5v 3 = 15 (1)
2 2
v v1 v 2 v 3 v1 v 3
At the supernode, 2 = 0 and (v 1 /4) 15 + (v 3 /8) = 0 or
2 2 4 8
2v 1 +v 3 = 120 (2)
At node 1,
V1 V3 V1 V2 V1
5 3
16 7V1 V2 4V3 (1)
2 8 4
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2 V2 V3
0 V1 7V2 2V3 (2)
8 2 4
At node 3,
12 V3 V1 V3 V2 V3
3 0
36 4V1 2V2 7V3 (3)
8 2 4
From (1) to (3),
7 1 4 V1 16
1 7 2 V2 0
AV B
4
2 7 V3 36
Using MATLAB,
10
V A 1 B 4.933
V1 10 V, V2 4.933 V, V3 12.267 V
12.267
Chapter 3, Solution 20
.
V1 . V2 2 V3
4 1 4
2 k 3v 0
v3 3v 0
v1 v2
+ +
+ + +
v0 v3 v2
3 mA 1 k
(b)
(a)
Let v 3 be the voltage between the 2k resistor and the voltage-controlled voltage source.
At node 1,
v v 2 v1 v 3
3x10 3 1 12 = 3v 1 - v 2 - 2v 3 (1)
4000 2000
At node 2,
v1 v 2 v1 v 3 v 2
3v 1 - 5v 2 - 2v 3 = 0 (2)
4 2 1
- v 3 - 3v 2 + v 2 = 0 v 3 = - 2v 2 (3)
v 1 = 1 V, v 2 = 3 V
Chapter 3, Solution 22
12 v 0 v1 v v0
At node 1, 3 1 24 = 7v 1 - v 2 (1)
2 4 8
v 1 v 2 v 2 5v 2
At node 2, 3 +
8 1
But, v 1 = 12 - v 1
Hence, 24 + v 1 - v 2 = 8 (v 2 + 60 + 5v 1 ) = 4 V
v 1 = - 10.91 V, v 2 = - 100.36 V
Chapter 3, Solution 23
2 Vo
1 4
Vo V1
+
+
+
30 V _ 2 Vo 16
3A
_
At node o,
Vo 30 Vo 0 Vo (2Vo V1 )
0 1.25Vo 0.25V1 30 (1)
1 2 4
At node 1,
(2Vo V1 ) Vo V1 0
3 0 5V1 4Vo 48 (2)
4 16
+ Vo _
2A
4A
V2 4
V3
V1 V4
1 2 2 1
V1 0 V V4
4 1 0 1.125V1 0.125V4 4 (1)
1 8
V 0 V2 V3
4 2 0 0.75V2 0.25V3 4 (2)
2 4
V3 V2 V3 0
2 0 0.25V2 0.75V3 2 (3)
4 2
V V1 V4 0
2 4 0 0.125V1 1.125V4 2 (4)
8 1
1.125 0 0 0.125 4
0 0.75 0.25 0 4
V
0 0.25 0.75 0 2
0.125 0 0 1.125 2
Now we can use MATLAB to solve for the unknown node voltages.
>> Y=[1.125,0,0,-0.125;0,0.75,-0.25,0;0,-0.25,0.75,0;-0.125,0,0,1.125]
Y=
1.1250 0 0 -0.1250
0 0.7500 -0.2500 0
0 -0.2500 0.7500 0
-0.1250 0 0 1.1250
>> I=[4,-4,-2,2]'
I=
4
-4
-2
2
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
3.8000
-7.0000
-5.0000
2.2000
20
4
10
1 10
1 3
2
30
8
4 20
At node 1.
V V2 V1 V4
4 1 80 21V1 20V2 V4 (1)
1 20
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2 V2 V3
0 80V1 98V2 8V3 (2)
1 8 10
At node 3,
V2 V3 V3 V3 V4
0 2V2 5V3 2V4 (3)
10 20 10
At node 4,
V1 V4 V3 V4 V4
0 3V1 6V3 11V4 (4)
20 10 30
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives:
80 21 20 0 1 V1
0 80 98 8 0 V2
0 0 2 5 2 V3
0 3 0 6 11 V4
B =A V V = A-1 B
At node 1,
15 V1 V V3 V1 V2
3 1 45 7V1 4V2 2V3 (1)
20 10 5
At node 2,
V1 V2 4 I o V2 V2 V3
(2)
5 5 5
V1 V3
But I o . Hence, (2) becomes
10
0 7V1 15V2 3V3 (3)
At node 3,
V V3 10 V3 V2 V3
3 1 0 70 3V1 6V2 11V3 (4)
10 15 5
Putting (1), (3), and (4) in matrix form produces
7 4 2 V1 45
7 15 3 V2 0
AV B
3 6 11 V 70
3
Using MATLAB leads to
7.19
V A 1B 2.78
2.89
Thus,
V 1 = 7.19V; V 2 = 2.78V; V 3 = 2.89V.
Chapter 3, Solution 27
At node 1,
2 = 2v 1 + v 1 v 2 + (v 1 v 3 )4 + 3i 0 , i 0 = 4v 2 . Hence,
2 = 7v 1 + 11v 2 4v 3 (1)
At node 2,
v 1 v 2 = 4v 2 + v 2 v 3 0 = v 1 + 6v 2 v 3 (2)
At node 3,
2v 3 = 4 + v 2 v 3 + 12v 2 + 4(v 1 v 3 )
or 4 = 4v 1 + 13v 2 7v 3 (3)
In matrix form,
7 11 4 v 1 2
1 6 1 v 0
2
4 13 7 v 3 4
7 11 4 2 11 4
1 6 1 176, 1 0 6 1 110
4 13 7 4 13 7
7 2 4 7 11 2
2 1 0 1 66, 3 1 6 0 286
4 4 7 4 13 4
1 110 66
v1 = 0.625V, v 2 = 2 0.375V
176 176
3 286
v3 = 1.625V.
176
At node c,
V d V c V c Vb V c
0 5Vb 11Vc 2Vd (1)
10 4 5
At node b,
Va 90 Vb Vc Vb Vb
90 Va 4Vb 2Vc (2)
8 4 8
At node a,
Va 60 Vd Va Va 90 Vb
0 60 7Va 2Vb 4Vd (3)
4 16 8
At node d,
Va 60 Vd Vd Vd Vc
300 5Va 2Vc 8Vd (4)
4 20 10
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
0 5 11 2 Va 0
1 4 2 0 Vb 90
7 2 0 4 V 60 AV B
c
5 0 2 8 V 300
d
We use MATLAB to invert A and obtain
10.56
1 20.56
VA B
1.389
43.75
Thus,
V a = 10.56 V; V b = 20.56 V; V c = 1.389 V; VC d = 43.75 V.
Chapter 3, Solution 29
At node 1,
5 V1 V4 2V1 V1 V2 0
5 4V1 V2 V4 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 2V2 4(V2 V3 ) 0
0 V1 7V2 4V3 (2)
At node 3,
6 4(V2 V3 ) V3 V4 6 4V2 5V3 V4 (3)
At node 4,
2 V3 V4 V1 V4 3V4
2 V1 V3 5V4 (4)
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
4 1 0 1 V1 5
1 7 4 0 V2 0
0 4 5 1 V 6 AV B
3
1 0 1 5 V 2
4
Using MATLAB,
0.7708
1 1.209
V A B
2.309
0.7076
i.e.
V1 0.7708 V, V 2 1.209 V, V 3 2.309 V, V 4 0.7076 V
Chapter 3, Solution 30
+
40
i0
96 V
v1 20 v0
10 1 2
+
80 V 4v 0 + 2i 0
80
At node 1,
At node 2,
v 1 = 313.61036.8 = 1350.4
v o = 268.8806.4 = 1.0752 kV
+ v0
v1 v2 2v 0 v3 2
i0
1A 10 V +
4 1 4
At the supernode,
v1 v 2 v1 v 3
1 + 2v 0 = (1)
4 1 1
At node 3,
v3 10 v 3
2v o + v1 v 3
4 2
or 20 = 4v 1 + 0v 2 v 3 (3)
v3
At the supernode, v 2 = v 1 + 4i o . But i o = . Hence,
4
v2 = v1 + v3 (4)
5 k v3
10 V 20 V
+ +
v1
v2 +
+ loop 1 v3
v1 loop 2
10 k 12 V +
4 mA
(b)
(a)
-v 1 10 + 12 = 0 or v 1 = 2 and -12 + 20 + v 3 = 0 or v 3 = -8 V
Thus, v 1 = 2 V, v 2 = 12 V, v 3 = -8V.
Chapter 3, Solution 33
3 1
2 4
6
2A
5
12 V + 2
1
Chapter 3, Solution 34
2
1 3
6
10 V + 5
4
30 V + 20 V +
+
i1 i2 v0 4 k
2 k 5 k
Assume that i 1 and i 2 are in mA. We apply mesh analysis. For mesh 1,
-30 + 20 + 7i 1 5i 2 = 0 or 7i 1 5i 2 = 10 (1)
For mesh 2,
v 0 = 4i 2 = 20 volts.
Chapter 3, Solution 36
10 V
4
i1 +
i2 i3
12 V + I1 I2
6 2
10I 1 6I 2 = 12 and 6I 1 + 8I 2 = 10
4 3
6 5 3 I1 6 I1 3 5 6
or 5 3 4 I 5 or I 11 5
2 2
60 V +
+ 5v 0
v0 4 i1 i2 +
20
But, v 0 = 4i 1 (3)
Using (1), (2), and (3) we get 20i 1 + 60i 1 + 120 60 20i 1 = 0 or
Therefore, we get,
v 0 = 4i 1 = 12 volts.
Chapter 3, Solution 38
4 3
+ I3 I4
60 V 1
_ 10 A
2 2
Io
1
+
1 I1 I2 _ 22.5V
4
5A
I 1 = 5 A (1)
But, we need one more equation, so we use the constraint equation I 3 + I 4 = 10. This
now gives us three equations with three unknowns.
7 0 1 I 2 27.5
2 6 6 I 50
3
0 1 1 I 4 10
>> Z=[7,0,-1;-2,6,6;0,-1,0]
Z=
7 0 -1
-2 6 6
0 -1 0
>> V=[27.5,50,10]'
V=
27.5
50
10
>> I=inv(Z)*V
I=
1.3750
10.0000
17.8750
I o = I 1 I 2 = 5 1.375 = 6.375 A.
Using Fig. 3.50 from Prob. 3.1, design a problem to help other students to better
understand mesh analysis.
Solution
Ix
+ I1 I2 +
12 V 9V
R3
Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and 3.39.
Thus,
I x = I 1 I 2 = (1.5+1.5) mA = 3 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 40
2 k 6 k
6 k i2
2 k
56V + i1
i3
4 k 4 k
Assume all currents are in mA and apply mesh analysis for mesh 1.
56 + 12i 1 6i 2 4i 3 = 0 or 6i 1 3i 2 2i 3 = 28 (1)
for mesh 2,
6i 1 + 14i 2 2i 3 = 0 or 3i 1 + 7i 2 i 3 =0 (2)
for mesh 3,
4i 1 2i 2 + 10i 3 = 0 or 2i 1 i 2 + 5i 3 =0 (3)
i o = i 1 = 8 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 41
10
i1
6V
2
+
1
i2
4 i3 5
8V +
i
i2 i3
0
For loop 1,
6 = 12i 1 2i 2 3 = 6i 1 i 2 (1)
For loop 2,
-8 = 2i 1 +7i 2 i 3 (2)
For loop 3,
-8 + 6 + 6i 3 i 2 = 0 2 = i 2 + 6i 3 (3)
6 1 0 i1 3
2 7 1 i 8
2
0 1 6 i 3 2
6 1 0 6 3 0
2 7 1 234, 2 2 8 1 240
0 1 6 0 2 6
6 1 3
3 2 7 8 38
0 1 2
3 2 38 240
At node 0, i + i 2 = i 3 or i = i 3 i 2 = = 1.188 A
234
Chapter 3, Solution 42
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 3.88
Solution
For mesh 1,
12 50I 1 30I 2 0 12 50I1 30I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
8 100 I 2 30 I 1 40 I 3 0
8 30 I 1 100 I 2 40 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
6 50 I 3 40 I 2 0 6 40 I 2 50 I 3 (3)
Putting eqs. (1) to (3) in matrix form, we get
50 30 0 I 1 12
30 100 40 I 2 8
AI B
0
40 50 I 3 6
Using Matlab,
0.48
1
I A B 0.40
0.44
20
a
80 V + 30
i1 +
i3 30 V ab
20
80 V + i2 30
20 b
For loop 1,
For loop 2,
For loop 3,
I o = i 3 = 16/9 = 1.7778 A
V ab = 30i 3 = 53.33 V.
Chapter 3, Solution 44
90 V
2 i3 4
i2
1
180V +
5
i1
45 A
i1 i2
6i 1 + 4i 2 5i 3 + 180 = 0 (1)
Also, i 2 = 45 + i 1 (3)
4 8
i3 i4
2 6
30V +
i1 3 i2 1
For loop 1,
12 3i1 8(i1 i 2 ) 12 11i1 8i 2 0
11i1 8i 2 12 (1)
For loop 2,
8(i 2 i1 ) 6i 2 2v o 8i1 14i 2 2v o 0
But vo 3i1 ,
8i1 14i2 6i1 0
i1 7i2 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
77i2 8i2 12
i 2 0.1739 A and i1 7i2 1.217 A
Chapter 3, Solution 47
- 6V +
2
I3
V1 8 V2 4 V3
4
8
I1 2 I2
+ +
20V 12V
- -
For mesh 1,
20 14 I 1 2 I 2 8I 3 0
10 7 I 1 I 2 4 I 3 (1)
For mesh 2,
12 14 I 2 2 I 1 4 I 3 0
6 I1 7 I 2 2I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
6 14 I 3 4 I 2 8I 1 0
3 4 I 1 2 I 2 7 I 3 (3)
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form, we obtain
7 1 4 I 1 10
1 7 2 I 2 6
AI B
4 2 7 I 3
3
Using MATLAB,
2
I A 1 B 0.0333
I 1 2.5, I 2 0.0333, I 3 1.8667
1.8667
But
20 V
I1
V1 20 4 I 1 10 V
4
V 2 2( I 1 I 2 ) 4.933 V
Also,
V3 12
I2
V3 12 8I 2 12.267 V.
8
Chapter 3, Solution 48
I4
4k 2k 5k
Io
1k I3 -
I1 I2 3V
+ +
6V + 10k
- 4V
-
For mesh 1,
6 8 5I1 I 2 4I 4 0 2 5I1 I 2 4I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
4 13I 2 I1 10I 3 2I 4 0 4 I1 13I 2 10I 3 2I 4 (2)
For mesh 3,
3 15I 3 10I 2 5I 4 0 3 10I 2 15I 3 5I 4 (3)
For mesh 4,
4 I 1 2 I 2 5I 3 14 I 4 0 (4)
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives
5 1 0 4 I1 2
1 13 10 2 I 2 4
0 10 15 5 I 3
AI B
3
4 2 5 14 I 0
4
Using MATLAB,
3.608
1 4.044
IA B 0.148
3.896
3
The current through the 10k resistor is I o = I 2 I 3 = 148 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 49
3
i3
1 2
2 i1 i2 27 V +
2i 0
i1 i2
0
(a)
1 2
27V
+ +
2 +
i1 v0 v0 i2
or
(b)
3i 1 + 2i 2 3i 3 + 27 = 0 (1)
4 i1 2
i3
10
8
35 V +
i2
3i 0
i2 i3
or 6i 1 + 5i 2 + 5i 3 = 17.5 (2)
i 0 = i 1 = 1.0098 A
Chapter 3, Solution 51
5A
i1
1 i3
i2 +
4 v0 20V
40 V + +
+
v0 2 i2 8
3A i2
VS +
i1 i3
4 i3 + 2V 0
For mesh 1,
4 3 1 0 I1 12
3 7
0 0 I 2 12
k
1 0 15 6 I 3 24
0 0 6 16 I 5 24
ZI = V
Using MATLAB,
>> Z = [4,-3,-1,0;-3,7,0,0;-1,0,15,-6;0,0,-6,16]
Z=
4 -3 -1 0
-3 7 0 0
-1 0 15 -6
0 0 -6 16
>> V = [12,-12,-24,-24]'
V=
12
-12
-24
-24
We obtain,
>> I = inv(Z)*V
I=
1.6196 mA
1.0202 mA
2.461 mA
3 mA
2.423 mA
Chapter 3, Solution 54
2 1 0 I 1 2
1 3 1 I 2 10
AI B
0 1 2 I 12
3
Using MATLAB,
5.25
I A B 8.5
1
I 1 5.25 mA, I 2 8.5 mA, I 3 10.25 mA
10.25
1A
i1 I2
4A 6
1A
d I3 2
I1
i2
I4 i3
I3
4A
12 4
a + 0
I4
8V
It is evident that I 1 = 4 (1)
At node c, I2 = I3 + 1 (4)
Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) yields, I 1 = 4A, I 2 = 3A, I 3 = 2A, and I 4 = 4A
At node b, i 1 = I 2 I 1 = -1A
At node a, i 2 = 4 I 4 = 0A
At node 0, i 3 = I 4 I 3 = 2A
Chapter 3, Solution 56
+ v1
2
i2
2 2
2 +
2
12 V + v2
i1 i3
2 1 1 i1 6
1 3 1 i 0
2
1 1 3 i 3 0
2 1 1 2 6 1
= 1 3 1 8, 2 = 1 3 1 24
1 1 3 1 0 3
2 1 6
3 = 1 3 0 24 , therefore i 2 = i 3 = 24/8 = 3A,
1 1 0
v 1 = 2i 2 = 6 volts, v = 2i 3 = 6 volts
Chapter 3, Solution 57
Assume R is in kilo-ohms.
V2 4kx15mA 60V, V1 90 V2 90 60 30V
Current through R is
3 3
iR i o, V1 i R R 30 (15)R
3 R 3 R
This leads to R = 90/15 = 6 k.
Chapter 3, Solution 58
30
i2
10 10
30 30
i1 +
i3
120 V
I0 i2 96 V
10
20
+
80V + i1 i3 v0 80
4v 0 +
2I 0
i2 i3
3 2 32 i1 8
From (1), (2), and (3), 1 3 12 i 4.8
2
0 3 1 i3 0
3 2 32 3 8 32 3 2 8
= 1 3 12 5, 2 = 1 4.8 12 22.4, 3 = 1 3 4.8 67.2
0 3 1 0 0 1 0 3 0
I 0 = i 2 = 2 / = -28/5 = 4.48 A
4 56 V 8
v1 v2
1 56 V + 2
i0
20 10
v1 v2
i0
is +
v0 30 + 5v 0 40
4 k 8 k 2 k
A B
100V + +
i1 i2 i3 40 V
At node A, i1 + 4 = i2 (2)
At node B, i 2 = 2i 1 + i 3 (3)
Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get i 1 = 2 mA, i 2 = 6 mA, and i 3 = 2 mA.
Chapter 3, Solution 63
10 A
5
50 V +
i1 i2
+
4i x
50 = 14i 1 + 5i 2 (1)
10 i2 + 4i 0
i1
i3 40
250V +
5A
0.2V 0
i1 B i3
For mesh 1,
12 + 12I 1 6I 2 I 4 = 0 or
12 12 I 1 6 I 2 I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
6I 1 + 16I 2 8I 3 I 4 I 5 = 0 (2)
For mesh 3,
8I 2 + 15I 3 I 5 9 = 0 or
9 = 8I 2 + 15I 3 I 5 (3)
For mesh 4,
I 1 I 2 + 7I 4 2I 5 6 = 0 or
6 = I 1 I 2 + 7I 4 2I 5 (4)
For mesh 5,
I 2 I 3 2I 4 + 8I 5 10 = 0 or
10 I 2 I 3 2 I 4 8 I 5 (5)
Casting (1) to (5) in matrix form gives
12 6 0 1 0 I1 12
6 16 8 1 1 I 2 0
0 8 15 0 1 I 9 AI B
3
1 1 0 7 2 I 4 6
0 1 1 2 8 I 10
5
This leads to
>> Z=[12,-6,0,-1,0;-6,16,-8,-1,-1;0,-8,15,0,-1;-1,-1,0,7,-2;0,-1,-1,-2,8]
Z=
12 -6 0 -1 0
-6 16 -8 -1 -1
0 -8 15 0 -1
-1 -1 0 7 -2
0 -1 -1 -2 8
>> V=[12;0;9;6;10]
V=
12
0
9
6
10
>> I=inv(Z)*V
I=
2.1701
1.9912
1.8119
2.0942
2.2489
Thus,
I = [2.17, 1.9912, 1.8119, 2.094, 2.249] A.
Chapter 3, Solution 66
6I 1 + 18I 3 4I 4 = 30 (3)
2I 1 2I 2 4I 3 + 12I 4 4I 5 = 0 (4)
6I 2 4I 4 + 18I 5 = 32 (5)
30 4 6 2 0 12
4 30 0 2 6 16
6 0 18 4 0 I 30
2 2 4 12 4 0
0 6 0 4 18 32
ZI = V
Using MATLAB,
>> Z = [30,-4,-6,-2,0;
-4,30,0,-2,-6;
-6,0,18,-4,0;
-2,-2,-4,12,-4;
0,-6,0,-4,18]
Z=
30 -4 -6 -2 0
-4 30 0 -2 -6
-6 0 18 -4 0
-2 -2 -4 12 -4
0 -6 0 -4 18
>> V = [-12,-16,30,0,-32]'
V=
-12
-16
30
0
-32
>> I = inv(Z)*V
I=
-0.2779 A
-1.0488 A
1.4682 A
-0.4761 A
-2.2332 A
Chapter 3, Solution 67
5A
V1 4 2
V2 V3
+ Vo -
3 Vo
10 5 10 A
Since we actually have four unknowns and only three equations, we need a constraint
equation.
Vo = V2 V3
Substituting this back into the matrix equation, the first equation becomes,
0.35V 1 3.25V 2 + 3V 3 = 5
>> Y=[0.35,-3.25,3;-0.25,0.95,-0.5;0,-0.5,0.5]
Y=
>> I=[5,0,15]'
I=
5
0
15
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
410.5262
194.7368
164.7368
V o = V 2 V 3 = 77.89 + 65.89 = 30 V.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
3A
10 25
+
4A 40 Vo 20 _ 24 V
Figure 3.112
For Prob. 3.68.
Solution
3A
10 25
V1 Vo
+
+
4A 40 Vo 20 _ 24 V
_
0.125 0.1 43 7
0.1 0.19 V 3 24 / 25 2.04
>> Y=[0.125,-0.1;-0.1,0.19]
Y=
0.1250 -0.1000
-0.1000 0.1900
>> I=[7,-2.04]'
I=
7.0000
-2.0400
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
81.8909
32.3636
Thus, V o = 32.36 V.
We can perform a simple check at node V o ,
Assume that all conductances are in mS, all currents are in mA, and all voltages are in
volts.
i 1 = 20, i 2 = 5, and i 3 = 10 5 = 5
1.75 0.25 1 v 1 20
0.25
1 0.25 v 2 5
1 0.25 1.25 v 3 5
Chapter 3, Solution 70
3 0 4I x 20
0 5 V 4 I 7
x
5 0 20
8 5 V 7
9 4 5 30
4 7 1 I 15
5 1 9 0
>> R=[9,4,5;4,7,1;5,1,9]
R=
9 4 5
4 7 1
5 1 9
>> V=[30,15,0]'
V=
30
15
0
>> I=inv(R)*V
I=
6.255 A
1.9599 A
3.694 A
Chapter 3, Solution 72
R 11 = 5 + 2 = 7, R 22 = 2 + 4 = 6, R 33 = 1 + 4 = 5, R 44 = 1 + 4 = 5,
R 12 = -2, R 13 = 0 = R 14 , R 21 = -2, R 23 = -4, R 24 = 0, R 31 = 0,
R 32 = -4, R 34 = -1, R 41 = 0 = R 42 , R 43 = -1, we note that R ij = R ji for
all i not equal to j.
v 1 = 8, v 2 = 4, v 3 = -10, and v 4 = -4
7 2 0 0 i1 8
2 6 4 0 i 4
2
0 4 5 1 i 3 10
0 0 1 5 i4 4
Chapter 3, Solution 73
R 11 = 2 + 3 +4 = 9, R 22 = 3 + 5 = 8, R 33 = 1+1 + 4 = 6, R 44 = 1 + 1 = 2,
R 12 = -3, R 13 = -4, R 14 = 0, R 23 = 0, R 24 = 0, R 34 = -1
v 1 = 6, v 2 = 4, v 3 = 2, and v 4 = -3
Hence,
9 3 4 0 i1 6
3 8
0 0 i 2 4
4 0 6 1 i 3 2
0 0 1 2 i 4 3
Chapter 3, Solution 74
R 11 = R 1 + R 4 + R 6 , R 22 = R 2 + R 4 + R 5 , R 33 = R 6 + R 7 + R 8 ,
R 44 = R 3 + R 5 + R 8 , R 12 = -R 4 , R 13 = -R 6 , R 14 = 0, R 23 = 0,
R 24 = -R 5 , R 34 = -R 8 , again, we note that R ij = R ji for all i not equal to j.
V1
V
2
The input voltage vector is =
V3
V4
R 1 R4 R6 R4 R6 0 i1 V1
R4 R2 R4 R5 0 R5 i V
2 2
R6 0 R6 R7 R8 R8 i 3 V3
0 R5 R8 R3 R5 R8 i 4 V4
Chapter 3, Solution 75
* Schematics Netlist *
i3
i2
i1
Clearly, i 1 = 3 amps, i 2 = 0 amps, and i 3 = 3 amps, which agrees with the answers in
Problem 3.44.
Chapter 3, Solution 76
* Schematics Netlist *
I_I2 0 $N_0001 DC 4A
R_R1 $N_0002 $N_0001 0.25
R_R3 $N_0003 $N_0001 1
R_R2 $N_0002 $N_0003 1
F_F1 $N_0002 $N_0001 VF_F1 3
VF_F1 $N_0003 $N_0004 0V
R_R4 0 $N_0002 0.5
R_R6 0 $N_0001 0.5
I_I1 0 $N_0002 DC 2A
R_R5 0 $N_0004 0.25
Clearly, v 1 = 625 mVolts, v 2 = 375 mVolts, and v 3 = 1.625 volts, which agrees with
the solution obtained in Problem 3.27.
1
Chapter 3, Solution 77
1.7 0.2 5
1.2 1.2 V 2
The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated the node
voltages are displayed on the pseudocomponents as shown. Thus,
.
Chapter 3, Solution 79
The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the
node voltages as displayed. Thus,
1.3889 V
R3 R4 R5
10 5 4
R1 R2
43.75 V 20.56 V
20 8
R6
4 R7 R8
16 8
V1
V2 90Vdc
60Vdc
10.556 V
Chapter 3, Solution 80
* Schematics Netlist *
Clearly, v 1 = 26.67 volts, v 2 = 6.667 volts, v 3 = 173.33 volts, and v 4 = 46.67 volts
which agrees with the results of Example 3.4.
* Schematics Netlist *
R_R1 0 $N_0001 2
R_R2 $N_0003 $N_0002 6
R_R3 0 $N_0002 4
R_R4 0 $N_0004 1
R_R5 $N_0001 $N_0004 3
I_I1 0 $N_0003 DC 10A
V_V1 $N_0001 $N_0003 20V
E_E1 $N_0002 $N_0004 $N_0001 $N_0004 3
Chapter 3, Solution 82
2i 0
+ v0
3 k
2 k 2 3v 0 3 6 k 4
1 +
4A
4 k 8 k 100V +
20 V + 50 2A 30
Rs
+
Vs RL
-
R L Rs 9
Chapter 3, Solution 86
Let v 1 be the potential across the 2 k-ohm resistor with plus being on top. Then,
Thus,
v 0 = 5000x400x60x10-9 = 120 mV.
Chapter 3, Solution 87
Therefore, v 0 /v s = 8
Chapter 3, Solution 88
Substituting (2) into (1) gives, (v s + 0.004v 1 )/2 = -0.004v 0 + (-0.004v 1 0.001v 0 )/20
C 15 V
0.7 V | |
_ + 100 k
+ IC
V CE
_
1 k
+
2.25 V _
I B = 22.5 A.
V CE = 152.25x103x103 = 12.75 V.
Chapter 3, Solution 90
1 k
10 k IB i2
+
+ V CE
+ V BE
vs +
18V
- i1 + -
500
V0
IE
5 k
IC
1.5 k IB i2
+
+ V CE
+ V BE
+
0.75 V 9V
- i1 + -
400
V0
IE
I B = 0.05/81,900 = 0.61 A
v 0 = 400I E = 400(1 + )I B = 49 mV
Problem
Find I B and V C for the circuit in Fig. 3.128. Let = 100, V BE = 0.7V.
Figure 3.128
Solution
I1 5 k
10 k
VC
IC
IB
+
+ V CE
V BE
+
12V
4 k
+ -
V0
IE
I 1 = I B + I C = (1 + )I B and I E = I B + I C = I 1
Applying KVL around the outer loop,
I B = 11.3/919k = 12.296 A
1
4 v1 i 3v 0 v2 i3 2 3v 0
+ +
i1 2 i
i2
+ + +
24V + 2 8
4 v0 v1 v2
(a) (b)
At node 1 in (a), ((24 v 1 )/4) = (v 1 /2) + ((v 1 +3v 0 v 2 )/2) + ((v 1 v 2 )/1), where v 0 = v 2
v 2 = 4v 1 = 10.66 volts
i 3 = 2.6667 A.