Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maintenance and Operation of An Electric PDF
Maintenance and Operation of An Electric PDF
Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution
and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching stations
different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are
converting sub-stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert
frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa.
The various circuits are joined together through these components to a bus-bar
at substation. Basically, Sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers,
relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers,
synchronous condensers/ Capacitor banks etc.
This mini project covers the important equipments & their function in a Sub-
Station. And also an attempt is made to cover the general maintenance of Substation
and Checks the observations to be made by Shift Engineer. As a part of case study we
are going to visit a 220/132Kv TRANSCO substation in Warangal.
CONTENTS
Chapter No TITLE Page no.
List of Abbreviations iii
List of Symbols iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Construction of a substation 1
2 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS 3
2.1 According to the requirement 3
2.2 According to the constructional features 4
3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 6
3.1 Feeder Circuit 6
3.2 Transformer Circuit 6
3.3 Auxiliary supply 7
4 BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE
SUBSTATION 8
4.1 Lightening Arrestors 8
4.2 Earthing 12
4.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 13
4.4 Wave Trap 15
4.5 Isolator with ES (Earth Switches) 16
4.6 Instrument Transformers 17
4.7 Circuit Breakers 26
i
Chapter No TITLE Page no.
4
4.8 Bus 31
4.9 Transformers 31
4.10 Capacitor Bank attached to the bus 35
5 TYPES OF CONTROL 37
5.1 Capacitors 38
5.2 Bus bar systems 38
5.3 Station battery 38
5.4 Insulators 40
6 PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS 43
6.1 Transformer 43
6.2 Feeder 43
7 220/132KV SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL 44
7.1 Substation at Warangal 45
7.2 Salient Features of 220/132KV Substation 46
8 CONCLUSION 50
REFERENCES 51
ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PT Potential transformer
CT Current transformer
LA Lightening arrestors
ES - Earth switches
CB Circuit breaker
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ip Primary current
Is Secondary Current
Vp Primary voltage
Vs Secondary voltage
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
v
LIST OF TABLES
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION :
1
1.2.1 SELECTION OF SITE:
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are
as follows:
2
CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most
important ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2)
constructional features.
3
(iv) Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the
supply frequency are known as frequency changer sub-stations. Such a frequency
change may be required for industrial utilization.
(v) Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change A.C. power into
D.C. power are called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power
and convert it into D.C. power with suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for
such purposes as traction, electroplating, electric welding etc.
(i) Indoor sub-stations:- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the sub-
station is installed indoor because of economic considerations. However, when the
atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for
voltages up to 66 KV.
4
(ii) Outdoor sub-stations:- For voltages beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably
installed out-door.
It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the
space required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great
that it is not economical to install the equipment indoor.
5
CHAPTER 3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
6
3.3 AUXILIARY SUPPLY:
220V.Battery system: To control and protect the substation equipment the
220 volts DC battery system is necessary. It is provided in the main control room. It
will be discussed below.
7
CHAPTER 4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE
SUBSTATION
4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:
8
The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such
surges. A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts
the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground.
Fig 4(i) shows the basic form of a surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series
with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the
equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The length of the
gap is so set that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high
voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-
linear resistance is that its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases
and vice-versa. This is clear from the volt/amp characteristic of the resistor shown in
Fig 4 (ii).
9
4.1.2. The action of the Lightning Arrester or surge diverter is as
under:
(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts
no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.
(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the
ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly
conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.
(iii) It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the
operation of arrester. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a
short circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester.
Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or
current), it gives the effect of short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers
high resistance to make the gap non conducting.
(ii) The system neutrals are considered to be effectively earthed when the co-
efficient of earthing does not exceed 80%.
10
(iii)The LA voltage rating corresponding to the system voltages normal are
indicated below :
Rated system Highest system Arrester rating in KV
Voltage (KV) Voltage (KV) Effectively earthed systems
11 12 9
33 36 30
66 72.5 60
132 145 120/132 (latex)
220 245 198/216 (latex)
400 420 336
Table: 4.1.3 LA voltage rating
4.1.4 LOCATION OF LIGHTING ARRESTORS:
The LAs employed for protecting transformers should be installed as close as
possible to the transformer. The electrical circuit length between LA and the
transformer bushing terminal should not exceed the limits given below:
11 75 12.0
33 200 18.0
66 325 24.0
132 550 35.0
650 43.0
220 900 Closes to
1050 Transformer
400 1425
1550
Table: 4.1.4 The limits of LA and Transformers
11
4.2 EARTHING:
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines
should be in such a manner as to provide:
a) Safety to personnel
b) Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
c) Improve reliability of power supply
4.2.1 The primary requirements are:
The impedance to ground (Resistance of the earthing system) should be as low as possible
and should not exceed,
12
Joints are to be kept down to the minimum number. All joints and
connections in earth grid are to be brazed, riveted, sweated, bolted or welded. For rust
protection the welds should be treated with barium chromate. Welded surfaces should
be painted with red lead and aluminium paint in turn and afterwards coated with
bitumen. Joints in the earthing conductor between the switch gear units and the cable
sheaths, which may require to subsequently broken should be bolted and the joint
faces tinned. All joints in steel earthing system should be made by welding except the
points for separating the earthing mat for testing purposes which should be bolted.
These points should be accessible and frequently supervised.
4.2.1.4 In all sub-stations there shall be provision for earthing the following:
a) The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent
earth, which in turn should be interconnected with the station grounding mat
c) All extraneous metallic frame work not associated with equipment (two
connections)
e) Over head lightning screen shall also be connected to the main ground mat.
4.2.1.5 The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical
depth of burial of the mat 0.5 meters.
13
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass
carrier frequency to carrier panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In
its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage.
The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection
to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary
terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where
the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor,
C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a
large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors, that replaced the first capacitor and a
comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the
secondary terminals.
14
4.3.1 Specifications of CVT:
15
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room
through coupling capacitor.
Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either
line equipment, power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the
isolators, we are able to see the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye. The
line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the
bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only
needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.
Isolator is a type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are
operated after the circuit breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the
isolator and after the circuit breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated
under no current condition. In the following cases it is permissible to use isolator for
making and breaking of the circuits.
16
Fig: 4.5.1 ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH.
Air break isolators or disconnecting switches are not intended to break load
though these are meant for transfer of load from one bus to another and also to isolate
equipment for maintenance. These are available mainly in two types vertical break
type and horizontal break type. The later type requires larger width. However the
space requirement can be reduced in the horizontal break isolators by having double
break with a centre rotating pillar.
Pantograph and semi-pantograph disconnects involve vertical movements of
contact arm and therefore require less separation between phases and thereby require
less separation between phases and thereby help in reducing the sub-station area to a
larger extent. The isolators could be operated mechanically or hydraulically or
pneumatically or by electric motor. Earthing facility shall be provided wherever
required.
17
Direct measurement of current or voltage in high voltage system is not
possible because of high values and insulation problems of measuring instruments
they cannot be directly used for protection purposes.
Converts the higher line voltages or line currents into proportionally reduced
values by means of electromagnetic circuit and thus these values can be
measured easily.
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Ip Np = Is Ns
18
Ampere turns plays very important role in designing current transformers.
Secondary Winding: The winding which supplies the current to the measuring
instruments, meters, relays, etc.
19
4.6.1.3 Tests generally to be conducted on CT:
Insulation resistance values (IR values): Primary to earth, primary to
secondary core1, primary to secondary core2, core1 to earth, core2 to earth and core1
to core2. Primary to earth and primary to secondary cores are to be checked with 5KV
motor operated insulation tester (megger) and secondary to earth values are to be
checked with 1000V insulation tester or preferably with 500V insulation tester.
Ratio test: Primary injection test is to be conducted for this purpose
TAN-DELTA test: on 132KV CTs and above
Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the CTs connected to
revenue meters)
Excitation (saturation) characteristic check
Secondary and lead resistance check
Secondary injection check
Primary injection check
20
CT secondary current is proportionate upto120% of the rated primary current
with +/-1% error in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs. This indicates that 0.2 accuracy
class CTs are expensive than 0.5 and 1.0 accuracy class CTs. Beyond 120% of the
rated primary current, the metering core get saturated.
Core with accuracy class 5P10, 5P15 and 5P20 is used for o/c & e/f
protection. In 5p10, the 5 denotes allowable errors i.e. +/-5%, P denotes protection
and 10 denotes accuracy limit factor. CT secondary current is proportionate upto10
times the rated primary current with +/-5% errors in case of 5P10 accuracy class CTs.
This indicates that 5P20 accuracy class CTs are expensive than 5P15 and 5P10
accuracy class CTs. CT with 2cores (protection core and metering) is used for
11KV& 33KV feeders and capacitor bank protection. CT with 3cores (protection,
special protection and metering) is used for 132/11, 132/33KV ptrs&132KV feeders
protection 220/132KV PTR LV CT is also having 3 cores.
CT with 4 cores (protection, special protection, special protection and
metering) is used for 220KV Bus couplers for the twin bus substations. CT with 5
cores (4 cores for special protection, and metering) is used for 220KV feeder
protection, In all the above cases, protection means O/L &E/L protection, special
protection means differential protection and REF protection in case of power
transformers, bus bar protection (bus differential protection) in case of bus, and
distance protection in case of feeders. At the rate of 220KV level we should use 1:5
cores Current transformer.
Type : IT-245
Frequency : 50 Hz
H.S.V : 245 KV
BIL : 460/1050KV
Oil weight : 360kgs
Total weight : 1250kgs
Lth : 40/1 KA/sec
21
RATIO
800-600-400/1-1-1-1-1
CORE NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5
RATED PRIMARY
800
CURRENT (A)
RATED
SECONDARY 1 1 1 1 1
CURRENT(A)
--------
OUTPUT(VA) -------- ---------- ------- - 30
-----
ACCURACY CLASS PS PS PS PS 0.5
I.S.F/A.L.F ---- --- --- --- <=5
RCT at 75 C AT 800/1
6 6 6 ---
(ohms)
At the rate of LV (132KV) side we can use 1:3 core CT. The specifications of LVCT
are given below:
Type : IT-145
Frequency : 50 Hz
HSV/NSV : 145/132 KV
BIL : 650/275 KV
Oil weight : 75Kg
Total weight : 550Kg
Lth : 31.5/1 kA/sec.
Ldyn : 78.75kAp
22
500/1-1, 0.66-1
RATIO
CORE NUMBER 1 2 3
RATED PRIMARY
500
CURRENT (A)
PRIMARY & 500/1 500/1 500/0.66 500/1
SECONDARY
1s1-1s2 2s1-2s2 2s1-2s3 3s1-3s2
CONNECTION
RATED SECONDARY
1 1 0.66 1
CURRENT(A)
OUTPUT(VA) 20 ------- ------------ 20
ACCURACY CLASS 5p PS 0.2
I.S.F/A.L.F 20 -------- --------- <=5
Rct at 75o C (Ohms) -------- <=5 --------- -------------
Table: 4.6.1.6 Specifications of LVCT
Important:
a) CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is
vulnerable to the CT/PT
b) CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.
23
4.6.2 Potential Transformers (PT):
To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring
instruments relays etc.
To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage
side an installation.
VP / VS = NP / NS
Thus NS VP = NP VS
24
As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have
more turns in the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected
in parallel only. Even if we connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not
going to be a short circuit as its primary winding has very high resistance. Its core is a
set of assembled laminations. It operates at constant flux density. The standards are
IEC 600044 2 and IS 3156.
25
Tightness of all connections
Primary/secondary fuse ratings
PT specifications
In PTs no of secondary cores is 1 or more than 1 based on the requirement.
Generally in 11KV or 33KV bus PTs, there is one secondary winding which is used
both for protection and metering and in 132KV and above, there are two secondary
cores. First core is of metering core with 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.2 accuracy classes. This will
be used metering, directional over current protection and distance protection.
The second core is protection core with 3P accuracy class. This will be used
for the directional earth fault protection (open delta voltage) of power transformers
and 132KV feeders.
Accuracy class 0.5 means +/- 0.5% errors are allowable and 3P means +/- 3%
errors are allowable and P denotes protection.
Permissible load to be connected on PT secondary winding is decided by the
burden of the PT secondary winding. It is expressed in volt-amperes (VA). If more
than rated burden is connected then error will be increased.
26
various operating mechanisms:
Spring charge mechanism, Pneumatic mechanism, Hydraulic Mechanism
Arc quenching medium:
Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)
Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)
Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)
Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)
SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)
The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas
circuit breakers are preferred.
VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the vacuum
interrupter and the insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct test to
know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter.
SF6 gas pressure is to be noted in log sheets at least twice in a day. If it is
reaching to SF6 gas pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the
maintenance personnel.SF6 gas circuit breaker goes to lockout conditions after falling
to lockout pressure close and trip circuits will be blocked and circuit breaker
operation cant be performed N<0 contacts of 63GLX were used in close and trip
circuits of the CB and 63GLX contactor is in picked up conditions when the gas
pressure is sufficient. Some of the SF6 gas circuit breaker automatically trips while
going to lockout stage N<C contacts of 63GLX contactor were used in close and trip
circuits and 63GLX is in drop off condition when the gas pressure is sufficient.
Oil condition in the air compressor is to be checked periodically. And it is
to be replaced based on condition of oil.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers;
(b) Vacuum circuit breakers.
27
4.7.1 SF6 circuit breakers:
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and
arc extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure
and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely
used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage
metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings,
etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature
increases with the pressure.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having
high input KV, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker
by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor
connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than
20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if
the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in
it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments
in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
28
Fig: 4.7.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
29
4.7.2 Vacuum circuit breakers:
Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below
33KV. They are only used in low distribution side.
In closing circuit of the Circuit Breaker there are no. of series inter locks we can say
that it is an AND Gate and tripping circuit there are no.of parallel paths it is an OR
Gate.
For closing the Circuit Breaker following conditions are to be met.
a) Local/Remote selector shall be in Remote for closing the CB from
remote and it shall be in Local for closing the CB from Local.
b) Spring is in charged condition in spring type CBs, Air pressure shall
be sufficient in kinematic CBs and Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient in
Aero shell fluid CBs.
c) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
d) Master Trip is resettled.
For tripping the circuit breaker,
a) Local/Remote selector Switch shall be in Remote for tripping the CB
from Remote and it shall be in Local for tripping the CB from Local.
b) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
c) Air Pressure is sufficient/Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient.
d) Protection trip bypasses the local/Remote selector switch.
Trip circuit healthiness is to be ensured immediately after closing the circuit breaker.
It is to be ensured at regular intervals at least once shift, as there is no trip circuit
supervision relay and annunciation relay for 33KV feeders and in case of old panels
of 132KV feeders If any deviation is found it is to be brought to the notice of
maintenance personnel.
30
4.8 BUS:
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any
fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop.
The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a
connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works
only if the first is having any fault.
4.9 TRANSFORMERS:
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same
basic principles, although the range of designsis wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage.
Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long
distance transmission economically practical.
31
4.9.1 Basic Principle:
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
32
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the
flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts.
The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the
primary.
33
4.9.2 Detailed operation:
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in
particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and
the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are
step down at the same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto
transformers are used. While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line
double winding transformers are used.
34
4.9.3 Specifications of 220/132KV Auto transformer:
35
Capacitor Control is usually done to achieve the following goals:
Reduce losses due to reactive load current; Reduce KVA demand, decrease customer
energy consumption, Improve voltage profile, and increase revenue.
Indirectly capacitor control also results in longer equipment lifetimes because of
reduced equipment stresses.
Experience shows that switched feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest
returns on equipment investment Sources of Energy Loss. Energy losses in
transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The
former are caused by resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The
latter, coming from reactive component of the load, can be avoided. Reactive losses
come from circuit In the case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank,
sized to almost equal the reactive load current, located as close to each load as
possible (Fig. 5.10).
36
CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF CONTROL
VAR control is the natural means to control capacitors because the latter adds
a fixed amount of leading VARs to the line regard less of other conditions, and loss
reduction depends only on reactive current. Since reactive current at any point along a
feeder is affected by downstream capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible
to interaction with downstream banks. Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders,
the furthest downstream banks should go on-line first and off-line last. VAR controls
require current sensors.
Current control is not as efficient as VAR control because it responds to total line
current, and assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls
require current sensors. Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles; however
it may actually increase losses and cause instability from highly leading currents.
Voltage control requires no current sensors.
37
Temperature control is based on assumptions about load characteristics.
Control effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are known. Not useful
in cases where those characteristics change often. Temperature control does not
require any current sensors. Time control is based on assumptions about load
characteristics. Control effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are
known. Not useful in cases where those characteristics change often. Time control
does not require any current sensors.
Power factor control is not the best way to control capacitor banks because
power factor by itself is not a measure of reactive current. Current sensors are needed.
Combination control using various above methods is usually the best choice.
If enough current, and/or other sensors are available, a centrally managed
computerized capacitor control system taking into account the variety of available
input parameters can be most effective, though expensive to implement.
5.1 CAPACITORS:
38
5.2 BUS BAR SYSTEM:
Demerits: 1. If fault occurs during bus maintenance, ring gets separated into two
sections.
3. Requires VTs on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point.
These VTs may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage
indication.
4. Breaker failure: During fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit
because of breaker failure.
Remarks1.Most widely used for very large power stations having large no. of
incoming and outgoing lines and high power transfer.
39
While switching off the battery charger, one should observe the battery for the
sparks if any due to loose connections. Once charger is switched off, entire DC load
off the station is to be met by the battery. Voltage of all the cells and their specific
gravities, are to be recorded once in a month by the maintenance personnel. If any
deviation is found either in cell voltages or specific gravities, the battery may be kept
in boost mode duly topping up the electrolyte levels with the distilled water and
keeping the cell caps in open position. Specific gravity of the healthy cell is 1200+/-
20 i.e. it ranges from 1180 to 1220 and the voltage is about 2.1v.
40
Fig: 5.3 STATION BATTERIES.
System details:
Make : AMARA RAJA
System voltage : 220v
Capacity at 27oc : 200AH
Cell type : 2V
No. of cells : 110
Charging Requirements:
Float voltage : 2.45-3V
Boost voltage : 2.53-3V
Maximum charging : 40A
Maximum allowable ripple: 2.1 rms
Current in each cell : 2A
5.4 INSULATORS:
Ball and socket type disc insulators are assembled to the 132 KV, 220 KV and
400 KV suspension and tension hardware, certain important design aspects and other
details are indicated below: in next page:
41
Sl. Description 132 KV lines 220 KV lines 400 KV
No. lines
1. Type of insulators Ball and socket Ball and socket Ball and
type disc insulator type disc insulator socket type
disc
insulator
2. Dimensions of insulators of 255mm x 145mm 280mm x 145mm 280mm x
suspensions string 145mm
3. Dimensions of insulators for 280mm x 145mm 280mm x 145mm 280mm x
tension string 170mm
4. Number of insulator disc per single 9 nos. 13 nos. 23 nos.
suspension string
5. Number of insulator disc per double 2 x 9 nos. 2 x 13 nos. 2 x 23 nos.
suspension string
6. Number of insulator discs per 10 nos. 14 nos. 24 nos.
single tension string
7. Number of insulator discs per each 2 x 10 nos. 2 x 14 nos. 2 x 24 nos.
double tension string
8. Electro Mechanical strength for 7000 Kgs. 7000 Kgs. 11,500 Kgs.
tension string insulator
9. Electro Mechanical strength for 11,500 Kgs. 11,500 Kgs. 16,500 Kgs.
suspension string insulator
10. Total creapage distance of each disc 280 mm 280 mm 315 mm
insulator for suspension strings
11. Total creapage distance of each disc 280 mm 280 mm 330 mm
insulator for tension string
12. Minimum impulse dry withstand 110 KV 110 KV 120 KV
voltage (wave of 1 x 50 Micro
second) for each disc insulator
42
(I.E.C standard)
13. One minute power frequency 70 KV (dry) 70 KV (dry) 70 KV
withstand voltage for each disc 40 KV (wet) 40 KV (wet) (dry)
insulator 40 KV
(wet)
14. Power frequency puncture voltage 110 KV 110 KV 140 KV
per each disc insulator (Suspension (Suspension (Suspension
strings) strings) strings)
140 KV 140 KV 140 KV
(Tension Strings) (Tension Strings) (Tension
Strings)
15. Size and designation of bal pin 16 mm 16 mm 20 mm
shank for suspension string discs
16. Size and designation of bal pin 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm
shank for tension string discs
17. Maximum Radio Influence Voltage 50 Micro Volts at 50 Micro Volts at 50 Micro
at 10 KV (RMS) for each disc 1 MHz 1 MHz Volts at 1
insulator MHz
18. Corona extinction voltage for - - 320 KV
complete (RMS) string both (RMS)
suspension and tension strings
43
CHAPTER 6
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
6.1 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
a) Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side
and Vent pipe.
b) Power transformers up to 7.5MVA:
HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest element in O/L relays.
LV side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and
WTI.
c) Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L
protection with high set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection:
differential protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.
d) Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in
addition to protection.
e) 220/132KV power transformers: Over flux protection on both HV & LV sides LBB
protection on HV side OLTC Buchholz phase wise in addition to protection.
6.2 FEEDER PROTECTION:
a) 33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.
b) 132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection.
Backup protection: Directional O/L & E/L protection.
c) 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protection
Main-2protection: Distance protection, LBB protection, pole discrepancy
Relay.
44
CHAPTER 7
220/132KV SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL
The substation in Mulugu cross road, Warangal (dist.), Andhra Pradesh was
completed by the year 1969, under APTRANSCO; it is one of the largest substations
in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
This substation has the carrying capacity of 300MW at different voltage levels
of 220KV and can step down to 132KV and again step down to 33KV, using four
input lines through the incoming feeders.
45
7.2 SAILENT FEATURES OF 220/132/33KV SS WARANGAL
46
7.2.3 132/33KV PTRs:
2 Nos 132/33KV PTRs
i) 80MVA PTR-I Make-BBL
ii) 50MVA PTR-II Make-BBL
7.2.4 33KV Features:
Tubular Copper Bus with Bus Coupler
i. 33KV Gorrekunta
ii. 33KV Machapur
iii. 33KV Atmakur
iv. 33KV Pothana
v. 33KV A.J.Mills
vi. 33KV Parkal
vii. 33KV Kamalapur
viii. 33KV Chintagattu
ix. 33KV KUC33KV
x. 33KVBalasamudram
xi. 10MVAR Capacitor Bank Make-NGEF
xii. 7.2MVAR Capacitor Bank Make-UNISTAR
7.2.5 DC SYSTEM
i.Battery Bank-A:
Make: STAR Batteries 220V DC, 200AH, Lead Batteries
Connected Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V Dc, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps
ii.Battery Bank-B:
Make: AMARARAJA, 245V DC, 200AH, VLRA Batteries
Connected Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V DC, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps
47
7.2.5.1 Chargers:
The assembly of apparatus used to measure and protect the require parameters
of the power transformer like (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency, P.F. etc.) of electric
supply is called a substation.
48
7.2.4 Power to be transmitted Voltage level:
1) Up to 80MVA to 132KV.
The following are the important points which must be kept in view while
laying out a substation:
(i) It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at
the centre of gravity of load.
(ii) It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must
be given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc.
For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and construction, the
provision of suitable protective gear etc.
49
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
50
REFERENCES
51