Comparative Public Administration related to technical
Part 8 Public Administration (Waldo)
The new vigorous interests to international events and the new
role of US and the people interested in Public Administration
- In the European area
- To remote areas as recovery or development
The post-war challenge posed questions that serious attention
to comparative study could answer
New types and depths of comparative interest are apparent in
publications after the War and new courses in Comparative
Public Administrations began to appear in the late Forties; in
the early Fifties that mass and momentum grew
The American Political Science Association and American
Society for Public Administration established special
committees
The Comparative Administrative Group was established with
the help of the Ford Foundation
The comparative study of public administration has been
concerned with methodological problems
Some of the conceptual development and data collection has
been in modified traditional terms, the categories, methods,
and objectives of the older public administration have been
used with varying degrees of sophistication and refinement
The conceptualizing and research has used some part of the
ideal-typical model of bureaucracy presented by Max Weber
- The bureaucracy delineates has a universal quality,
represented as a social phenomenon found in different
cultures and times (found a way to transcend cultural
differences)
Fred W. Riggs is a prominent figure in the Comparative
Public Administration he is the organizer and Chairman of the
Comparative Administration Group
His writing career started in 1957 with the publication of
Agraria and Industria: Toward a Typology of Comparative
Administration
- The ideal-typical society in transition from an agrarian to
an industrial society
- The object was to delineate the essential qualities of
administration in relation to the society as a whole and to
start the search for variables involved in change from one
to another
The relationship of Comparative Public Administration to
Development Administration
assistance and development and to academic interests of a
theoretical nature (resulted to a tension and ambivalence in the
movement)
- By the heightened demands and movements to
demonstrate its usefulness
Development Administration is something of prompt
usefulness and an independent movement
It exaggerates and falsifies to imply that Development
Administration is the applied side of Comparative Public
Administration
- Exaggerates because there is no sharp distinction
- Falsifies because those interested in DA are interested in
many sources other than CPA
The essential point is that DA though related to and
overlapping with CPA is somewhat independent and
competing orientation
Program Planning Budgeting System is a cluster of theories,
attitudes, and techniques (one of the important development in
the practice of public administration)
- It represents a type of development, a range of
disciplinary interplay and environmental influence
- It is a system of budgeting that attempts to implement and
coordinate and integrate the objectives of control,
management, and planning (more stress upon
management and planning)
- It is related to social-economic theories that makes use of
technologies developed
All governmental budgeting systems reflect the three
objectives
Those who were developing the concepts and techniques of
Public Administration displayed awareness of the desirability
of a system of budgeting that would put the three objectives in
balance
Narrow ideas of governmental economy place stress on
control
- Budgetary reforms until the Thirties was placed upon
procedures to enforce strict compliance with intent
In the 30s and 40s in response to an expanding conception of
the role of government placed emphasis on management
- The Report of the Presidents Committee on
Administrative Management in 1937 argues for a
stronger managerial role for the chief executive and for
legal-administrative reforms
- The creation of the Executive Office of the President, the In the two decades it is difficult to identify concepts or
reorientation and strengthening of the bureau of the methods borrowed from Pol Sci and to discern any impact of
budget made management more effective Pub Ad

Conceptual and institutional development was carries in the
late 40s and early 50s
The Hoover Commission brought the performance budgeting
which emphasised planning; the functions, activities, or
programs of government which might or might not coincide
with organizational structure
- It was seen as forwarding rational decision-making by all
organs by sorting out governmental goals as reflected in
activities
It can be predicted that the period ahead will be one of re-
examination and readjustment because of increased demands
on government and trained manpower in government
The proximate future organizationally independent programs
and schools of Pub Ad will grow
Hardly conceivable that Pub Ad and Pol Sci exist as self-
conscious enterprises without significant relationships

PPBS represents a further shift towards a planning emphasis to

contrive and install a budgeting system that will adequately
represent and balance the three objectives

PPBS was developed during the fifties

- Most people associated are economists

- Macroeconomics is viewed to have set the stage through
the acceptance of Keynesian doctrines relating to the
effective manipulation of the national economy and the
promotion of marginal utility modes of thought and
analysis
- Other contributing sources are extra- or interdisciplinary
- Operations research offers means by which types of
analysis and comparisons can be made with the lease the
appearance of precision and impartiality
- Development of computer technology is relevant which
allowed the calculation of types and depth that were
practically impossible

Comparative Public Administration and PPBS are important

for Public Administration

The three development points of Public Administration since

WWII:

1. Comparative Public Administration is deeply rooted in

pub ad and also in political science
2. Borrowed heavily from Sociology
3. PPBS is different still; planning and budgeting are
interests and specialties of Public Administration (but
most of PPBS came from Economics)

Problems of Identity and Direction

As history had it, Pub Ad was invented by Political

Scientists and viewed as a field or a sub-discipline of political
science