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10th Class Biology Telugu
10th Class Biology Telugu
10e s>
d+b<\T
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$< ueH m&Twq ]ksY d+sY, $< ueH m&Twq ]ksY d+sY,
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& d> <dt, b|dsY, & m. H>eTD, b|dsY,
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deTqjT+
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$< |D[`bs|d $u>+,
jTdt.d..sY.{., +.|., V<su<T.
New Edition
First Published 2014
Printed in India
at the Andhra Pradesh Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh.
ii
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o HjT Cd|t, |<Hb<jTT&T, oeT . esD, d ndd+{,
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vi
$<sT\ ...
$CqXk n<jTq+ #jT&+ n+f $CqXd | eT+ esT\T k~+#&+ eyT <T
B <s HsT=q n+X\qT, eT<+> +#&, |#jT& sEy J$+ L&
b{+#>\ >*. ~ s>\+f $CqXd+ d<+\qT { |& + +& $Xw D +> #<y *.
n+f ueq\qT ns+ #dTe&>qT y{| #]d, |]\q\T #d, y{ s]+#TH+<T
|j>\T, |]o\q\T #d MT n_bj\qT #d eTT+<T k>*. = |d\T MTsT
HsTH+<T &&sTT. +<Td+ MTsT @yT$T #j\+f...
|<s> ueq\ |]~ =+ $d+> +T+~. { y{ ns+ #dTe&
b<jTT\T u~+#&H eTT+< bs D+> #<y*.
bs+X+ $wj\qT <s+#dT= k++> HT jsT#dTy*. bs #~$ \
|<\qT, uy\qT MTsT >T]+q eTTU+X\qT HT|d+ sdTy*.
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+ @ @ ueq\T \TdTy >T]+#+&.
bs+ q +#+&, #]+#+&, MT \Tk?, nqT+<+ nH o] |X\T, n+X\|
$XwD+> #]+#&, |+#& d+<V+#e<T.
|j>+ #d d+<s+H, bs >T]+ #]dTq|& MT = d+<V\T \>e#T. y{
d#>, dw+> e]+#+&.
ueq\T ns+ #dTH+<T |j>\ |]jT& |d]> ]> b<jTT\ *d |D[
ydTy*. |j>\T #d HsTe&+ MTsT eTsH $wj\T L& HsT>\T>TsT.
MT k+ #q\ |j>\ |ej\T sb+~+#*.
| bs+X+ @ $<+> J$+ d++<+ * +< y*. s> ><T MTsT HsTq
$wj\T eekjT<sT\T, e |DT\T yTT<q y] #]+#*.
| |]s+ #& | bs+X+ Cq+ m |j >|& T T+< |]o*+#*. neT\T#jT &
|jT +#*.
+s\T, |s q\T #d|&T T> |#jT +&. | d]> y~\T sb+~+ |<] +#*.
y{| #]+#*.
| bs d++~+ MT bsX \ >+<\jT+, |j >X\, +s{ <s @@ n+X\T |]o*+#
C_ sdTy*. neT\T #j*.
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sj*. >&\T, XHu+\T yTT<q$ |j+#L&<T.
bs|d+ bT Mq me nqT+< |d\T #<y*.
MT bsX\ dH u se\qT MTs sb+~+#Ty*. sV+#*.
MT b++ |\T m<Ts=+Tq deTd\T |]o*+ dH s> <s @yT$T |]cs\T d+#e#
|]o*+#*.
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8 10e s> bwD ` Vs ds|s eed
<\+& |\T |+&. q\{ u>+>T+& + |q |&+& +
neTs #&+&. MT neT]qT dss +#+&.
= >+\ sTy yTT qT+& qT ysT#jT+&. |+&|<s+ =s
nj&H |qT sV+#+&. @ @ u>\T * q\T| s+>T essTT?
$T*q u>+ m +~?
]+q &CH s+ >T+& + |d]+q u>+ q\+ |
u>+ eyT nj&H *q\T| s+>T es+ >eTk+. sD+ @$T{?
|V]+ eT]jTT sDqd+j>jT
+H VC sDqd+j>jT >T]+ eT] $es\T \TdTe&
nH s\ |j>\qT sV+#&T. yTT\ |# u>+ eyT
sDqd+j>jT sT>TT+< n&T |b~+#&T.
$$< s+>T\T *q \T L& sDqd+j>jT sVkj?
# yTT qq+> @s& >Ts\T bsT| s+>T +& sTy
|#s+>T b essTT? bsT| < |dT|s+>T +& |\T L&
sDqd+j>jTqT sVkj? = |\T L& |#s+>T *
+{sTT <! n$ L& sDqd+j>jTqT sVkj? Te+{
|X\ yTT\ u>\qT+& |#{ |<s ysT#d+<T, < duy
ns+ #dTH+<T Xdy\ dy> essTT.
20e X+ eT<\+ es n+f sDqd+j>jT ]> d
>T]+ ysT #d es L& +H Vdt sV+q $$< s\ |j>
|*\ |b<q neT\T HsTT. H\T>T <Xu\ |]X<q\ nq+s+
Xdy\T \ qT+& |# |<s ysT#d < duy |]o*+
sDqd+j>jT < b @$T{ \TdTHsT. 1817e d+es+
|*{jTsY eT]jTT eH nH <sT Xdy\T |#{ |<s+ jTT
cj ysT#XsT. cj |V]+ (Chlorophyll) n HeTsD+
#XsT. s| n+f |# \T n ns+. s| uT> $$<
s\ es<y\T + X >V+ |+ #dT sDqd+j>jT
&&jT Xdy\T >T]+#sT.
sDqd+j>jT b& sT>TT+~?
yTT sDqd+j>jT ]> u>\ |sT #|+&.
yTT qq+> @s& bsT|s+>T >Ts\T L& sD qd+j>jT qT
sVkjT MTsT u$dTHs? nsTT & bsT| s+>T b @$T{?
|*{jTsY yH Xdy\T s|qT qT>=q sTy 6 <Xu\ es
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 9
sDqd+j>jT ]> KyTq kq+ >T]+> s| *jTT+&
u>+ >T]+> *jT<T. n|{es yTT\ D\ |#{ u>\
s| y|+ +T+< qyTysT. 1883e d+es+ p*jTdt yH
k nH Xdy s| yTT\ D+ n+ y|+ +&< >eT+#&T.
s| D+|* | D+>\ +T+< \TdTH&T. D+>\H
V]sDTe\T (Chloroplasts) n+{sT. yTT\ |s+<\ s D\
eT]jTT d+<jT DC\+ sbdt\T (40`100 es) n~ d+K
+{sTT. 9e s> sbdt >T]+ = $wj\T \TdTHsT <!
+~ |{ |]o*+#+&. sbdt\T $T*q D+>\+f _q+> b
q&sTT?
neud
uV #s+
d+ DC\+
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>*>~
s D+
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sbdt\T #+ L&q sD\T. +<T
uVe#+ keT <\sTT& 3 #\T +{sTT. eT&e #+ <=+s\e+{
=eD\T
keT sD b+~ +T+~. <\ sTT& <=+s\ qT
} > H >H (Grana) n+{sT. |<X+ +X
>V +#&T +~. <=+s\ eT< <e+ +&q u>+
>H <\sTT& +T+~. B ke (Stroma) n+{sT. +<T
+<+ |+&|<s+ ]> nH s\ b+CyT #s\ e\q >C
|+`7(_): V]sDTe n&T d+Xw+#&TT+~. >C sTy |+&|<s+>
e]bT+~.
MT \Tk?
D+ |*q|&T n+<T sbdt L& eTTbT+~. nTe+|&T sDq
d+j>jT $$< kbH\qT n< jTq+ #jT & nedsy T q sbdqt T ysT #jT eTT.
1954 sTy &jT sH yTT D yT*> |>\={ sDq d+j>jT
sVD && sbdtqT ysT#jT>*>&T.
10 10e s> bwD ` Vs ds|s eed
V]sDTe + Xw+# |<s\qT sDqd+j>j es<\T
(Photosynthetic pigments) n+{sT. yTT\ >C e+{ d+w |<s\qT
jsT#d sDqd+j>jT nH sq es<\T |#ksTT.
|V]+ s+ Vy>_H nH es<+ VyTqT b* +T+~.
nsTT Vy>_H sH +f (s+ Vy>_H HqT ds| s #jT &
&&TT+~.) |V]+ yT^wjT+ +T+~.
|+ V]sDTe <sTT& <=+s\ s+&T |<q sq
|V] es<\T+{sTT. s| m *`|# es<+ > s| _
|dT|`|#> +T+~. | >q+q <<| 250 qT+& 400 es<
nDTe\T *d + XwD deTT<jT+ (Light harvesting complex) >
@s&sTT. M{ sDqd+j>jT |eD\T n+{sT. |# yTT\
sbdt n~ d+K +& j |eD\T n *d sDq d+j>
jTqT d+jTT+> sVksTT.sDqd+j>jT d+<s+> sbdt
nH d+|Tq\T sT>TsTT. y{ eTTKyTq$.
1. + X skjT X> es+
2. {nDTe $ #+<&+
3. sH&& nDTe sV&{> jTsD+ #+<&+.
$$< s\ #s\T s>& + neds+ neT+~. y{bT eT]=
#s\T + neds+ +& L& sT>TT+{sTT. n+f k] >V+|&q
+X |yT sTy +q|&T L& $$< #s\T s+s+> s>{
|j>|&TT+~. + | <s|& #s\T >H sT>TT+{sTT. $T*q
c+ #s\T ke sT>TT+{sTT.
sD qd+j>jT j++
sDqd+j>jT |<q+> s+&T <X\ sT>TT+~. n$
1. +#s (Light dependent reaction)
2. c+#s (Light independent reaction)
1. + #s (+ skjTq <X) (Light dependent reaction)
#s + |<q b eVdT+~. +<T + <s |s|+#&q
nH skjT #s \T < y+ { n s> sT>TT+{sTT. n+<Te\q
<XqT + skjTq <X (Photochemical phase) n+{sT. +#s
sbdt >H <\sTT&\ sT>TT+~. + #s $$< kbH\
sT>TT+~.
yTT<{ kbq+: s|qT +X VsZ+ #dq|&T b{H\qT Xw+
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 11
j e+eTeT+~ (+X b{H\ s|+ |eVdT+ ~).
s+&e kbq+: { nDTe V &H (H+), V & (OH-) njH\T> $
#jT& +X $j+#&T+~.
H2O H+ + OH-
#sqT + $XwD (Photolysis) n+{sT. b{ nq> + ddt
nq> $ #jT&+ n ns+. n+f + <s { nDTe $ #+<&+
nqe. B V nH Xdy s|+#&T. n+<Te\ B V #s
nL& n+{sT.
eT&e kbq+: n+ #so\yTq { jH\T s+&T esZ\ =+<s>
esT#+<TsTT. H+ OH- jH\ #s\T $$< <X\
m sT>Tj |]o*<+.
OH- njH\T < y+ {> ]> nH #s\ |s+|s <s sT
(H2O) eT]jTT H (O2) #dT + ~. sT yTT |\ $j+#&TT+~
H e+ yesD+ $&T<\eT+~. H+ njH c+ #s
eqT> #s\ |s+|s\T qeT+~. + #s n&HdH f bd{
(ATP) eT]jTT {qyT& n&HdH & bd{ (NADPH)\T n+|<s\T>
@s&sTT. M{ X>V\T (Assimilatory powers) n L& n+{sT.
2. c+ #s (Je d+XwD <X) (Light independent reaction)
<X #s\ + X neds+<T. n+ +& +#su
sT>TT+~. s+&T #s\ eT< ee~ dH yje+T +f e>
+T+~.
c+ n+f N{ < s sT>TT+< ns+<T. #s +|
<s|&< ns+ #dTy*.
+ $XwD nsTTq H+ njHqT NADP nH | nDTe
d]+ NADPH > esTT+~. c+ #s NADPH jTT H+ njH
CO2 *d ATP X $j+#T= >CqT #dT+~. d+XwD
nH eT<d |<s\qT (eTTK+> ]TC u bd{qT) b+CyT\qT
|j+#T+ nH kbH\ sT>TT+~. #s e]> >C
|+&|<s+> esTT+~.
yTT\T $$< s\ |]d T \ d + eT JejT \qT s]+#>\ T>TsTT.
n me +, y&>, b&> +& yesD+q &, eT +& e
+ *q yesD+q yTT\T eT $<T\qT sT|+{sTT. +
eT]jTT s s\ neX yTT yTT ysTysT> +{sTT.
12 10e s> bwD ` Vs ds|s eed
|sbw\ bwD (Heterotrophic nutrition)
dJe ||+#+ Je\ $_q |]dT d+ dsTuT #dT+
J$+#& M\T> eT |]ds\ nqTL\qT * +{sTT. n<$<+>
$_q |< T Vs d]ksTT. ds+ deT+ Vs j sT#dT H
y{ djT+bw\T n+{sT. n k++> jsT #dT y{
|sbw\T n+{s eTq \TdT
Je\T eT Vs m b+<>\T>TsTT?
Je\ \ueTjT Vs| s+, < n+<TuTqT { n$ Vs+ b+<
$<q+, $j+#T&+ nH s\ |<T\qT nqTd]ksTT.
= dt\T, >=&T>T\T (mushrooms), s=f E\T (Bread moulds)
e+{ Je\T Vs Xs+ y\T|\ qq nDTe\T> $&>={ XwksTT.
M{ |PVsT\T n+{sT. += s\ Je\T <jT J$| <s|&
< #+|+& |sq Jeq $<q+ Vs d]ksTT. <VsD
dT , |qT, \>, <| sT>T yTT<q Je\T |sq bwDqT b{ksTT. eT]=
Je\T Vs+ yTT rdT (n+s>VD+) Xs+|\ d
|<s\T> $&>=&sTT. Vs+ rdTe&+, Js+ #dT e&+ yTT<q n+X\
J$ sD+, |#d $<q+| <s|& +{sTT.
Vs+ s+ n~ \_+# $<q+ &\T +&+ e\q $$< s\ Je\
Jseed\T L& ysT ysT> +{sTT. @ DJ$ nMTu Vs+ Xs+
|]\+ qT+& d]+#&TT+~. yT | Je\ d+w |]> =\~
$$< s\ u>\T | $<T\qT sV+#& nqTe> esT
#+<TsTT. <VsD nMTu Vs dsD =s Xs |]\+ qT+&
y e+{ $T<b<\qT @sT #dT +T+~. $T<b<\qT Vs+
#T y|+|Cd Vs| ]> esTdT+~. Vs s d+w Vs
| < s \ T d s | < s \ T> $& > = & q s T y
D<e+ y|q+ #+<TsTT. Js+ |<s+ D+
|] #] n& qT+& y\T|* |+|&TT+~.
@D J$ nsTTq bsMTwjT+ ]wyTq s+
+T+~. | kq+ qT+& Vs+ >V +#&T +~.
Xs+ n+ y|+ q X*\ <* e\q Vs+
| kH #sT +T+~. n& qT+& Xs+ |*
y+~. u> DeTTK+ (Cytostome) n+{sT.
bsMTwjT+ DeTTU >T]+#+&.
|+`8: bsMTwjT+, nMTu bwD
bjTTe |wH+
u >+~ eT>+~
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
djT+ bwD $<q+ dsyTq nsq |<sq = K \eD\qT, { H\qT+& >VksTT.
>* sH & &q T |j + uVX qyT q ds+ deT+ n~ X *q d+w
sq |<s\T jsesTT.
sDqd+j>jT $<q+ |V]+ *q |# yTT\T >C eT]jTT |+&|<s+
e+{ |<s\qT #jT& dss (+) deT+ sH&& eT]jTT {
$j+#T+{sTT. sDqd+j>jT H es|<s+> $&T<\ neT+~.
sD qd+j>jT qT
+
6CO + 12H O |V]+ C H O + 6H O+6O nH dMTsD s|+ #|+#e#T.
2 2 6 12 6 2 2
]+ sDqd+j>jT s>& +, sH&&, sT, |V]+ neds+.
sDqd+j>jT |<q+> sbdt\ sT>TT+~.
sbdt >H + #s, ke c+ #s sT>TT+~.
sDqd+j>jT >C, sT eT]jTT H\T n+|<s\T> @s&sTT.
sbdt sDqd+j>jT ]>|&T +~ #s\T sT>TsTT.
+X skjT X> es+
{ nDTe $ #+<&+
sH&& sV&{> jTsD+ #+<+
s Je\T jsT#dq d+w |<s\qT Vs|<s\T> rdTe&yT |sbwD.
bwD\ |<T\T Vs|<s\ \u| eT]jTT Vs+ b+< $<q+| <s|& +{sTT.
= @ DJe\ Xs |]\+ qT+& Vs+ d]+q|{ J$ d+w |]>=\~ $$<
u>\T | $<T\T sV+#& M\T> sb+<sTT.
d+w sV &T, b{qT, *|&T ds nDTe\T> b+Cy T dV jT+ $&>=& Xs+ XwD
nqTe> es |jTqT JsjT n+{sT.
22 10e s> bwD ` Vs ds|s eed
eqe Vs+ q sTy n~ $$< <X JsXjT >+<T\ <s d$+#&q b+CyT\#
$&>=&TT+~. JsyTq Vs+ q|>T Xw+#& n& qT+& | D |+|&TT+~.
Jse ed VsH+bT> nH nqT+< nejTy\T Jss d >+<T \T +{sTT. eqe Jse ed
+~ $<T\qT sVdT+~.
n+s >V D+ : Vs+ rdTe&+
JsjT : d+w |<s\T b+CyT dVjT+ ds |<s\T> essTT. y{ Xs+
|j +#T+T+~.
XwD : Jsy T q Vs+ Vs H+ >T+& |< q+> q |>T\ >T+& |j D+#|&T
|dsD eed Vs+ #s& XwD n+{sT.
eT\$dsq : Js Vs+ bjTTe <s jT{ |+|&+.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~y eT< u<\T sjT+&.(AS1)
(m) djT+ bwD ` |sbwD (_) n+s >VD+ ` JsjT
(d) + #s ` c+ #s (&) |V]+ ` V]sDTe
2. sD\T #|+&.(AS1)
(m) dJe ||+# sDqd+j>jT X eT<seT b #|>\e?
(_) c+ #sqT + d++<+ +& ]> #s n |\e&+ deTT+.
(d) sDqd+j>jT sV+# |j>\ eTT+<T yTT |+&|<s+ =\+#\+{sT
b+<T #|+&?
(&) |# { yTT\qT dss|{ XdjT d++~+q |j >\T sV+#e TT b+<T?
3. <VsD*e+&.(AS1)
(m) JsjT m+CyT\T (_) |sbwDqT b{+# Je\T
(d) $$TqT\T (&) Vs|+ e\q *> y<T\T
4. sDqd+j>jT y*q eTT&|<s\T yTT\T b& qT+& >VksTT?(AS1)
5. djT+ bwD s>& e\dq |]d T \ >T]+ $e]+#+&. #s @s& H\T @$?(AS1)
6. skjTq dMTsD+ dVjT+ sDqd+j>jT ]> $<H $e]+#+&.(AS1)
7. sDq d+j>jT @s& @yH eT&T n+ H\ |sT sjT+&.(AS1)
8. +#s, c+ #s\ eT< d++< |<s+> | #d~ @~?(AS1)
9. # s\ \ |u>+ +~u>+ +~u>+ +f yTsTdT+T+~ b+<T?(AS1)
10. T|+ dVjT+ sbdt sD+ >T]+ $e]+#+&.(AS1)
11. JsXjT+ eT+ b @$T{?(AS1)
12. Vs+ Js+ #jT&+ Jsj m+CyT\ b >T]+ sjT+&.(AS1)
13. Vs+ Xw+#& q|>T sD+ b esT#+~ +T+~?(AS1)
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 23
14. =e\T b JseTesTT? b& JseTesTT?(AS1)
15. Vs+ Js+ e&+ \\+ b @$T{?(AS1)
16. Js eed q |>T\T eT+> eTjTT+> e] b{qT Js+ e+| m+{ |ue+
#|T+~?(AS1)
17. JsH+ |#T|<s\ b@$T{?(AS1)
18. bwVs |+ n+f @$T{? @yH = bwVs |+ e\ *> y<T\ >T]+ sjT+&.(AS1)
19. |+>, u]j\ e+{ Je\ bwD m sT>TT+~?(AS2)
20. >* sH&& |]eD+ eT+> |sT>T bT+f n~ sDqd+j>jT MT< m+{
|uy #|T+~?(AS2)
21. sDqd+j>jT sT+f XdjT sT by @eTeT+~?(AS2)
22. |+& |<s\T JsXjT+ Jse m #|>\e?(AS2)
23. \ |+& |<s |]o*+#& MTsT MT bsX\ |j>X\ nqTd]+q $<H
\|+&.(AS3)
24. |# yTTqT ds+ +q|&T HqT $&T<\ #ksTT nq& e m+{ |j >+
#ke?(AS3)
25. &sYqT n& +~ $wj\ >T]+ \dT+&. #sTqT jsT#d MT s> |<]+#+&.(AS4)
m) @ |]dT\ s >E nedseTeT+~?
_) b|{ es >C n+~ksT?
d) >C s b \THT #dT+~?
26. u$T|q |#{ yTT\T b u$T|q Jes eTqT>& weTeT+<? B b
deT]ksT?(AS5)
27. MTsT |]o*+q |s+<+ |+ ^jT+&. sDqd+j>jT B bqT \|+&.(AS5)
28. eqe Jseed |+^ u>\T >T]+#+&. @ @ u>\ |]k* #\q+ +T+< C_
sjT+&.(AS5)
29. VsH+ $$< nejTy\ >T+& Vs+ |jD+# $<H |<]+#+<T sVyT
qeTHqT jsT#X&T. < |]o*+#+&. nejTy\ |sT sjT+&.(AS5)
*H
e\jT+
V]s DTe
+skjT #s ws k jT #s
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. +~y |sqJ$ ( )
(m) dt (_) |>=&T>T (d) dT (&) \>
2. sDqd+j>jT sT +~ y{ |u$+ <T. ( )
b) +re _) s d) c> &) sH&& >&
3. yTTqT 48 >+\bT N{ +q sTy sDqd+j>jT d++~+q |j>+
#ksT b+<T+f ( )
b) s|qT =\+#T d) sDqd+j>jT sT>TqT s|+#T
_) |+&|<s =\+#T &) |+&|<s+ nsTTbT+< \dTe&
4. +~y m+CyT Jssd+ ( )
(m) u (_) sssd+ (d) |sd+ (&) \+
5. @D Je\ Vs dsD |<. ( )
(m) Xs |]\+ <s (_) H{<s (d) <+\ <s (&) ]+ <s
6. sDqd+j>jT ]>|&T yTT @ u>+ >* qT+& sH&&qT >VdT+~.
(m) eT\+X\T (_) |s+<+ (d) H (&) s|\T ( )
#d Xk\T
eTq+ $&T<\ #d >* @ yjTTe\T +{j \TdT=H
|j>\T +eTT+<T s>T\ #XsT<!
dTq| >* y>+> }~q|&T, n~ s> b\e
\> es& eTq+ >eT+#+. n< dTq| eeT\T
>* ds+ <s>, |] <s> |+|q|&T # me
deTjT+ |&TT+~. dTq| # e \T|<q+
|dT+< >T]+#+ <!.
|+`3 #|q$<+ > |]s\qT neT] eTs=k] |j >+ dTq|
#jT+&. @+ sT>TT+< >eT+#+&. sT
|j>+ @+ *jTCdT+~? |+-3:
@ yjTTe dTq|qT b\e \> esTdT+~?
eTq#T q >* b*q|&T eTq+ jT e~ >* @ yjTTe
me |]eD+ q~?
n<+| Xd e~*q|&T { $] n<+| @s&& >eT+# +{sT.
eTq+ $&# >* { $] m& qT+& e+~?
eTq+ $&# >* = n+ou\T me>qT eT]= e>qT
+&{ +&{ >\ sD\qT \TdTe& eTq+ Xdeed yjTT
|ks+ ]> esZ+ >T]+ #d Xd\T ]> j $<q+ >T]+
n<jTq+ #j*.
keq ns+ Xdeed n+f jT{ qT+& }|]T\ n+
d sDq yjTT>DT\ (alveoli), n& qT+& jT >* |d]+#
esZ+ n #|e#T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 29
yjTT |ksesZ+
Hd s+<\ qT+& yjTT>DT\ es yjTT|ks esZ |]o*<+.
HdVs+
Hd
s+<\T
> d
m|>{dt
ds|{
yjTTH+
O2 eT]jTT CO2
XdH\T $eTjT+ ]> XH[\T
XdH\T y{ XK\T
}|]T\ T yjTTX\T
+#+& ` #]+#+&
yjTTesZ+ eT qsTT @+ sT>TT+~?
s+&T }|]T\T |]eD+ +{j?
yjTTX>DT\T nd+U+>qT, nq$>qT m+<T +{sTT?
MT \Tk?
deTT<eT+ <>Zs Vy>_H H
| P ] > d + | + # + < T T +~. <<| |
Vy>_H nDTe H +< @ss
Vy>_H> esTT+~. deTT<eT{ 13
MTs|q (8 yT) H \u #
e> +T+~. deTT<eT+ b*d e\+
<e e+T H eyT \ueTeT+~.
|+-9: |ssV&T
|]dT\ \ueTjT H d>+ Vy>_H
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 35
nDTe\qT eyT d+|+ #jT>\T>TT+~.
Vy>_H e H nDTe\ *dqsTT, s+ DC\ nedsyTq s
ds|s #jT<T. eTyTq |< H ds|s (H d*+&s) +& n+
mT J$+#&+ nk<+. <T $eH\ HqT d]|&q+ & |jD\
n+< @sT +T+~. deTT<| T y > > deTd\T ys $<+ > +{sTT.
eT deT+ CO2 G sT G X
(yjTTdV XdjT) <: yTT\T, +Te\T
MT \Tk?
yTT\T, +Te\T, d Je\+{ X $&T<\ =s k<sD+> $j+#&
|<s+ >C. n Je\qT >C s+&T <X\ ]+|&TT+~. yTT<{ <X
>C s+&T |s$ eT nDTe\T> $&>=&TT+~. s+&e <X H \uyTqsTT
|s$ eT+ sH & &, sT> ]+|&TT+~. BbT me |]eD+
X $&T<\eT+~.
H \u+ |+ |s$ eT+ <H> , eT+>
es& H deT+ ]> #s\ +f |<e e+T X eyT
$&T<\eT+~.
H +& X $&T<\eT+<?
reyTq yjeT+ #dq sTy eTq +&s\ H=| edT+~<!
+&s\ d]bsTTq+ H ds|s ]+<?
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 37
+&s\ @ skjTH\T @s&sTT?
<VsD MTsT 100 MTsT |sT>T |+<+ y>+>
|sT>sqT+<+. n|&T MT +&s\T # y>+>, me>
|#ksTT. nsTT, |+<+ yTT<\TeTT+< MTsT \& =
$Tc\b s=|&+, >{> >* |\&+ e+{ |qT\T #jT +<!
C n e> n<q| Xd MTsT MT |+< |P]
#jTe#T. n+ y>+> |sT> &sT\T 100MTs |sT>T
|+<+ nd\T >* |sT. |sT>T|+<+ \ #sT ]H
f|qT >H < ^ MT~ #sT>H |]d ysT> +T+~.
|+-11: &sT&T MTsT rdTq D, m+ y>+> MTsT |sT>sT nH n+X\
<s+>, |+<+ sy = $Tc\b MT Xd k<sD
d e# es MTsT s=|sT.
eTq+ |{es m.{.| >T]+ HsTq $wj\ d
#j T e#T. VQX +&s\ \ q ATP , ADP > es&+ e\q $&T<q
X e\q |]>& e\dq X eTq \_dT+< u$+#e#T.
eTq q #q deTdqT |]w]+#<T . m+<T+f reyTq yjeT
deTjT+ +&s\ +& m.{.| \\T nsdqT| KssTTbsTT. {
eTT+<T> X $&T<\ #d HqT sy $j+#TH |< nqTd]+#*
+T+~.
deTdqT n<jTq+ #d |< @$T+f, yje eTT+<T,
sy &sT s | #jT&+, | bZH &sT&T |]s\Tq
# | qTe\d +T+~.
n q T d = & + > <
yje |j+# f&$T
(f&$ T| +& yN y{sT e\q
yqT <T\T +T+~. B|
+& e |&b+& +&\+f
q y>+ q&e&+ < |sT > & +
#j*) |q q&e&+ #j*.
|j >+ eq = |* \qT
>|t #|&+ ]+~.
=$T~ $Tc\bT reyTq
yjeT+ #dq sy (>|t x
s+s yjTeT+ s+ eT+ >&+ n + | d +q usY qT
|u$+ #d n+X #| >|t
38 10e s> XdjT ` X < eed
|]o*+#+&. eT |< s| qeTH\qT &sT qT+& d]+
$Xw+#sT. s+ eT ksTT # me> esT qsTTqT >|t
<s \TdT+~.
x n+ ` deTjT+ dq
y n+ ` s+ eT+ $T.>/ |T.d+.MT.
>|tqT |]o*+#+&. +&s\ eT+ @$<+> |sT+Tq<
|]o*+ +~ |X\ de<H*e+&.
n) |j> bs+u+ eT >& m+ q~?
) |j>+ @ <X eT >& n~ ksTT #]+~?
) C eT]jTT D kqeTT\ eT< eT >& ksTT =qk>T
qsTT eT+ k<sD ksTT #s& m+ deTjT+ |e#T.
(d#q: C, D eT k<sD ksTT #s es b&+#+&.)
eT+ +&s\ L&qsTT, n~ +&s\ H=| <]rdT+~.
eTq+ deq <s q&e&+, y>+> q&e&+, HeT~> |sT>&+, y>+>
|sT>&+ #dq|&T <s+ deqyT nsTTq|{ eTq * +&s\ H=|
= jTL n~eTeTqT >eT+#e#T. B sD+ +&s n~+>
eT+ #s&yT.
jyTq +&s\ y>+> nsTTq eT+ yjeT+
sTy HeT~> +&s\ qT+& =\+|&TTq< eTq nseTeT+~.
XssyTq $wjT+ @$T+f &sT +&s\T k<sD d se&
# me deTjT+ |&TT+~. deTjT+ @$T sT>TT+<+f j
+&s\ q >C eT+> es&TT+~. eT+ q X
>C nDTe\ X +f e. >C qT+& eT+ @s&q|&T
$&T<q X eTs m.{.|. jsT#jT& |j+|&TT+~.
100 MTs |sT >T |+<+ &sT&T Xd+#&+ \T|#d, |+<+ sy
s=|&T. <X +&s\T nyjTT XdjT <s >CqT $&>={ X
$&T<\ #ksTT. sy eyT &sT +&s\ \ q e
=\+#& nedsyTq H \ueTeT+~. n+<Te\q eTq+ reyTq
yjeT+ #dq|&T Xs+ HT (oxygen debt) @s&TT+~.
T sTy ]> XdjT |P]+#&TT+~.
me <s+ |sT> &sT\T s+s+ Xdd +&+ e\q MsT
|sT> deTjT+H =+ eT+ =\+#&+ e\q, me deTjT+
n\db+& |sT>>\T>TsT.
+&s\ eT+ \ +&+ +&s\ H=| (muscle fatigue)
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 39
sDeTeT+~. Xs d]bsTTq+ $X+ \_+qsTT +&s\ n\d
=\bT+~.
nyjTT XdjT
Je\ XdjT HqT >V+ sH & &qT $&T<\ #kjT
eTq+ \TdTH+. |jT\T sD <s sT>TTqsTT H
ds|s *bsTTq|&T @+ sT>TT+~? eqe +&s\T H ds|s
Zq deTjT+ L& X $&T<\ #jT>*qsTT s Je\ D\T @+
#kj \TdTH+<T = |j>\T #<+.
|j>X\ +
dt = |j>\T
we|+ dJe\qT H sV yesD+
+q|&T c> |sT>T<\ >T]+ sH
& & $&T<\ >T]+ \TdTe& eTq+
|j>+ #<+. >C <eD+ dt
# y>+ > |sT>TT+~. C eq sq
(wild variety) dt\T j|, < e+{
<
e
bs|H
usH{ |+&=\ qT+& eT Vs d]d
<eD+ |sT>TsTT.
y&#d #]q >C
| j > X \ eTq | j > + d +
|+-12: nyjTTe XdjT y\Te&q >C, dt\ $TXeT+ qT+& HqT
w+, sH & & ssD | =\+#&+ eTqeTT+<Tq yTT<{ deTd.
|j> <X\T
1. >C <eD $Tw+bT y&#d ~*+#+& #\s#&+ <s
<eD+ H =\+#*. |&T < dt *| <|
d+{MTsT eT+<+ bs|H <y bj*. #jT&+ <s
jTqT+& >C <eD H ds|s +& s~+#e#T.
2. bs|H <y bd eTT+<T> >C <eD+ + H q< <
\TdTe& = #T\T &jH ^H (Diazine Green) < Cqdt
^H _ (Janus Green B) <eD yd #&+&. * s+>T <eD+
H \u yq|&T >T; s+>T esTT+~.
3. |+ #|q $<+> dt #d yjTTe\T jT y[ dTq|
+& |H [ #s $<+ > |]s\T neTs*. & @$<y T q jT+
(control experiments) |\T $e]+#&<T. MTs nTe+{ |j>\T
40 10e s> XdjT ` X < eed
#d |jT+#+&. | H[\qT |j+ sH & & j
|j> e ksTT sV+#& MTsT |jT+#e#T. (MTsT
|j >+ #d deTjT+ | H[\qT 370d es y& #dq sTT |j >+
y>+> sT>TT+~.)
u s=f\ j<sT\T |+& dtqT *|q|&T @+ sT>TT+~?
DD+ (Fermentation)
dJe\ #] nH 8e s> bs+ yT< |+& dt *| #dq
|j> k] >TsT #dT+<+. |j>+ yT< |+& m+<T
_+~? #s @ yjTTe $&T<q~?
#s <eD+, dt\ $TXe ~*+#+&, H \u+ +&
+ =+#+ d|{ sTy < qT+& |yTq ydq edT+~. B
sD+ dt #s <eD |j+#T= jsT #dq <H nH =
|<s+. #s dt <eD+ qT+& n+ d<q+ (fractional disillation) nH
|jT <s <HqT ysT#jTe#T. #s <eD+ +f <H e
c> (700C) e<H eTs>&+ e\q ~ k<eTeT+~.
<$<yTq ydqqT |*dq &, <d |+& (|C \ #dq~ <T) qT+&
se&+ MTsT >eT+# +{sT.
yjTTdV XdjT e~]>H |< <s H \u e>
q|&T X $&T<\ #jT&TT+~.
XdjT X $&T<\ #d |jT. B MTsT n+^]ks? m+<T?
XdjT ` <Vq+
18e X| e] u>+ ysTTsY sV+q |j >\T, |]o\q\
<s XdjT <V q+ e+{ #s nH n_bj e#&T. 1783 ysTTsY
sdq yk\ XdjT <Vq jT. ~ # HeT~> sT>TT+~.
#s H sH eyT +& V&H L& #s sT|T+~
n |s=H&T.
s_HdH nqT Xdy L& XdjT nH~ $<yTq <VqjT. B
e\qH Je\ Xs w+ \_dT+~ n |s=H&T.
+`2
#sqT eT+&+q|&T @+ sT>TT+~?
|+ #|q $<+> |]s\qT neTs+&. | H[ #sqT
rdT= eT+ dVjT+ y& #jT+&. =+#+d|{ sTy @+ sT>TT+<
>eT+#+&.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 41
#s ]+<? + med| y& #dq|&T @+ ]+~? #sqT y&
#dq|&T sH & &, {bT> X y& s|+ $&T<\eT+~.
>CqT eT+&+q|&T sH & &, sT, X $&T<\ejT MT
\TdT. n> XdjT dMTsD+ L& y |<s\T $&T<\esTT n
dTC > T ] + #s T < ! s +& + { eT< = eT*
|H[
u<\THsTT. ny$T{ |]o*<+.
yjTT 1. | j > X \ > C q T m e c > e<
yV H+ eT+&+q|&T eyT X $&T<\eT+~. <$<+ >
w+
eTq Xs D\ ]qsTT D\ e&bsTT.
2. |j>X\ k] >C eT+&&+ yTT<,
|jTqT |+ n+ dT\u+ <T. JeD\T
H deT+ >CqT n+ jT+D
dTq| sT eT+&+#>\T>TTHsTT.
3. sT eT+qT sdT+~. D\ # me
|+-13: CO - X $&T< n<q| q+
2 sT q|{ XdjT sT>TH +T+~.
Je D\ w+ $&T<\
eTq+ +eTT+<T |j>+ >eT+q $<+> #s < >CqT
eT+&+q|&T w+ y\Te&TT+< \TdTH+. dJeq +Te\T, yTT\T
L& X w+ s|+H y\Te]ksTT.
o\+ #*T (dsY) ydTq|&T eTq y#> +T+~. #*T
eTq Xs+ $&T<\ #dq c e< +& b&TT+~. n+f eTq Xs+
c $&T<\ #d+< nqTe#? + @jT esZ\ <s eTq Xs+
c T+~?
eTq Xs+ |]\+ qT+& s+s+ c H +T+~. {
eTq Xs+ sTTq c |P]+#& s+s+ c #d
+&*. B e\qH Xs c> s+s+ ds+> +T+~.
Xs+ jT c>, #d c> w +{j?
reyTq Xs |]XeT deTjT+ Xs+ me w+ dT+~. B
e\qH |sT>&+ e+{ Xs XeT sy eTq+, eTq Xs+ y&> qT
nqTu b+<T+. <jT + <e >H MT Xs c>q T =\e+&. =+#+d|
C+> #dq sTy eTs c>qT =\e+&.
s+&+{ eT< @yTH ed+ q<? <? $e]+#+&.
D XdjT X $&T<\eT+~. B =+ u>+ m.{.|> \
+T+~. =+ u > + $$< Je s k j T q j T \qT s V +# &
42 10e s> XdjT ` X < eed
|j+#&TT+~. $T> X w+ s|+ $&T<\eT+~.
|sT>&+ e+{ me Xs XeT L&q |qT\T #jT& me X
nedseTeT+~. { XdjT sT L& |sT>TT+~. nsTT y\Te& w+
|]eD+ L& |sT>TT+<qe. n+<Te\qH eTq Xs+ qT+& $]
edTq ueq \T>TT+~. Xs XeT deTjT+ q+ H \u q|&T
+&s\T nyjTT |< XdksTT. n+<Te\q eT+ $&T<\eT+~.
@s&q eT+ +&s+ |sT=bsTTq|&T +&s\ H=|
\T>TT+~. =+ $X+ sy eTq+ k<sD d ek+. BsXd\T ]
eTq+ X |+#T& m+>H j>|& sTT. $<y T q Xdj $<q+
>T]+ nqT+<+ bDjeT+ o] #<e+&.
yjTTe]& eed |]DeT+
yjTT e]& nH~ Je\+{qT ]> k<sDyTq Je |jT.
n Je\qT ~ $<+> s><T. nMTu e+{ @ DJe\T, V&,
|H]jTqT, >T+&{ |sT>T\T, yqbeTT\T e+{ VQD Je\T Xs &+
<s y|q |< HqT >V+#&+, sH & &qT $&T<\ #jT&+
sVksTT.
s VQD Je\ |yTq XkejTy\T @s&sTT. ueT eT]jTT
yk\ ed+# Je\T $$< sq yjTTe]& (XdjT) k<H\qT
eT Jeq $<H nqT>TD+> @sT #dTHsTT. Xs |]eD+, {
\u, |dsD eed s+ yTT<q n+X\| <s|& Je\ $$< sq
XkjTy\T n_e~ #+<sTT.
u~+, $T&\ e+{ \ yjTTH eed <s XdjT
sT>TT+~. yjTTH eed yjTTH\T nH >={\T XseT+{ neTs&
+{sTT. yjTTH\T, yjTTH[\T> N* D\T HqT HsT>
n+~ksTT.
#|\ e+{ = \#s Je\T XdjT d+ yTT|\T nH | nejTy\T
n_e~ #dTHsTT. yTT|\ &\T |\T#> +& me> s XH[\T
* +{sTT. M{ <s yjTT e]& sT>TT+~. B yTT|\ <s
XdjT (Branchial/ Gill Respiration) n+{sT. #| HsT ] +~ <e&
eT<u> +~ >&+ e\q sT |\ |ydT+~. |&T HsTeTd,
+~ <e& eT< u> | |&+ <s sT >d |\ H&TT+~.
>d qT+& sT |* >d s+<+ <s yTT| N*\ <s yTT|\|
|eVdT+~. yTT|\T { &T|& { ]q HqT >VksTT.
#s + <s ]> yjTTe]& #s jT XdjT (Cutaneous respiration)
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 43
n+{sT. yTTd*, &*H e+{ \#s\T @$<+> Xdkj MT b<jTT&
n& \TdT+&. $<yTq XdjT |\ e+{ ujT#s\ |dT+~.
| \T, #s +, }|]T\ , d>d Vs+ (Bucco Pharyngeal Cavity) <s
L& Xd+#>\e.
yTT\ XdjT
yTT\ |\ +& | s+<\ <s yjTT
$eTj T + s T > T T +< MT \ Td T . |
s+<\bT> + = u>\T yjTT $$TjT+
{bs
sT|sTT. ys |]\+ +&+ MT< +& +{d
>*><T\T DyjTT $eTjT+ bZ+{sTT. eT& n&e\T>
|s+<\T |\Te& e+>y yTT\ XdjT d+
|+-14: |+`XkjTejT+ Xdy (Arial roots) nH | sD\T +{sTT.
]& C yTT\ XdjT d+ | DC\+
+T+~. yTT\T XdjT HqT |\T=
X #d sH & &qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
yTT\ yjTTsyD
|s+ <\T, +d yTT |* sT #T=
+{sTT. D\ +& U\T (>* ><T\T) e\
e~]> yTT n+ $d]+ +{sTT. U
|+-15: +&+ +{D\T |<X\T |\ |< |]eD+q $T*q yTT
u>\ q$>q +{sTT. >* ><T\ >&\T { bs * +& eT>
+{sTT. | s+<\ <s |y+q >* H {bs
sT>TT+~. De#+ >T+& D |<s #sTT+~. D+ #s\ #s
]| X $&T<\ #dT+~. BbT sT, sH & & L& y\Te&sTT.
$&T<q X JejT sVD d+ D+ yT{+&j m.{.|
s|+ \ +T+~. @s&q sH & & < esZ+ >* ><T\ qT+&
jT y\Te&TT+~.
#s y|q |< sT>TT+~. D+ H $j+|&>H
D\, >* ><T\ eT< yjTT k+< & @s&TT+~. n< deTjT+
>* ><T\ | s+<\T, +{d y\T|\ L& yjTT k+< &
edT+ ~. n+<Te\ y\T|* >* | s+<\>T+& |* |y dT+ ~. n<$<+ >
sH & & @s&q k+< ed+ e\ | #s es ~X y\T|*
edT+~.
44 10e s> XdjT ` X < eed
yTT\T, +Te\ ]> XdjT \ e @yT$T
b*\T >eT+#e?
y <s XdjT
yTT\T y +& eT\ X\T |\T# |]\+
<s yjTTe]& #ksTT. $ eT{ nDTe\ eT<
+& HqT |\T+{sTT. nsTT #sTe\T yTT<q
& |<X\ |]> yTT\ y $<T\qT |+-16: yjTT> y
s]+#>\T>TsTT. Te+{ & |<X\ |]> yTT\ ysT u$T
|]\+| #=#Te nqTL\H |<] ksTT. M{ <s yjTT y|q+
deTse++> sT>TT+~. <: e+>y yTT\T.
eTs= eTTKyTq nqTL\q+ u\T> +& +&+ * +&&+. k]
MTsT m|&H & |<X\ y[q|&T n& |]> yTT\ +&+ d]+#+&.
< >\ s+<\ d+K, |]eD eeT\T H\ MT< |]> yTT\ +&+
b* #&+&.
s+& s+> +{j? _q+> +{j? m+<T?
+{ |<X\ |]> yTT\ y deTs+> |s>be&+ e\ yjTT
syD deTd\T @s&sTT. n+<Te\ yTT\T J$+#&+ weTeT+~.
n+<Te\H e+>y eT& #T H\| #=#Teq yjTT y <s
|]\+ qT+& HqT |\T+{sTT.
yTT\ ]> XdjT >T]+ eT] $es\T \TdTe&+ d+ +~
|j>\T #<+.
+`3
|&&T Xq>\T < s>T\T rdT+&. MT |j>
sE eTT+<T y{ Hqu+&. sy y{ rd >T&
yd <s+ >{> eT+&. eTqT s> >~
eT\ +#+&. s+&T sE\bT |]o*+#+&. +\T
yTT\q
yTT\T sTT. yTT\q +\qT rdT= >E dk yjT +&. $H \T
q +CH dk rdT= < eT&T e+T\ es
dTq| +|+&. dk eT <s+{ dkqT C>> >E
dTq|sT
C& +#+&. C& eT _+#+&. > b& $H\
eTs= neT]qT d<+ #dT+&. s+&+{ s+&T sE\b |+-17: XdjT
<|+& +#+&. s+&T neT]\qT |]o*+#+&. sH & & $&T<\
MT |]o\q\qT qy<T #jT+&.
@ C& +q dk dTq|sT s+>T e]+~? m+<T?
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 45
+`4
eTT+<T + d+ MTsT rdTq yTT\q +\qT
<sMTsY <sdtbdT rdT+&. _s&qT rdT=, s+<+
#d <>T+& <sMTsTqT neTs+&. <sMTsT
H= yTT\q + eTT +& C>|&+&. |
s+&T >+\ <sMTsT c> qy<T #jT+&.
bdt
eT+ |*\ d+ 24 >+\bT |]o*+#+&.
MT |]o\q\ <s+> (\+ ` c>\| >|t
^jT+&.)
yTT\q
$H \T c>\ |sT>T<\qT @yTH >T]+#s?
c> eT+> |sT>TT+< sE @<
|+-18: XdjT w+ $&T<\ deTjT+ nkT> |]qT> q<?
w+ m& qT+& e+< MTsT u$dTHsT?
sDq d+j>jT ` XdjT
yTT\T < sH & &qT, { $] |j + dss deT+
sDq d+j>jT <s k++> Vs jsT #dT+{sTT.
#s nH d+wyTq kbH\ <s ] + X skjTq X> esTdT+~.
#s sH & & qT+& # s\T d+Xw + #&sTT. sy T q sD
j$<q+ (anabolic process) sbdt\ sT>TT+~. n+f ds |<s\
qT+& d+w |<s\T @s&sTT.
sDq d+j>j $<H +~ dMTsD+ <s d+#e#T.
+ X
CO2 + H2O (CH2O)n + O2
|V]+ # s
nsTTq #s\ qT+& JejT\qT sV+#& e\dq X
XdjT <s y\Te&TT+~.
XdjT n+f e\+ >* |* e<\&+ <T. #s d+w #s\T
nH $qjT \ <s (catabolic process) skjTqX d X> esTksTT.
Xdj $<H +~ dMTsD\ <s d+#e#T.
(CH2O)n + O2 O2 + H2O + X
\ |<\T
yjTT XdjT, nyjTT XdjT, yjTT >DT\T, >d, XdH+, XdH[,
|V, sDjT, $qjT, yjTT> y, +{d.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
XdjT eTq+ |*q >* }|]T\ n&qT+& yjTT>DT\ #sTT+~. ] n<
esZ+ y\T|* edT+~.
>* |\Te&+ qT+& D\ ksTT H $j>+ e&+ es < sTy { esTd>
]> #s\+{ *| XdjT n+{sT.
$&# >* dTq| qT \> esTdT+< ysTTsY qT>=q+&.
|*q>* Hs+<\T, >d, ds|{, yjTTH[\T, XdH+, }|]T\T, yjTT>DT\
n&qT+& s+ #sTT+~. n< esZ+ (CO ) yq |jDdT+~.
2
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~y{ eT< &\T sjT+&.(AS1)
m) #d+`Xd+ _) yjTTdV `nyjTTXdjT
d) XdjT`<Vq+ &) sDqd+j>jT`XdjT
2. yjTTdV, nyjTTXdjT\ @yH s+&T b*\T sjT+&.(AS1)
3. =k] Vs+ XdH+ bsTT +~ *dT+~. ~ m+<T sT>TT+~.(AS1)
4. =+&\T, >T\ e+{ |<X\ HeT~> q&q|{ XdjT y>+> s>& sD\T
sjT+&.(AS1)
5. sXH[ #s& M\T> >* yjTT>DT\ \Te +T+~. y+ d]#jTe\dq
n+X\T @$T{?(AS1)
6. yTT\T |>\ T sD qd+j>jT qT, s XdjT qT s]ksTT. MTsT n+X n+^]ks?
m+<T?(AS1)
7. deTT<\ |* y[ <fy, |ssV\T neT y+ H d+&sY\qT rdTysT
m+<T?(AS1)
8. >]wk sTT yjTT $eTjT+ s>& M\T> yjTT >DT\T m esT #+<j sjT+&.(AS1)
9. XdjT #s\qT+& X m& $&T<\eT+~. nH |X e\ }|]T\T n, sjT
+&s\T n de<q+ sksT. me] de<q+ dsq~. m+<T?(AS1)
10. XdjT m|>{dt, &j|yT\ b @$T{?(AS1)
11. s ksTT yjTT$eTjT+ m sT>TT+~?(AS1)
12. u+j yjTT $eTjT+ m sT>TT+~?(AS1)
13. wyTq yje\T #dq|&T +&s\ H=| \T>TT+~. +&s\ H=|, XdjT d++<+
@$T{?(AS1)
48 10e s> XdjT ` X < eed
14. \ b +&+ L& XddT+< sE #b&T. e n deT]ky? m?(AS1)
15. Xs+ &j|yT b @eTeT+~?(AS2)
16. }|]T\ y~ |DT& *d neX+ * n|&T XdjT >T]+ n& e @ @ |X\T
n&T>Te?(AS3)
17. MT bsX\ |j>X\ nyjTT XdjT >T]+ \T& MTsT #dq |j>+ nqTd]+q
$<q+ @$T{?(AS3)
18. #sqT eT+&+# |j>+ e >eT+q n+X\T @$T{?(AS3)
19. |\ ]> #jT XdjT >T]+q de#s+ d]+#+&. y~ jsT#d MT s>
|<]+#+&.(AS4)
20. b> $j>+, \Tw+ yTT<q y{ e\ *> Xdd y<T\ >T]+q de#s+ d]+#+&.
<| MT s> #]+#+&.(AS4)
21. Xdj esZ *jTCd ueT^d u>\T >T]+#+&.(AS5)
22. XdjT ]> ~X\qT *| sU+ (Block diagram) ^jT+&. DXdjT >T]+ MTs$T
\TdTHs sjT+&.(AS5)
23. eTq Xs+ ]> Xdj jT++>+ y n_q+~ke?(AS5)
24. MT bsX\ d+bjT+ #]+#& nyjTT XdjT| yk jsT#jT+&.(AS5)
25. Vy>_H, s|\T XdjT >T]+ e{&T+TqT> sH ^jT+&.(AS5)
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. $&#>* `````````````````````````` eT]jTT ```````````````````````` +{sTT.
2. >*, Vs+ Xs+ |* y & M\T> |#d +&sj T TyT q eTe+{ sD+ ```````````````
3. D\ \ q X |eD `````````````````````````` n+{sT.
4. yTT\ ................ u>\ +{d +{sTT. $ `````````````````````` #s &&sTT.
5. e+>dt\ XdjT ````````````````````````````` <s sT>TT+~.
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
6. ds+T\qT & >eT+#e#T. ( )
(m) yjTTH+ (_) ds|{ (d) HVs+ (&) >d
7. }|]T\ +& >* T\ e+{ sD\T ( )
(m) yjTT>DT\T (_) XdH\T (d) XdH[\T (&) >*><T\T
8. +~y ds~ ( )
(m) &j|yT d++q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
(_) &j|yT d++q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ >TZT+~.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 49
(d) &j|yT y+q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
(&) &j|yT y+q|&T s'Vs+ |]eD+ >TZT+~.
9. XdjT $qjT m+<+f ( )
(m) d+w Vs |seDTe\T $q+ nesTT. (_) + X esT#+<TT+~.
(d) skjTq X d+Xw+#&TT+~. (&) X \#jT&TT+~.
10. D\ X \Te +& |<X+ ( )
(m) +<+ (_) yT{+&j (d) suke\T (&) De#+
nqT+<+
bDjeT+
XdjT JesX\ eTqT>& eT<s+. |*q>* Xd <s Xs+
| D #s&+ n<TyTq |jT. s>e+yTq JeH <V<|&
XdjTqT jT++#T>\>&+ eqe k<eTeT+~. }|]T\T
dyTq yjTT>DT\qT * +{jT MT \TdT. | Xd 500 $T..
>* +T+~. nsTT C }|]T\T 5800 $T.. >* +#T>*q
keTs+ * +{sTT. eTq+ k<sD+> |]\+>H Xd |\Td+{+.
n+f eTq+ }|]T\ |P]ksTT keTs |j+#T&+ <qe.
eTq+ Xd <s >* yTT jT{ |+|ydH L& <<| 1200 $T.. >* + }|]TH
$T* +T+~. n+f + eTq+ 4600 $T.. >* }|]T\qT +|e#qe. n+ |]eD+
>* |\+f Xd rdT&+ m+{ esT\T nedseTej +#+&.
bNq usrjT jTTs< y<T&T |+* eTV] XdjT |< XdjT sV+# $<q+|
j>ud+ nH |jT qT qT>=H&T. B nc+>j >+ n+{sT. m$T~ $u>\ 195 j>Xd
jTe\qT |yX|{&T. n$ 1.jTeT (ke eTD b{+#&+), 2.jTeT (e> eTD
b{+#&+), 3.dq (<&yTq Xs b+<&+), 4.bDjeT (XdjT X |+b+~+#T&+),
5.|Vs (+~j\qT n<T| +#T&+), 6.<sD (@> k~+#&+ ), 7.<q+ (|d T #jT &+),
8.de~ (ks+ b+<&+)
nc+>j>+ |+* eTV] #|q bDjeT+ n+f XdjT| |Tk~+#&+ <s
s>s JeH >&|&+ n ns+. #d+ <s }|]T\ eT&T \+_\+&T> >*|*
me HqT s+ *d #jT &yT jT q eT* d+. Bs Xd\T rdT&+ <s
k<sD+> eTq+ $Tc | 20 qT+& 22 Xd\qT 15 es Z+#e#T. me yTT+ >*
|\&+ e\ yT<&T DC\ q+ H \_dT+~. n+<Te\ Xs jT\ #TsT>
V+> sT>TsTT. |Ps+ (BsX d >* |\&+) +u + (}|]T\ >* *| +#&+ ) s #+
(HeT~> >* e<\&+) <X\ L&q bDje ejTdT d++<++& mesH b{+#e#T.
}|]T\ keTs |+ @>qT, s> |k~+# bDje HsT b{+#&+ eT+~.
|j>X\ +
<X+ : s<\ >T+& n+]sD |]o*+#&+.
s<\+{ >T+& sD+> $<+> +T+~. { eTq+
|j>X\ >=s yT >T+&qT |]o\q d+ rdT+<+.
e\dq |]s\T : >=s yT C >T+&, k& k\T, |<THq u&T <
k|, &dH f, eT>TZ sT, &dH s, bs|t.
|]o\H |< :
yT >=s C >T+&qT rdT= >T+& ><T\ s+ +& Xu+#d
|]o\q d+ d<+ #j*.
54 10e s> |dsD ` |<s syD eed
k& k\qT ] +|&q s H\ |yX |{*. d<+ #dq >T+&qT
|]o*d, |]o\q\qT MT HT|d+ sjT+&.
>T+&qT | m bs\THsTT? (bs\qT s ]+ rdyjT+&.)
>T+& @ s+ +~?
>T+& nT m sH\ es\THsTT?
>T+& jTT @ es y&\T> +~? @ es dq> +~?
>T+& +&s\ nT q sH\ (sq] <eTqT\T) neT]qT
>eT+#+&.
(C >T+& <=s |+ >T+& qeTHqT #sTqT > |]o*+#+&.)
>T+& n+]sD+
\yTq #|eTT e+{ sH+ | e#T >T+&qT &dH f +#+&.
| |dTq u>+ >T+& <s\+.
|<THq k| < u&T dVjT+ >T+& |* ><T\T VsZ+
njT$<+> jT+&. (nedsyT |+`5 dVjT+ rdT+&.)
|* u>\qT |]o*+#+&. eTT+<T> >T+& >&\qT |]o*+#+&.
\y| y <eT
m&eT uTC y <eT
}s Vs
V<eT
m&eT ||d <eT
& ||d <eT ||d ds\T
||d <eTqT\T
m&eT ]
& ] ||d<eT ns#+<s y+
] s] y{\T
] s] y{\T
m&eT s] >&\T
n<Vs
& s]
|+`5: V<jT+ n+]sD+
+TjTT |bs
+&sbs U |<X+
U |<X+
m+&~*jT+ m+&~*jT+
sXH[\T
sXH[\T @D eT+<+ ]yTq dyTq H\T. $ eT>T+&
|<s\T y|q+ #+<& nqTeTksTT. \sD\ \dT
dXH[\ >&\ >T+& #=#T= b>\e. $ <eTqT\T ds\qT \T|
sH[ C @sT#jT& &&sTT.
$*jT+ Vs |j>+ #~$q s +~ |X\ de<q+ sjT+&.
@ sH\ y{\T +{sTT? y{\ |j>+ @$T{?
# _>TT> T {q|&T >T+& <s+> q y|q sH\T m+<T
TsTT?
Xs+ |*y|q q sH\qT (<eTqT\qT) +~+q|&T n$
V<jT+y| { sD+ @$T{?
>T+& ]\T, s]\ eT< y{\T +{sTT. y{\ e\q, ds\
+& y{\ e\q *> |jq+ fq e u$dTHy?
Vs |j>+ #~$q s <eTqT\T, ds\ d++~+q yTT<{ esTd
q d#q\ dVjT+ |{`3 <eT, ds (s+&T, eT&T) esTd\
U\qT |P]+#+&.
+ #]+#+&
<eTqT\ >&\T <&+>, dk|X * +{sTT. m+<T?
<eTqT\qT XK\T> $d]+q #T b\TksT. m+<T?
<eTqT\ b*d ds\ s |yVesZ+ (lumen) |]eD+ |<~>
+T+~. m+<T?
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 61
V]e\jT+ (Cardiac cycle)
eqe >T+& |+&_e~ <X 21e sE qT+& d+~+#&+
bs+_dT + ~. (|T bs #&+&.) eqe&T #bjTes
>T+& d+~dT+~. >T+& d+~+#+ b eTsD+ d+u$dT+~.
]\T, s]\T k] d++ sTy jT<d ed
1. ]\T, s]\ $X+d (}V) < V<jTd+<q e\jT+ < V]e\jT+ (cardiac
cycle) n+{sT. B <X\qT |]o*<+.
1. >T+& H\T>T ><T\T U> $X+ (d&*+|) d
HjTqT=H }V V] e\jT+ ]> $<H |]o*<+.
2. |Ps|s eTVds\ qT+& s+ &], ||d ds\
qT+& m&eT ] s+ |ydT+~.
2. ]\ s+ |eVdT+~
3. |&T ]\T d+ksTT. ]\ d+#+ e\q s+ ],
s] \T eT< q y{\qT dT s] |y dT+ ~.
4. s]\T s+ +&>H d+ksTT. n< deTjT+
(d&*+|), ]\T jT<d #sT+{sTT.
s]\ d+#+ e\q s+ <V#|+, ||d
3. ]\ d+#+. s] s+ <eT, y q y{\T s#T |eVdT+~. n<
| e VdT+ ~. deTjT+ ]\T, s]\ eT< q y{\T s+ &
eTdT+{sTT. y{\T eTdTe+ e\q yTT<{ \u
nH X+ |<> eTq $|dT+~.
5. s]\T jT<d #sTH deTjT+, s]\ |&q+
ZbT+~. Be\q sH\ |y+q s+ yq
se{ |jTdT+~. sH\ y{\T eTdT=
4. s]\ d+#+. y{\T s+ yq s]\ se{ s~ksTT. y{\T
eTdT+{sTT (\u). s+ eTdT=q|&T s+&e &u nH X+ q> $|dT+~.
<e TqT\ | e VdT+ ~.
< deTj ]\T s+ +& eTs d+#
d<|&sTT.
V<jT d+<q eqT>+ > ]> |jT \+{ *|
V] e\jT+ (cardiac cycle) n+{sT.
V] e\jT+ >T+& +&s\T #TsT> bZH d+#jT
5. s]\ jT<d. <eTqT (systole), $X+ rdTH jT<|Psd (diastole)\T <y+
y{\T eTdT+{sTT (&u). { @s&T +{sTT. yTT+ |jT dTesT> 0.8 dq
|+`11: V] e\jT+ |PseT+~. ]\ d+# |f deTjT+ 0.11`0.14 dqT
62 10e s> |dsD ` |<s syD eed
> s]\ d+# 0.27`0.35 dq deTjT+ |&TT+~.
$<+> s+ sH\ s+s+ jT$T ee<T\
|eVdT+T+~. nsTT DC\ |eV+# s+ s+sjT+> ,
n\\T n\\T> |eVdT+~. n+<Te\H eTq+ eTDT e< y\T +q|&T
n& q <eT s+ |eV+#|&T < & eTq \TdT+~. BH
eTq+ H& =Te&+ (pulse) n+{+. eTq H&d +<qs T, V<jT d+<qs T
deq+> +T+~.
MT \Tk?
+Te |sT Xs+ sTe >T+& sTe eTTc V<jTd+<q
{ $T+>\+ 1,50,000 .>. 750 .>. 7
@qT>T 3000 .>. 12`21 .>. 46
eqe&T 60`70 .>. 300 >. 76
jT{{ | 8 >. 0.15 >. 1200
uV#sD\T
eTsDTe\T
eTC\+
<sTH\T
+~+
>*><T\T
D<e+ ]\T
MT \Tk?
yTT\ <s m+ sT uc+ #+<TT+~? @|> |]q yTTCq yTT
ys 15 s sT uc+ <s yesD+ |+|T+~. ms+ $ds+
yTTCq qT+& 13,25,000 s sT $] neT+~. |< e$T& #T ed+\+
sE 750 qT+& 3,500 s { uc+ <s jT |+|T+~.
K \eD\ syD
yTT\ bwD K \eD\T (d\, dbw\T) nedseTH $wj
eTq+ +~ s>T #<TeH+. eT <eD+ qT+& eT\X\ <s
K \eD\T >V+|&sTT. \eD\ $<T<yX njH\ s|+
+{sTT. <VsD k&jT + s & Na+, Cl- jH\ s|+q, yT^wjT +
d{ Mg2+, So42- njq s|+ +{sTT. $ eT\X\ <s y|q+
|< +& D<e X $j+ Xw+#&TsTT. M{ $es+>
eTq+ sTy s> HsT+<+. jH\T Xw+#&q sTy { <s
<sTH\ #sT n& qT+& |sT>T<\ kH\ y[ |sT>T<\
$j+#&TsTT. = d+<s\ <sTe qT+& bw DC bs+>
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 71
L& |d]ksTT. yTT\ |sT>T<\ K \eD\T |eTTK b bwksTT.
jsq Vs+ syD
=+&+ |#{ yTT\ \ jsq Vs+ #s
s|+ $T*q D\ syD #jT&TT+~.
eTTK+> #TsT> |]> u>\T eT]jTT \#d
+ u>\ syD #jT&TT+~.
\ H\ <sTe eT]jTT bw DC\T
+{jT eTq \TdT. $ +&+ DC\+
nqTd+<qyT +{sTT. +~ |j>+ bw DC\+
<sTe
<s Vs |<s\ syD sT>TT+< *jTCdT + ~.
bw DC\+ bw DC\+ #\H\T (sieve tubes) #
|+`20: yTT qT+& + Vs d]+#T
q$> +{sTT. JeXdy \ T yTT\ Vs |<s\
syDqT |# |sT>T\T (ephids) <s n< jTq+ #XsT.
m|& +&+ #T >T$TL& yTTsk |\TksTT. sd+ |\& m|&
b&e> d~e~]> +& =+& (proboscis) yTT DC\ #=|dT+~.
sk ||&T m|& #+| +&+ n&TqT C>> |]o*d buddt
bw DC\+ <sT H\ es eyT #=#TbsTTqT Xdy\T
>T]+#sT. buddt q sk $Xw+#& Xdy\T +~ |j>
#XsT. yTT sk ||& m|&qT #+| buddt u>+ bw DC\+
+& $<+> m|& Xs u> ysT#XsT. bw DC\+ d\ |&q+e\
sd+ dq buddt u>+ >T+& sd+ #T\ s|+ sTT+&& >T]+#sT.
<es| #T\ d]+ $Xw + #> n+<T # s\T eT]jTT yTH e\T
HjT *d+~.
m|& T (aphids) bw DC\+ qT+ me yTT+ # sqT >V +q|{
yTT Xw+#e. $T*q #s { <es|+ bjTTeqT+& y\T|*
edT+~. B H (honey-dew) n+{sT. n+<Te\H m|& q yTT\ +&+,
\T # n+TqT> +{sTT.
MTsT = d+<s\ #T d>|> us&T |P]> q+bsTT
q|{ #T dJe+> +&& #d +{sT. ~ m k<+!
bw DC\+ <s #s\T syD #jT&jT \TdT& eTs=
|j>+ <s L& s|+#e#T. <sTe q& $<+> < #T q
us&TqT =\+#*. eT<u>+ e+ + $T*q yTT+ DC bw
DC\+ dV =\+#*. = sE\ sTy =\+q us&T |u>,
+~ u> DC $Xw+q|&T eTq Vs |<s \Te\T e\jT+>
72 10e s> |dsD ` |<s syD eed
@s&q | u>+ eyT q&TT+~. +~ u>+ q&<T. = sE\
sTy eTq+ n> e~*|& ]+>T| u>+ +&+ eT+<+ |sT>TT+~.
+~ u>+ |sT>T<\ s><T. n+<Te\q +&+ #T q DC
mTe+{ qw+ *+H ysT Vs ds|s bT+~. <s #T
eTsDdT+~. n+X+ # n] beTTK *q~. = s<\T bw
DC\+ +& Vs+ d+ #T us&TqT =\TksTT.
k<sD+> bw DC\+ #s =s o\+ Vs| =s
q|&T #dT+{sTT. f\T\ e+{ = +Te\T qq yTT\T
V#dT+f +< e+{ +Te\T |<|< #qT HXq+ #dT+{sTT. +<
e+{ +Te\ e\ # V \>+& nM d+sD qT| r> e\qT
neTsTksT. nsTT ~ KsT L&q~. n+<Td+ nMXK n~sT\T
n&e\ +< u]qT+& e\qT b&& e+d uq q\T,
>T&>\T, u&sqT (Badger) |+#TT+{sT.
= s\ &T\T deTT<rs b+\ |]> dsT >T&T e+{ # reyTq
V *ksTT. n+{# dsT>T&T \T |+#&+ u<jT+<T.
MT |]ds\ @yH #T, yTT\ usqT +Te\T =\yXj?
|]o*+#+&. y{ C_ sjT+&. MT C_ #T @ C #+~q$, qw+
m+, qw+ eT<H ]+<, b<, +&+ MT< ^]qT> +Te\ |>
>TsT\T |dTHj? yTT<q $wj\T +&*. MT |]o\q\ <s+> @
+Te yTT\qT HXq+ #k+< \TdT+~. ] yTT+> *> qc\
>T]+ +#+&.
\ |<\T
|dsD, ], s], H&d+<q, <eT, ds, dk|, <V#|+, sXH[,
dk, &jk, V]e\jT+, s|&q+, Xwsd+, @|dsD e\jT+, ~|dsD e\jT+,
s d+<qeTT, d>eHMTsY, b+_H, +_H, |_HH, |_H, eT\X\T, |<eT
eT\+, ysT|&q+, yTT bw\T, <sTe, bw DC\+, H[|+C\T.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
H&d +<q V<jT d+<q deq+> +T+~. @ |]s+ dV jT+ +&H eTq+ V<jT d+<qq
=\ee#T.
yTTyTT<{k]> dk|qT sH nqT Xdy qT>=H&T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 73
>T+& s +&T V<j esD#\# e]+|& +T+~. M{ eT< +& <e+ >T+&qT n| \qT+&
b&TT+~.
>T+& n q sH\ <&+> +&$ <eTqT\T. M{ <eT#|+ Xs u>\, ||d
<eT }|]T\ s rdTbT+~.
e <& + *q H\qT ds\ T n+{sT. |Ps|se TVds\ T Xs }s , n<u>\qT+& s
d]ksTT. ||d ds\T }|]T\qT+& s d]ksTT.
>T+& H\T>T ><T\T+{sTT. |Psu>+ s+&T ]\T, |su>+ s+&T s]\T +{sTT.
y|q >\ ]s]\T ]s] s+<+ <s \T|& +{sTT. ]+s $u+ nH
+&s bs ]\q s]+s $u+ s]\qT ysT#dT+~.
]\T, s]\ eT< s+<\T+{sTT. s+<\qT ] s] y{\T eTd +#TsTT.
<eT #|+, ||d <eT L& y{\T+{sTT.
>T+& &y| u>+ Xs u>\qT+& s >V+ }|]T\ |+|T+~.
>T+& m&eTy| u>+ }|]T\ qT+& s >V+ Xs u>\ |+|T+~.
||d <e T | $T*q <e TqT\ eTjTT s Xsu >\ ds| s #ksTT. ||d ds |
$T*q ds\ eT sV s >T+& #sTksTT.
>T+& d+#+ y+H jT<|Psd (d&*+|) se& V]e\jT+ n+{sT.
Xs nejTy\ #s|&T s+ k] eyT >T+& #s& @ e\jT+ n s+&TksT
se& <+<e\jT+ n n+{sT.
K $$TH |+ qy] sd+<q+ s><T.
yTT\T H\ \eD\T ]q { <y_dsD |< y <s >VksTT.
sT <sTe <s, bw |<s\T bw DC\+ <s ds|s nesTT.
yTT\ uc |dsD eed eT< d++<+ +T+~.
Xdy\T m|&\ dVjT+ bw DC\\ >T]+ \TdT>*>sT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. |dsD eed n+f @$T{? ~ Je\ @$<+> |j>|&TT+< sjT+&.(AS1)
2. bk eT]jTT s+ eT< >\ d++<+ @$T{?(AS1)
3. >T+&qT+& Xs u>\ s #syd u>\T @$?(AS1)
4. eTq Xs+ >\ eT&T |<qyTq sH\qT |s=q+&.(AS1)
5. eTq Xs+ n|< <eT @~? ~ |<~> +&& sDyT$T{?(AS1)
6. sD+ #+<&+ d+ s rdTy sH\T @$?(AS1)
7. *+|tH\T, ds\ +& <eTqT\ sD\T @$T{?(AS1)
8. s|\\ jTT |j>\T sjT+&.(AS1)
9. +~y eT< u<\T sjT+&.(AS1)
(m) dk ` &jk (_) <eTqT\T`ds\T (d) <sTe`bw DC\+
10. eT\X\ <s <y_dsD |< yTT\T { >V+# $<H $e]+#+&.(AS1)
74 10e s> |dsD ` |<s syD eed
11. ysT |&q+ n+f @$T{? ~ yTT @$<+> |j>|&TT+~?(AS1)
12. bw DC\+ = +Te\ Vs+> |j>|&TT+~? B m deT]ke?(AS1)
13. +~ |s #<e+&. U\ de#s +|+&.
>T+& H\T>T ><T\ L&q +&sjTTyTq sD+. ><T\qT $ud $u bs +T+~.
>T+& >\ $u bs\ |sT |+&.
(m)s+&T ]\ eT<>\ $u ]+s $u+ n+{sT.
(_) s+&T s]\ eT<>\ $u n+{sT.
(d) ] < ~>Teq q s]\ eT< q $u n+{sT.
>T+& s+&T ><T\qT \T| +& esZ s+<+ (aperture) n+{sT. ]\T, s]\
eT< +& s+<\ |sT |+&.
(m) &], & s]\qT \T| +& s+< n+{sT.
(_) m&eT ], m&eT s]\qT \T| +& s+< n+{sT.
eT>T+& ~X eyT |<s\T |jD+#& nqTeT+# s+< y+ n+{sT.
(m)>T+& ><T\ eT< +& y{\ |sT sjT+&.
(_) m&eT ], m&eT s]\ eT< +& y+ .
(d) & ], & s]\ eT< +& y+ .
14. +& ds y{\T s |yV n&THjTqT+&. n|&T ]> |]De$T{
}V+#+&.(AS2)
15. yTT\ eT\X D\ D<e+ >& mesTTq|&T @$T sT>TT+~?(AS2)
16. CH + | , dH >={\qT |j + d k |qT j sT#X&T. n&T nqTd]+q $<H
sjT+&.(AS3)
17. <sTe <s yTT\ { syD sT>TT+< \|& e @ |j> #ke? m #ky
$e]+#+&.(AS3)
18. m|&\| Xdy\T #dq |j>\ ks+X+ @$T{?(AS3)
19. MT bsX \ +& b<jTT\ < MT +{ #TT| \ +& y] s| & q de#s d]+#+&.
y] me s|&q+ (high B.P.) e s|&q+ (low B.P.) >\ysT m<Ts=+Tq s> deTd\
>T]+ y~ sjT+&.(AS4)
20. @e\jT, <+<e\jT s|dsDqT *jTCd |+ ^d s+&+{ eT< &\T sjT+&.(AS5)
21. \ >T+& ]> uc y >T+& ]> { XwDqT *jTCd qeTH |+ ^jT+&.(AS5)
22. eqe $d]+ q s|dsD eed sD e < b\Tke?(AS6)
23. mq # ]> |dsD eedqT >eT+q|&T @$T n|dT+~?(AS6)
24. V<jTd+<q| Vk *+# @<H sHqT jsT#jT+&.(AS7)
25. bs+ #~$q sT y |j D deTj y| >T]+ MT |<\ e @$T d\V*ke?(AS7)
nqT+<+`1
ddt s+
s+ +& eTs= |<VyT ddt s+. _H <X Hu 85 X+ eT+~ syTq
|<V\TqT >eT+#sT. B yTTyTT<{ k]> (eT) ddt nH C T\ >T]+#sT.
n+<Te\ |<V\ ddt s+ n |sT e+~. s+ |<V\T *q y] Rh+
>q y] Rh- >q >T]ksT . k<sD+> Rh- e\ bk B d++~+q |s \T
+&e. y Rh+ e s Rh- m+qsTT n Rh- |s\T @s& Rh+
sD\qT HXq+ #ksTT. ~ Xe\ reyTq ++> |]D$TdT+~.
y Rh+ e Rh- d $yV+ #dT=q|&T |f |\ =+<sT Rh+ >H +{sT. >s+
q|&T *qT+& |+& s+s+ s+ ds|s e\dq |]d +T+~. _& s+ * s+
*dbT+~. n|&T yT |s \T @s&sTT. sT y |f |\\ T L& Rh+ neTqsTT
* |<V\ |]eD+ |sT>TbT+~. |<V\T s+ <s _& #]qsTT ysT
reyTq sVq >TsesT. =ksT >ske+, bDbjT+ L& s>e#T. +{
d+<s\ |s\T +& Xe yTT+ s e]& #j* +T+~. Rh+ s+ *q
yTT<{ Xe |>H |yTq d~eT+<T e&+ <s sTy |f |\\ V s>+&
y<d<Tbj\T n+<TuT e#sTT.
\d$Tj yTsY
|sT>T<\ e> +&&+, |dT u]q meTT\T =+<s> y<T\ >T]e&+ e+{
\D \qT yTT<{ m&~H >T]+qsTT y~ +Z #&+ *eT+~. yTT<{ d+es+H
Xe\ Vy>_H ksTT, |sT>T<\qT C>> >eTdT+&*. Vy>_H |]eD+ 70%
H Zq|&T |\ |sT>T<\ |dT+~. ysT eT+ |+& s e]& #sTT+#Ty*
+T+~. ||+# s> deTd\ \ |s+ Vy>_H ksTT 115`120 >./. > +&
#&&+ . eTTKyTq n+X+ |eT&T H\T>T ys\=k] >& *q mss D \qT
|yX|&+ <s #ksT. eT\D\ e]& <s \d$Tj yTsY y~ qjT+
#jTe#T. y~ u<|&TTq |\\ y] DC\ deqyTq DC\+ *q y]
k<s / k<]\ qT+& d]+q meTT eT +& mssD\ eT\D\ (meTT eT e]&)
e]& <s #jTe#T.
|j>X\ +
<X+: eT|+&+ uV eT]jTT n+s \D\qT n<jTq+ #jTT
y*q |<s\T: e+d+ =T d]+q yT < >=s eT|+&+.
< eT|+& 3D qeTH, |<THq u&, f eT]jTT .
|]o\H $<q+:
yT < >=s eT|+& d]+, seT+ bjT { Xu+> |+-1: yT
&> *. |P]> ]q s < f |{ C>> |]o*+#+&. H{T eT| + &+
MT |]o\q\T qy<T#jT+&. |<THq u&T < k| kjT+
eT|+ & \Te> C>> d, n+sZ sD |]o*+#+&. +<Td+
MT b<jTT dVs+ rdT+&. |]o*+q < |+ ^jT+&. MTsT ^dq
|{ |+`1, 2\ b\+&.
eT|+&\T @ s+ HsTT?
@ s+>T HsTT?
eT|+&+| u>+ nT= @yH sD\T Hj? |+-2:
eT|+&\ |* sD+ |+`2 e~]>H +<? eT|+&+ \Te
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 81
eT|+&+ n&T jT{u>+ @ s+>T +~?
eTT<TsT msT|s+>T u>+ m& +~?
eT|+&\ >T+u>+ (V\dt) qT+& b H\T VsZeTeTHsTT?
MT |]o\q |PssTTq y+H j+{u]jT wH #T\T Xu+
#dTe&+ eT]b+&. MT |]o\q\ <s+> eqe $ds eed jTT
sD+ eT]jTT |#d $<H\qT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
eT|+ &\T
eqe\ &T + s+ eTT<TsT bsT| s+>T +&
eT|+&\T +{sTT. <sVs+ |w Xs & nT=, yHeTT
sTy| neT] +{sTT. (|+`3) &y| eT|+&+, b&eTy| < H
=~> +~ +T+~. m+<T $<+ > +T+< +#+&? eT|+ &\T
10 d+.MT. b&e, 5`6 d+.MT. y&\T, 4 d+.MT. eT+<+ +{sTT. |
eT|+&+ y\T|\ +us+>qT, |*y| |{s+>qT +T+~.
<sVs & u>+ n~ b++ jT+ $TdT+~.
k] |j>X\ + e] |XqT | #T+&. |{s+>
q |* \+ eT< >\ | V\dt n+{sT. V\dt <s e<eT
eT|+&+ |ydT+~. eds, eTH+ y\T|* eksTT. Xs+
$$< nejTy\ nsTTq es\T eT dV s+ L& e<eT
<s eT|+& #sTsTT. eT sV s eds d]dT+~. n&
s+ e&>&TT+~. |*+> ysT#jT&q es\T eT+> jT{
$d]+|&sTT. n<Vs }s <eT
m&eT eT|+&+
eds
m&eT eTH+
eTH+
eTXjT+
eTXjT+ sT#T=qT
|d+
|+-3: eT|+&kq+ |+-4: $dsq eed
uV<s+
82 10e s> $dsq ` es\ =\+| eed
eT|+&+ ` n+]sD+
eT|+&+ n+]sD \TdTe& eT|+& \TeqT
|]o*<+. eT|+&+ |\ s+&T u>\T> |dT+~. eTT<TsT><TeT
es+ qTq y\T|* u> e\\+ (Cortex) n, es+ qTq |* u>
<e (Medulla) n n+{sT. |r eT|+&+q dTesT $T*jTH
+f me (1.3 qT+& 1.8 $T*jTH) d eH\T +{sTT. y{H e
|eD\T < HbH (Nephron) \ n+{sT.
HbH sD+
| HbHqT 2 eTTK u>\T+{sTT. n$ 1. ejTH <V+
(Malpighian body) 2. eH[ (Renal tubule)
1. ejTH <V+ (Malpighian body)
HbH es y&\sTTq | s+ +& sD ueTH >T[
n+{sT. < q sXH[\ @s&q e\+{ sD sXH[
>T#+ (Glomerulus) n+{sT. ueTH >T[, sXH[>T#+\qT *|
ejTH <V+ n+{sT. sXH[ >T#+ n_yV<eT qT+&
@s&TT+~. <qT+& n|yV<eT y\Te&TT+~.
|+ n_yV<eT +f n|yV<eT dq> +&&+ >eT+#s?
B sD+ +#+&.
n_yV <eT yd+, n|yV <eT yd+ +f me> +&&+ e\
s XH[>T#+ |&q + |] < |<s\T e&b >TsesTT. ueTH
>T[ >&\ D\T |DC\+ @s&sTT. M{ b&dT n+{sT.
|<s\ e&b M\T*+# b&d{ D\ eT< ds+<\T +{sTT.
n_yV <eT
ejTH <V+ n|yV <eT
e\\+
>eTsT\dt { ueTH >T[
yTT<{ yT*]q
<e H+
s+&e yT*]q
H+
e<eT
eds
dsD H+
Hb H eTH+ V+
3) H[Xe+: sXH[\
qT+& eTH[
es|<s\T d$+#&sTT.
s+ +& jT]j,
jT]eT+, j{H,
k&jT+, b{wjT+, V&H
njqT d$+#&sTT. $
eT+ jTT >&qT pH
jT+ksTT.
+#+& ` #]+#+&
=+eT+~ |\\T 15 < 16 d+es\T e#es L& s|P < |
&T|T+{sT. m+<T?
D\+{ $dsq jT nedse?
q >&+ eT+< ddT+{sT m+<T?.
+#+&`#]+#+&.
\T| yTT\T = nM yTT\qT \T, N&|sT>T\ b+<Te\q V #jTe?
= s\ yTT\\ yTT u>\ >jTyTq|&T = skjTH\qT
d$ksTT. n d$+q skjTH\T >j eqT yTT dV jT|& sTT.
= yTT\T s Dj T yTq |<s\qT y< * eT |jT T+ > esT=+{sTT.
|s>d+|s $q y|, bwD L& |j>|& #dT>\T>TsTT.
<: ysTT&|\qT *q yTT\T = skjT ky\# sC_jT+
u]j\qT ]+, XjT+ *+ dVJeq+ #dT+{sTT. $<yTq
dyTH\qT ~rjT JejT H\T (Secondary metabolites) n L&
n+{sT.
yTT\T ]w \ee~ \T, us&TqT s\Td +{sTT b+<T#?
yTT j
T JeskjT |<s\T s +&T s\T. n$ b<$ T Jej
H\T eT]jTT ~rjT Jej H\T |+&|<s\T, e+dT\T,
eT]jTT =e\ e+{ y{ b<$T Jej H\T n+{sT.
yTT\ k<sD |sT>T<\ eT]jTT n_e~ +& syTq $<T\
|j>|&y{ ~rjT Jej H\+{sT. <: \sTT&, {qT,
sdH\T, >TsT\T eT]jTT f\T. $ s+>T, dTydq * +{sTT. eTq+
j skjTH\qT nH s\T> |j+#T+TH+.
\sTT&\T
$ qjTT |H\T eT]jTT $w|P ]yT q $. yTT\ $$< u>\
$ \ #jT&sTT.
\ |<\T
j {H, H<e+, b&d{ , H[>T#+ , dMT|d d+e[H+, <sd d+e[H+,
n_yV<eT, n|yV<eT, *ddt, jTs=+, V+, &jTsY, Vy&j\ddt,
\sTT&\T, Je +<q+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
Xs+ ]> $$< JejT\ e\q nH |<s\T @s&sTT. V*+# |<s\qT ysT#d
jT |+|& $dsq n+{sT.
eqe $dsq eed eT|+&\T, eTH\T, eTXjT+, |d+ +{sTT.
| eT|+&+ dTesT 10 $T*jTq eTH[\T (Nephron) * +T+~. eTH[\T
eT|+&\ sD eT]jTT j |eD\T.
eTH[ ueTH >T[, sXH[>T#+ dMT|d d+e[H+, V+, <sd d+e[H+
eT]jTT d+>VDH+ +{sTT.
eT+ @s&&+ H\T>T <X\THsTT. 1.>T#>\q+, 2.esD |q'XwD+, 3.H[ ke+,
4.n>& >\ eT+ @s&&+.
eTq Xs+qT+& eT|+ &\T q es\qT rdyk sTT. {de Td H\=\TsTT. \eD>& ,
pH eT]jTT s|&H eTB]ksTT.
&j\ddt jT++ * eT|+&+. ~ Xs+ @s&q es\qT =\ksTT. s+&T
eT|+&\T |P]> |#jT e\ eT|+&\ e]& #j*.
ysT ysT +Te\ $ds ejTy\T ysT ysT > +{sTT. <: nMTu`d+#] , b{ V\+~d`t
C\D\T, nH*&`e\T, sb&`ejTH H[\T, ddb\T, | \T, s < \T`eT|+ &\T.
yTT | $dsejTy\T e. yTT\T , us&T, |+&, $H\ es\qT \#d,
| e# yTT\qT+& $&bsTT.
yTT Jej H\T s +&T s\T. 1. b<$ T Jej H\T. <: b{qT, sV &T,
=e\T, 2. ~rjT Jej H\T. <: \sTT&T, {qT, f eT]jTT sdqT. $
]+> beTTK * +{sTT.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 95
Je\qT+& es\qT =\+#&, $dsq |<s\T |<X+ qT+& eTs= |<X <\{
ke+ (Secretion) n+{sT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. $dsq nq>H$T?(AS1)
2. nMTu $dsq m sT>TT+~?(AS1)
3. eqe\ $$< $dsejTy\T @$? n$ $d]+# |<s\T @$?(AS1)
4. B| HbH\T, eT|+ &\ sD, j |eD+ n #b&T. n y deT]ke?(AS1)
5. yTT\T es\qT @$<+> dsTuT #dT+{sTT?(AS1)
6. =+<sT e\T &j\ddt m+<T y&sT? < $T& q d+ @$T?(AS1)
7. <y_dsD+ nq>H$T? eTqXs+ deTT\ m k~+#&TT+~?(AS1)
8. |dsD, $ds eed\ @yTH d++<+ +<? +f @$T{?(AS1)
9. sD\T \|+&.(AS1)
(m) yk|dH m\|&T d$+#<T.
(_) eT+ yTT< eTjTT+> +& sTy sjTT+> esTT+~.
(d) n_yV<eT yd+ +f n|yV<eT yd+ e> +T+~.
(&) yd$ eT+ #*\++f > +T+~.
10. u<\T sjT+&.(AS1)
(m) dMT|d d+e[H+, <sd d+e[H\ $<T\T
(_) eT|+&\T eT]jTT eT eT|+&\T
(d) $dsq eT]jTT ke+
(&) b<$T eT]jTT ~rjT Jej H\T
11. eqe Xs+ &T + s+ +& 'P' nH nejTy\T yHeTT sTy|
|wXs & n+{|T +{sTT. |j>|& b{qT $q+ e&+e\ @s& es+ 'Q'
s+ <s 'R' nH <eT <s 'P' #sTT+~. 'P' nd+U+> +& 'S' nH e&bd H[\T
s e&bd $T*q s <eT 'T' <s |dsD eed |+|&TT+~.
es| < s\T 'Q' eT]jTT s \eD\T n~+ > q sT |dT | es+ 'U' nH <e+ @s&TT+~.
~ 'P' qT+& d++{ sD+ 'U' 'W' nH H\ <s yT+~. sTy <e+ 'X'
nH <s+ <s bT+~.(AS1)
(m) nejTe+ 'P' @$T{? (_) es+ 'Q' @$T{? (d) <eT 'R' |s$T{?
(&) 'T' |s$T{? () e&bd dH[ 'S' qT @eT+{sT?
(m|t) <e+ 'U' |s$T{? () <e+ 'U' |s$T{? (V#Y) 'V' sD\ |s$T{?
() 'W' H\ |s$T{? (C) <s+ 'X' |s$T{?
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. yqbeTT $ds nejTy\T ``````````````````````.
2. eT|+&+ n&T eTT<TsT ><TeTes| u> ``````````````````````` n+{sT.
3. Je { |eD+, njq >&qT eTB]+#& ``````````````````` n+{sT.
4. HbH |j>syTq |<s\ |q'XwD+ `````````````````````````` sT>TT+~.
5. >TsT eT]jTT sdqT ``````````````````````````` |<s\T.
6. ueTH >T[ eT]jTT Hu> *| `````````````````````````` n+{sT.
7. eT]j ysD |j+# \sTT& ``````````````````````````````.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 97
8. &j\ddt $T& q d+ ```````````````````````````````.
9. ssTqT ssT yTT jTT ``````````````````````````` qT+& jsT#ksT.
10. &j\ddt qT>=q y<T&T ```````````````````````````.
|+-5: CqH&
n|yVH&T\T (Efferent neurons) < #\H&T\T (Motor neurons)
+<H&eed qT+& |#<H\qT $$< Xsu>\ rdTsTT. M{
#\H&T\T nL& n+{sT.
|+-6: #\ H&
MT \Tk?
yT<&T <<|> 400 >eTT\ sTe * +T+~. Xs+ yTT+ sTe yT<&T
sTe 2% q|{ Xs+ yTT+ qyTq X 20% X yT<&T |j +#&TT+~.
MT \Tk?
yT<&T qT+& jT\T<s H&T\qT b\H&T\T (Cranial nerves) n, yqTbeTT qT+&
jT\T<s H&T\qT yqTH&T\T (Spinal nerves) n Xdy\T >T]+#sT. eTq <V+
yTT+ 12 \ b\H&T\T eT]jTT 31 \ yqTH&T\T +{sTT.
|]BjT H& eed (Peripheral Nervous System)
|+ #|q $<+ > yqTbeTT *d q yqTH&T\ s +&T d++<\T
eT\T (roots) +{sTT. = yqTbeTT yqT |w u>+ *d +f
eT]= <su>+ d++<+ * +{sTT. k{+& #+~q #sdt u
eT]jTT bH #+~q b+sTTdt yT+C+& nqT Xdy\T 19e X+
bs+u+ #dq |j>\T yqTbeTT d++~+q s+&T eT\T yssT
$<T \qT sVksTT n s|+#sT.|we T (ventral root) =\+q|&T
+Te mTe+{ #|<>Z #sqT |weT\+ |weT\
|wX+>+
#|<T. <s eT (ventral root) >+jTH
d]+q y+H +&s\ reyTq #s
q&+~. B { <s eT\+ +&s\
# \ H j T +d T + < | w e T\+
jT++#< *d+~.
| w e T\+ C H d + +~ +
de#s |* rdT= y <s <sX+>+ <seT\+ yqTH&
eT\+ +&s\ d+#+ =s d#q\qT |+-13: |]BjTH& eed
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 109
y\T|\ |+|T+~ 1882 ysT eT |j>\ <s *jTCXsT.
MT n_bjT+ |s+ @ eT\+ Cq < n_yVH&T\ qT+ d+\T
b+<TT+~?
|]BjT H& eed # $d yT q ~. +<T yqTbeTT |w ,<s eT\
d++~+q H& D\ <V\T e\> @s&q b\, dsTH&T\T +{sTT.
b\, dsT H&T\T yT<&T, yqTbeTT\ y| CHejTy\ eTs=y|
\T|& +{sTT.
H& n+\T +&s n+\ e< @$<+> |#kjT e u$dTHe?
|]BjT H& eed Xs+ = b+\ <VsD Xs n+s>\T.
sH\T, ds eT]jTT V<jT +&s u>\ njT+ $~ sVdT+~.
nTe+{ |]BjT H& eedqT djT+#~ H& eed (Automatic Nervous
System) n n+{sT. n++& #s+ = b+\ +&s\T
eT]jTT nd +&s\ jT+ $<T\qT s]dT+~.
eTq +{b| q~> |<~> es& djT+#~ H& eed <s
eTq Xs+ ]> njT+ $~ # <VsD> #|e#T.
eTq+ N{ >~ |y+#>H y+H eTq @MT q&<T. yT\ yT\>
>~ edTe \T q&&+ bs+_ksTT. m+<T+f n|{ eTq +{b| jTT
yd+ |s>&+ e\q me + +{ |* edT+~, n+<Te\ n& edTe\T
eTq q&sTT. N{ >~ qT+& y\T|\, n~ y\TTsT eq|&T
+{b| yd+ ZbsTT s{H| e + |&T #dT+~. s+&T
|jT\qT djT+#~ H& eed |u$+ #dT+~.
eTq Xs+ nH $<T\T H&T\ <s jT++#&, eT]= s
$<\T> jT++#&sTT. MT &ju{dt (#s y~) u<|& e\T
\Tk? s+ #s X+ |]q|&T ysT $~> e\T>, qT*H
+CHqT> rdTy* +T+~. qT*H >T]+ eTq m *d+~? B
e\q eTq Xs+ H&T\ <s +& eTs$<+> = $<T\T m
jT++#&j \TdT+~.
MT \Tk?
s+&T <Xu\ +< ]q |]X<q dsyTq d+|TqqT y\T>T rdT= e+~.
+BjT H&eed eT]jTT |sBjT H& eed +& eTq Xs+ JsH+
|yTq H&eed +<, n~ +BjT < |sBjT H& eed d++<+ +&
d++> | #dT+<, < s+&e yT<&T < Js H&eed (enteric) n |sT |{sT.
MT \Tk?
yTyk|P& |e+ n&T>T u>+ uT>qTq yT{ \+ e+{ sD+
+T+~. B | (Pulvine) n+{sT. M{ D\ me> D+s neX\T eT]jTT
me yTT+ sT +T+~. { |&q+ e\q | qT \Te> +#TT+~. n|
yTT dsHd #\H (nastic movement) #|dT+~. B dsqTesq+ (Thigmo
trophism) n+{sT. eTq+ \qT eTTTq|&T $<TY |#<H\T nesTT.
|#<H\T yTT VsH\| |uy #|sTT. VsH\ e\q |s+ H\
<>Zs> q uT |* sT |+ ys u>\y| e\d yT+~. n+<Te\q |
>{<H T+~. <|*+> eTT&T#T= bT+~. 20`30 $Tc\ sy
| sT ] #s&+ e\q n~ >{|& \T ] \Te> essTT.
B|q \ |d+<q\qT #| yTT\ <VsD\T eT]=+{ sjT+&.
r>\T *q yTT\T <s #TT+ |sT>TsTT. n$ n m+<T
|sT>TsTT? M{ L& B|q\ #| |d+<q\T n #|e#?
yTT\T eT]jTT +Te\T s+&T L& eT |]ds\ B|q\
|d+<q\qT #|ksTT. |d+<q\ rsT yTT\ +Te\
ysTysT> +{sTT.
|< +Te\ H& eed eT]jTT n+ke eed +&&+ e\q n$
B|q\ |d+~ksTT. yTT\ ]wyTq n+ke eed>,
H&eed> <T. yTT\ VsH\ <s jT++# j++ +~.
yTT\T +, sT, w+, ds, &, >TsTsD, skjTH\T yTT<q
B|q\ nqT>TD+> |d+~ksTT. yTT\ VsH\qT |{ VsqT
(|{ n+f yTT\T n ns+) n+{sT. $ |q *|q B|q\ |d+<q\qT
jT+ksTT. |{ VsH\T yTT\ |sT>T<\ d++~+q @< n+X
jT+d deTqjT+ #dT + {sTT. { M{ |sT>T<\qT jT++# |<s\
L& n+{sT. +~ |{ = eTTKyTq |{ VsqT e&sTT.
116 10e s> jT+D ` deTqjT eed
|{`3 : yTT\ VsqT\T
VsqT\T |j>\T
nudd eT+ |s+<\T eTdT=qT, $H\ dTbed
H D+ |sT>T<\ eT]jTT +&+, ysT $u<q+.
d{H D$uqqT |s|+#&+. bs s\T |sT>T<\qT |s|+#&+.
\Ts\+& #jT&+. |s+<\T sT#T=H $<+> #jT&+.
<H |\T | se&+.
s*qT $H\ n+s. s\T yTT\&+. +&+ b&e&+. |w+#&
|s |+#&+ . | \ n_e~. s\T eT]jTT $H \ dTbedq T =\+#&+ .
\ |<\T
|#<q+, |d+<q, H&D+, ++, H&d+~, CqH&T\T (n_yVH&T\T),
#\ H&T\T (n|yVH&T\T), nkdjTwH H&T\T, +<H&eed, yT<&T, yqTbeTT,
yT+dt, eTdw yTsT<e+, |]BjT H&eed, b\ H&T\T, Xs T H&T\T, n+'ke >+<T \T,
VsqT\T, |q'XsD jT++>+, e VsqT\T, Hd #\H\T, nqTesq #\H\T,
>TsTesq+, dsqTesq+, skjTqTesq+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
eTq Xs+ $$< $<T\qT n+ke eed eT]jTT H& eed \d deTqjT+ #ksTT eT]jTT
jT+ksTT.
H& eed |d+<q\qT eT&T s\T> $uksTT. |rs |#s\T, jT+ njT+
#s\T.
eqe H& eedq T s +&T $u>\T> n< jTq+ #k+. 1) +BjT H& eed, 2) |]BjT H& eed.
+BjT H& eed eqe yT<&T eT]jTT yqTbeTT +{sTT. |]BjT H& eed s+&T s\T
1) b\ H& eed 2) XsT H& eed
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 119
djT+#~ H& eed s +&T s\T 1) dV qTu H& eed 2) dV qTu |sH & eed |sd s
u es #s\ y sDu\T.
H& D+ H& eed jTT j eT]jTT sD |eD+.
H&D+ qT+& eTs= H&D |#<q+ |kseTjT u> H&d+~ n+{sT.
VsqT u>+ nsTT eTs= u>+ y[ eTT nqTq \ k~ksTT.
|qXsD jT++>+ (feedback mechanim) VsH\ #s\qT jT+dT+~.
yTT\ ]w B|H\T }< +, skjTH\ e\q |d+<q\ e\q ]> #\H\qT (tropic
movement) n+{sT.
yTT\ VsH\ |sT>T<\qT |u$+ < s~+# VsqT, H\T, s*qT |sT>T<\qT
|u$+ #d nudd eT+ |sT>T<\qT s~dT+~.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. +~ U\ dsq de#s sjT+&.(AS1)
yTTq*q edTe| yT<&T de#s
\T |&+ $Xw+ \T
C]#jT&+
2. T> |#jT&+ e\q eTq Xs+ $$< $<T\qT sV+#>\T>TT+< MTsT nqT+THs?
nsTT <VsD $e]+#+&.(AS1)
3. MT Xs+ n+ke eed eT]jTT H& eed deTqjT+> |#dT+<q& =
<VsD*e+&.(AS1)
4. MTsT #b>T #d |<X+ >T+& yHsqT+&. MTsT y+H eTT eTdT+{sT. jT
]> d+|Tq\qT 1`5 es n$ ]> eT+ neTs+&.(AS1)
m) mH es $<TY |#<H\T, skjTH\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
_) &+&{ D\| #]q B|H\T skjT #s\T $<TY |#<H\qT #ksTT.
d) $<TY |#<H\T D<V+ mH <s |+|ksTT.
&) skjTH\T dH|tqT <{ sy qsH #ssTT. n< $<+> nH $<TY |#<H\T
nH qsqqT <TsTT.
) es> qsH qT+& $&T<q |#<q+ >+~ y| #s&+ e\q #&T ydqqT >T]+#&
eT]jTT +&s D\T eTTqT eTdTe& |j>|&sTT.
5. dH|t n+f @$T{? de#s |ks+ ~ @$<+> |j>|&TT+~.(AS1)
6. +~ y{ eT<>\ &\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
n) B|q eT]jTT |d+<q
) n|yV eT]jTT n_yV H&T\T
) +BjT H& eed eT]jTT |]BjT H& eed
) >V+ eT]jTT |ue+
120 10e s> jT+D ` deTqjT eed
6. yTT\ + nqTesq+ m sT>TT+~?(AS1)
7. yTT\T B|q\ m |d+~kj <VsD*e+&.(AS1)
8. yTT\ ysT + esK+> |sT>TjTH $wj #|+#& |j > d+#+&.(AS1)
9. MT Xs+ VsH\ |ue+ e\q q& esT\ <VsD*e+&.(AS1)
10. sD H&D+, k<sD D+ +f @ $<+> _qyTq~? $e]+#+&.(AS1)
11. H&D sD+ |#<H\ |ks nqTe> +<? $Xw+#+&.(AS1)
12. eqe&T *yq +Te. $<yTq sj se& >\ sD\T #]+#+&.(AS1)
13. # +& H&D H * +& H&D H H q~. B e m deT]ke?(AS1)
14. nH |#<H\ dqT |<e+TH |rs #s\T #|+. eTq Xs+ >\ n<TyTq
jT+ eed >T]+ e @eTqT+THe?(AS1)
15. +~y jT+, |rs#s nud |rs #s\qT >T]+#+&.(AS1)
m) s&+ _) fT\T T&e&+ d) usT ysTT+#&+
&) H{ Vs+ |T>H \+ }s+ ) $|yT q X+ $q|&T #e\T eTdT&+.
16. +& yTTqT MT >~ { |q + @+ sT>TT+~?(AS2)
17. eTq Xs+ #s\+{ yT<&T jT+d @+ sT>TT+~?(AS2)
18. &sYqT *|q|&T #s\+{ yT<&T jT+d @+ sT>TT+~?(AS2)
19. +& q yTT eT\+ eT{ |&b+& @sT#d, < \+<T\T> y&BjT+&. MT
|]o\q\ <s b{{|yTqT $e]+#+&.(AS3)
20. | qT rdT MT Xs+ $$< u>\qT < +&. MT Xs+ n+ dTyTq u>
>T]+#+&. ~+# deTjT+ L& <$<+> +T+<?(AS3)
21. yTT n>u >+ njT VsqT\ >T]+ n< jTq+ #jT & e @ |< nqTd]ke?(AS3)
22. yqTbeTT jT++# #s\ >T]+ MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ qT+& $es\T d]+#+&.(AS4)
23. +~ y\qT #<e+&. $H>+<T\ |qT\ b\+&.(AS4)
m) Je\T |syqH skjTq |<s\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
_) $ H>+<T\ qT+& ky\T y\e&& d>> |#ksTT.
d) = CT\ $ skjTq ysVsT\T
&) H{>\T Vs+ \ueTjT |<X s H{>\qT ]+#& |seqqT |jksT.
24. MT bsX \ >+<\jT+ qT+& < n+s+ qT+& b\ H&T\T eT]jTT yqTH&T\ d++~+q
de#s+ d]+#+&.(AS4)
25. ++ `&+&{ , &+&{ \ eT< nqTd+<q+ #d |{ ^jT+&. $ $<+ > m+<T nqTd+<q+
#jT& +{sTT?(AS5)
26. yT<&T @$<+> s+#&TT+< $e]+#+&.(AS5)
27. e sB> +& M~ q&TdTq|&T nkT> |< X+ $|++~. |]d Xs+
nejTy\ eT< @$<+> deTqjT+ sT>TT+~. d+<s $e]+# sU ^jT+&.(AS5)
28. H&D+ y&qT dsq |<s\qT |j+ jsT#jT+&.(AS5)
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 121
29. yT<&T |+^ u>\qT >T]+#+&.(AS5)
30. MT dV<sTT s> >~ #d |qT\qT 45 $Tc\T >eT+#+&. |qT\ jT+ #s\T,
njT+ #s\T @$?(AS5)
31. qT*r>\T <s #TT= r>| b+ >eT+#&+ V+> +{sTT.(AS6)
32. VsqT ]wyTq |<X+, ]wyTq | sV+#& $&T<\esTT. B| # yU
j sT#jT +&.(AS7)
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. yT<&T n|<u>+ `````````````````````````````````````
2. s+&T H&D\T *du>+ ```````````````````````````````````
3. yTT n+\ (+&>+, ysT n>+) D\ b&e eT]jTT $u<qeTT\ sDyTq VsqT
````````````````````````````````````
4. <sH | ````````````````````````````````````
5. s*H eT]jTT qT yTT |sT>T<\ dV]d, nudd eT+ yTT |sT>T<\qT s~dT+~.
= d+|Tq\T +< e&sTT. M{ @ VsH nedseTeT+~? m+<T?
n) e* q |<|< <*j yTT\qT |+#& bw\bT ``````````````````````
VsH y&&T.
) b{ yTT\ =eT\T eT+<+> es& ``````````````````````````````````` VsH y&*.
) $H\qT Bs\+> \ #jT& ``````````````````````````````````` VsH y&*.
) +&+ =qu>+ ]+q sy bs yTT>Z\T |s>& `````````````````````` VsH y&*.
MT \Tk?
#<q +, n+T& + yTT<q $<H\ <s y|
#+< yTT\ <VsD\T ns{, nHd, H]+, <,
>T_ yTT<\>Tq$. yD k+|<jT |<T\
< T \T> n< T H q eT XFj | < T q
DC\esH |jdTHsT. DC\esq+ e\+
yTT\ = D\T < DC yTT |sT>T<\
s\T * q esq jq+ +q|&T n$ = yTT\T> |sT>TsTT. $<q+
y\ d+K yTT\qT e \ ee~ |+#e#T. B DC\ esq+ n+{sT.
|+-11(m): s=fMT< |sT>TTq sC|dt |+-11(_): d<] sC|dt |+-11(d): sC|dt d<;CXjT+
s=fqT >+bT sTjT +#&+ e\ < e\dq k+$T
|<s\qT >VdT+~. s=fqT bd d+ +, <| { \]+#+&.
n~ eTqT >V dT+ ~. |&T d+ |\ =+ >* +& <s+ eTT&yj T +&.
d+ $T> Vs |<s\ <s+>, N{ eT]jTT y# > +& |<X +
+#*. k<sD+> e+ >~ bsTT <>Zs> +& n\eTs B d]jTq
|<X+. < { <>Zs d+|q |+ u]+ +#e#T. eT |<X\ E
u> |sT>TT+~. s+&T eT&T sE E |s>&+ yTT< { s+&T
ys\ |P] ksTT |sT>TT+~.
128 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
|r s+&T sE\=k] < |d, =+ { #\T +&*. d+
e+ see<T. y s=fqT #T\ |TqsTT MT #T\T Xu+>
&T>Ty*. e\dq+ E @s& d&qT d<+ #d d<] dVjT+
#&*. |&T MT \ <s\ e+{ sD\T |ksTT. y{ MT< q\,
&<s+>T, |# s+>T\ T&|\ e+{ u>\T |ksTT.< qT+&
=+ u> nZ|f rdT bsX\ rdT= bsTT, b<jTT
dVjT+ d& <s d<] |]o*+#+&.
<X+: su|dt d&qT jsT #jT&+.
e\dq |]s\T: =~> E, d& (>E|\), esY d|t, sT, # >E\T
$<q+:
1. d&T eT< &|sY <s {#TqT yj*.
2. |+{| \ (tooth pick) dV jT+ =+ EqT rdT=, < d& T eT<
+& { #T| +#*.
3. |&T esT d|t jTT n+#T {#TqT T d]#d, +< { T&>\T
+& E| esT d|tqT neTs*.
4. esT d|t n+#T +& { {wO ||sT =\+#*.
5. d<] dVjT+ |]o*+#*.
k<sD E yTT\ dq <s+ e+{ +Te\T, |\T# +&+
+{ sD\T, M{ esq T&|+{ sD\T |ksTT. M{H d<; CXj \T
n+{sT. = d<;CXjT+ e+<\=B dd<;C\T +{sTT.
d<;CXjT+ |*q|&T d< ;C\T >* y|ksTT.
<$<+> |T ]| eT]= Je\ |sT sjT+&
d< ;CXjT |+ (Sporophyll)
|sY yTT\T L& d<;C\qT #ksTT. eTT~]q |sY \ n&T>T
u>+ &< s+>T +& nH eT#\T @s&sTT. eT#\qT ks n+{sT.
ks\T+& |\TqT d< ;CXjT |\T n+{sT. M{
d]+, C>> |]o*+#+&. d<;CXj HeT~>
d~ se+&. |\ d<;C\T+{sTT. M{ d<]
dVjT+ |]o*+#+&.
|>=&T>T\ >T]+ $Hs? n$ m |sT>TsTT?
s> #]+#+&.
|sY, sC|dt\ +& d<;C\T, d<;CXj
MTsyH b*\T >eT+#s? |+-12: |sY d<;CXjT |+
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 129
+ |T (Sexual reproduction)
+eTT+<T MTsT #~$qT + |T d+j>;C\ \sTT
<s |\BsD |jT sT>TT+~. |\BsD+ * Xs jT>
n+sZ + >> sT>TT+~. Xs+ jT ]> < uV |\ BsD + (External
fertilization) n, Xs+ |\ ]> < n+s |\BsD+ (Internal
fertilization) n+{sT. s < \ e+{ u #s Je\ n+&\T Xs+ n+sZ + >
|\BsD+ #+<TsTT, sy |\BsD+ #+~q n+&+ $uq #+~ |+&+>
n_e~ #+<TT+~
# es #|\T, ujT#s\ uV |\BsD+ sT>TT+~. d J$
n~ d+K n+&\qT { $&T<\ #dT + ~. n<$<+ > |sTw J$ $T*jTq
XD \qT { $&T<\ #dT + ~. |\ BsD |jT | # jT++#&TT+~.
{ d, |sTw Je\T me d+K n+&\qT, XD\qT $&T<\ #ksTT.
s<\ $wjT+ eTTK+> eqe |yTq |T n+>\T
|sTw\, d\ n_e~ #+~ +{sTT. eTTc\T, XyV\T, bsTw,
|sY >+~ L&q |sTw |T eed, d ;X+, n+&yV (b|jT H
H+), >sXjT+, j L&q d |T eed >T]+ 8e s>
\TdTH+. s < \ ]> |T >T]+q $Xc\qT +> |]o*<+.
s < \ |T
eqe |T <VsD> rdT s<\ |T >T]+
\TdT+<+. n s < e~]>H eqe L& | +> n_e~#+ ~q
|T nejTy\T+{sTT.
eqe |T eed
|sTw |T eed
XyV
X>V |sTw |T eed s +&T eTTc\T (Testes)
bsTw >+~ uV+> +& d++{ sD+ neT] +{sTT.
BH eTTw>D (Scrotum) n+{sT. eTTc\ n~
d+K $T*jTq=B |sTw ;Dq XD\T
yTVq+ nesTT. |sTw |T nejTy\qT
|d+ \TdTe& eqe |sTw |T eed
m|&&$Tdt |+`13qT |]o*+#+&. |r eTTw+ #
eTTw+ \+_\T (Lobules) +{sTT. | \+_q u>
eTTw>D yT*]q q q H[\T +{sTT. M{ X
|+-13: |sTw |T eed < H[\T (Seminiferous tubeles) n+{sT.
130 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
$ <<| 80 d+.MT b&e * +{sTT. XH[\T (Vasefferentia) X
< H[\qT+& XD\ (Spermotozoa)qT d]ksTT. XH[\
*d m|&&$TdtqT @ssTksTT.& XD\T *+> \Te +{sTT.
& qT+& XH+ (Uretra) <s |d+ (Penis) n& qT+& Xs+
y\T|* y\Te&TsTT.
|sTw |T eed nqT+< >+<Tq bsTw >+~, s+&T |sY
>+<T \T *d >TsT e+{ ky #ksTT. B X+ (Semen) n+{sT.
~ XD\ bw|<s\qT n+~+#&+ b XD\ <*\
e<eT+> L& |#dT+~.
XD\T b&yq *q XujTT D\T. XD+ #*d
n+&+ y| |jD+#& |j>|&TT+~. |sTw\ 13,14 d+es\
ejTdTqT+& XD \ bs+uy T J$+ #\+b =qk>TT+~.
XD\ keTs+ ejTdT |sT>TTq=B ]bT+~.
fkdsH nH |sTw + VsH |sTw |T nejTy\ n_e~
jT+dT+ ~. eTTc\T $&T<\ #d |sTw + VsqT ~rjT + \D \
n_e~ &&jT MT \TdT. esT\T sT>TTq|& eTTc\T
XD\qT #jT&+ bs+_ksTT.
MT \Tk?
= s\ u]j\T, dJe\T n$ |]> n<sTT Je\ + e]yd
keTs * +{sTT. | C #+~q TyT< + |T keTs
jTT #jT&yT +& y{ n+ |< |T ]| Je\T> e]yksTT.
d |T eed
n+&\qT #d s+&T d ;X\T d <s Vs+ +{sTT. d
|T eed sD+, |rsT \TdT& |{+`14qT |]o*+#+&.
d ;X |{\ n+&\T n_e~ #+<TsTT. |{\T bs+u+
qq T&>\ s|+ +{sTT. M{ >|j T H |{\ T (Graphian follicles)
n+{sT. |{\ |]eD+b <e+ L&q Vs\TL&
n_e~#+<TsTT. |r |{q n+&+ +T+~. n+&+ |]|+
#+~q|&T, |{ |* n+&+ $&T<\eT+~. n+&+ $&T<\ e&
n+&sZ+ (Ovulation) n+{sT.
k<sD+> n+&\T y&{ >sT e+{ eTTK+ <s d ;yV
(Follopian tube) |yksTT. d ;yV, d ;X+ | qT+&
jT\T<] <d ] >&\T *q >sXj
T + sT #TT+~. n+&+ d ;yV
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 131
b|jTH H+ <s # * d T q | & T X D +
\sTT e\q |\BsD+ ] qq
>sT J$ n+ssD sT>TT+~.
n+&XjT+ s<\ |\BsD deTjT+
>sXjT+ n+&+ d ;yV <s >sXjT+
^e+ y| q |j DdT + ~. >sXj
T yV
jD n<Ty T q jT+ eedq T *
|+-14: d |T eed +T+~. deTjT+ >sXjT+
n_e~ #+<TTq |+& >V+ < e\dq bw\qT n+~+, es
|<s\qT jT |+|+# $<+> nqTL\\qT * +T+~. |\BsD+
s> eTT+<T >sXj T + +{ nqTL\\T @M |+#e. k<sD |]d T
>sXjT+ |\T# DC\ bs q~> +T+~. s ds|s L& e>
+T+~. |\BsD #+~q n+&+ < d+jTT ;+ |y+#& eTT+<T>
>sXjT |]eD+ |sT>TT+~. |&T B |* >&\T eT<Te>, <d]>
essTT. eT L&q <y d$ksTT. s ds|s L& u>
yTsT>T|&TT+~. |&T >sXjT+ |+& |k|q d<+> +<qe{.
>sXjT &+ esT\T @$<+> d+u$kj, |\BsD+ #+~q n+&+
>sXj #s& m+ deTjT+ |&TT+< sy \TdT+<+. |&T
n_e~ #+<TTq |+&+ ]> esT\ >T]+ #]<+.
|sjTTe |\BsD #+~q n+&+ d ;yV <s #*d q
deTjT+ deT $uq\T ] es >sXjT&+
H_sE e
q eT<TDC nT+T+~. nTq y+H
\+ >sXjT |* >&\ |+& |k|q sT>TT+~. sTy
sjTTe |+&+ = D\T |+& bwD, sD , <se&
|+-15: eqe |+&+ M\T> ysTysT #\T> n_e~ #+<TsTT.
|+& e]+ +& uV # |sjTTe (Chorion) n+{sT. |+&+
n_e~ #+<TTq|&T |sjTTe |]\+ qT+& dq ye+{ sD\T
>sXjT eT<TDC\+ |sT>TsTT. yT| >sXjT &+ bTq
y e+{ sD\ #T y>+> ~ qq s| eT&T>T\T @s&sTT.
|sjTTe DC\+, B qT= q >sXjT DC\+ *d CsjTTe
(Placenta)qT @ssTksTT.
|+& D\T, * D\T *d sjTTe @s&TT+~. |+& bwD n+
eXyTq sjTTe >s<sD ]q dTesT 12 ys\ @s&TT+~.
k<sD |]d *, _& eT< HsT> s |dsD s><T. <] s |dsD
eed\T |\T# #+ <s ysT #jT& +{sTT. B>T+& H, sH
132 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
MT \Tk?
yTT\qT me \+ n< C #+~q yTT\qT+& ysT#d y{ d|s>d+|s+
sT|H keTs+ |sT>TT+~. n< C #+~q yTT +q|&T |s|s> d+|s+
sT|H keTs+ |sT>TT+< 1867 d+ #sdt &]H s|+#&T.
|\BsD
+
m~q yTT d+jTT;+
|s> d+|s+
|+&+
|\ +
yTT\ $q+
yTT\&+
|+-24: |w+# yTT J$ #]
MT \Tk?
+ |T ]| Je\ k] |\ BsD + s>& + e\q d+jTT; + @s&TT+~.
yTT yTT<{ |\BsD+ e\q d+jTT;+, s+&ek] ]> |\BsD+ e\q n+s#<+
@s&sTT. |s>sDTe s+&T D\T+{sTT. M{ fq H[D+ s+&T
+<\T+{sTT.$ >+ qT+& + <s n+&Xj #sT sTT. +<+ n+&XjT +
>T+& #=#TbsTT n+& #sTT+~. s+& +<+ ~rjT +<+ d+j>+#+~
n+s# < @ssTdT+ ~. ~ d+jTT; + qT+& |]> = yTT bw| < s\qT n+~dT+ ~.
BH ~|\BsD+ n+{sT.
D $uq ` #]
Je+ =qk+| |jT k<sD+> Xs D\ qT+& < +
D \qT+& bs + u e Te T +~. D \T n+ eTT+< T q D \qT+&
qeTesTT ( $Tdt d\T & d\T) nH d<+ $sy (1821`1902)
nH Xdy |b~+#&T. ~ D$uq <s ]> qq D\
b<qqT $e]dT+~.
1852e d+ ssY syT (1852`1865) nH sH Xdy |+&D\|
|]X<q\qT <s+> #dT= D$uq >T]+ |]o\q\qT |#T]+#&T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 139
D$uq ]> $<q+ >T]+ \TdT& #dq yTT<{ |jT+> B
|s=+{sT.+TD\ ]> ~<$ |T |jT > jTq u$+#&T.
D$uq deTjT+ @+ sT>TT+<H~ ns+ #dTy\+f eTT+<T>
+<+ >T]+ \TdTy*. 1879e d+ y\sY |$T+>
(1843`1905) nH s\ +T, e D\ MT< |]X<q\T #X&T.
D$uq deTjT+ D +<+ <s| b>T\e+{ sD\T
\Te> N\TjT |]o*+#&T. |jTH n&T deT $uq
(mitosis) n |s=H&T.yT{dt (mitos) n+f dq <s\T n
ns + . $u q # + ~q y Cy T \T | \ D \ d e T+>
|+#&jT *b&T. D$uq nH <X\ ]T+< L&
qT>=H&T. yCeTT\T \T> +{jT qT>=q&+ n
|+-25: y\sY |$T+>
|]X<q\ eTTU+X+.
<X+ sy <s\e+{ sD\ yCeTT\ (s+>Ts+>T\
sD\T) |sT |{sT. Xdy\T D$uq, +<+ >T]+ |]X<q\T
#d|&T +< #d+<T $$< s+>T\ d\qT |j d +&ysT.
s+>T\qT |\Tq <s\e+{ yCyT\T s+>Ts+>T |+#$.
n+<Te\H M{ yCeTT\T n |sT|{sT. n$ \T> +{jT
>T]+#&T.
$V s (1850`1924) | yCyT nqTe+ sDyTq $_qyTq
n+X\qT (qTe\T) * +T+<, $u q deTjT+ |$ T+> |b~+qT
\Te $uq\T sT>TjT qT>=H&T. >>sY yT+& (1866) s
|]X<q\T #d |b~+q nqTe+ d\qT |q'|]o\q #X&T.
|*+> nqTe+ yCyT\ b eT]+ beTTKqT d+]+#T+~.
sTy \+ nqTe+ \T>Cd$ qTe\T> >T]+#&sTT.
D+bT yCeTT\T deq u>\T> $u+#&+. | D+q
yCyT\ d+K, q+ D+ q d+K deq+> +&+ eT]jTT
<jTd due+ +&&+, nsTT deT$uq\T sT>TH H
yCyT\ d+K m\|& +&+ JeXdy\qT Xs
>T]#d+ ~. D $u q ]H |\ D yCyT\ d+K eD\
deq+> m +T+< |]o*<e!
eqe\ D $uq |]o*d Xs D\+{ e~]>H n+&+,
XDq 46 yCyT\T+{sTT. eTs n+&+, XD+ *d
|\BsD ]q|&T @s& d+jTT;+ 92 yCyT\T+&*.
|+-26: >dt MdteTH sT>T +f yCyT\ d+K 184, 368 n |sT>T by*.
$<+> s>&+ <T.
140 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
>dt MdteTH (1834`1914) nH JeXdE&T mH |]X<q\ sy
qT>=q<eT+f
1. C Je\ yCyT\ d+K m s\T e]H ]w+ >, $<+ >
+T+~.
2. D $uq ]H yCyT\ d+K ds+>H +T+~.
MT \Tk?
>dt MdteH Je Xdy. n +{#| e> +&~. D\qT d<]
|j+ |]o*+#&+ w+>+&~. n+<T nqT s esZ\ <s q |]X<q\qT
=qk+#&T. Xd+ e\+ d]+q de#s+|H <s|& n_e~ #+<< T . d]+#&q
de#s >T]+ +#&+ eT]jTT qq $wj\qT qTe&+, y{ yU+#&+
L& |]X<H neT+~. >dt MdteH q +{#| e n $#]d e<>
Ls<T. q deTjq+ Xd $wj\qT >T]+ +#& {sTT+#&T. +>
nH+ >=|y&, <sbjTT& +#+&.
XD+ XD+
|+-27: D$uq
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 141
qTD\ jTsD $uq ] yCyT\ d+K d> Z+#&TT+<
*d+~. |+`27qT |]o*+#+&.
eqe\ D $uq
VQD Je\ D+ sD, j |eD+ n eTq \TdT.
D $uq dJe |jT. D $uq $<q+ @D Je\ yTT<\T n_e~
#+~q eqe es s+> sT>TT+~. Je\+{q $uq #+<
| D+ qT|s+> dsdeqyTq s+&T |\ D\T> $uq #+<TT+~.
D $uq e\qH |\BsD #+~q eqe n+&+ 9 H\ Xe>, 20
d+es\ e> es&+ sT>TT+~.
VQD Je D $uq |P]> jT++#& +T+~ n+f nedsyTq
# eyT $uq nqTeTdT+~. >T+& eT]jTT yT<&T D\T m|{
$uq #+<e. meTTeT D\T #TsT> $uq #+<T ms
s D \qT #d H +{sTT. ms s D \ J$\+ e (120 sE\T)
qT = D\T m|{| &T @s&TT+&e\dq neds+ +~. n+f <VsD
# y\T s+ sTTq+<qT+&. y+H s+ >&{ sky |T+~.
|<X + $$< skjTH\ |sD #s D\T yT D $u q #+<&+ ,
= Ds& >j eq&+ #ksTT. >jT+ |P]> eq y+H #s
D\ D $uq bT+~. B _q+> qsY D\ |sT>T<\
jT+ s\ |sD d+~+#+& D$uq\T sT>TH +{sTT.
k<sD D\ kq+ |sT>T e] n<sTT #+|sTT. D$uq
|j $<q+ >T]+ +> ns+ #dT y*q neds+ +~. { D#+
>T]+ \TdT+<+.
D #+ (Cell cycle)
M (1 hr)
G2 (3.5 hrs) dsk<sD+> D $uq |jT\qT
M
deT$uq (mitosis) n+{eTT. n~ 40 qT+
G2 60 $Tc\H |PseT+~ (d]>Z $uq
rdT=H deTjT+). s+&T D $uq\
G1 eT<qT+& deTj n+sX (interphase)
S n+{sT. <X D $uq nedseTjT
$$< |<s\ , DNA qT |<s+
S (10.5 hrs)
| ] deT$uq <s |\ D\
deq+> |+#&sTT. <XqT 3 |
G1 (10.5 hrs)
<X\T> eZ]+#sT.
|+`28: D#+
142 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
G1 <X: ~ deT$uq eT]jTT DNA | eT<>\ d+<q <X.
<X D |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
S <X: ~ DNA d+XwD ]> <X. <X yCyT\T s{+| nesTT.
G2 <X: ~ DNA | eT]jTT deT$u q bs+u eT< >\ <X. D+>\T
$uq #+<TsTT. yCyT\T deT$uq d<eTesTT.
M <X: ~ deT$uq ]> <X.
deT $uq q $$< bed\ eT<>\ j d++< ns+
#dT& bT qsd+Vse eT]jTT CqH nH Xdy\T Dd+q
|jTqT (Cell fussion) |j+ mH |j>\T #XsT. (nqT+<+
#&+&) D d+q |jT <s D$u q jTT n+sX k<sD d <]
+< |+# yCeTT\qT >T]+#sT. D #+ eqT>+>
~X ]> D$uq <X\ <s\qT >T]+#sT.D<e+, +<+ eT<q
y|q+#+< skjTqXD d+\# $uq\T jT++#&jT
>T]+#sT. D#+ >T]+ ns+ #dT&+ M] |]X<q yT\TssTT e+{<
#|e#T.
+`4
jTsD $uq $$< <X\qT |]o*+#+&
MT |j>X\ deT$uq $$< <X\qT #|+# XX d&\qT
rdT= d<] +< + C>> |]o*+#+&. MTsT |]o*+q y{
|{\T ^jT+&. MT |]o\q\ +~ |{\ b\+&.
D $uqq D <e $uq < d{qddt n+{sT. < |*+>
s+&T |\ D\T @s&sTT. DC\+ D\ D $uq s>& D
$uq $$< <X\qT $&$&> >T]+#&+ w+. |{`1 |]o*+#+&.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
1. J$ XX+> eT]jTT s+s+> =qk>T |T # neds+.
2. |T s+&T s\T` + eT]jTT n+ |T.
3. + |T q qT+& d>+ qTe\T d+ n+~+#&sTT.
4. d+j>+, yTT>Z =&> +, eTT\T e&+, |qsT, d<; C\ yTT<\>Tq$ n+ |T
s\T.
5. # yTT\T +&+, ysT , \T yTT<q XFjT u>\ <s L& = yTT\qT #dT +{sTT.
<H XFjT |T n n+{sT.
6. eTyTq XFjT |T m+ ] beTTK \<T.
7. DC\esq+ yTT\qT |+#T qT>=q&q <T |jT. |jT <s e d\+
eT]jTT e deTjT+ n~ d+K yTT\qT |+#e#T.
8. >|+> |< <s sTq \D\T >\ yTT\qT #jTe#T.
9. q esZ #+~q +Te\ + |T |+> n_e~ #+~q nejTy\T |sTw
eT]jTT d |T eed\ <s sT>TT+~.
10. Je neds+ yTs D\qT d]#jT& (repair) < |#jT D\ kq+ = D\qT
#jT& eT]jTT d+j>;C\ d+ D$uq #+<TsTT.
11. D$uq s+&T s\T> sT>TT+~. m) deT$uq < Xs D $uq _) jTsD $uq
< |T D $uq.
12. k<sD+> J$ <V sD+ bZH D\qT XsD\ d+j>;C\ d+
|j>|& D\qT qT D\T n n+{sT.
13. D$uq jTT D#+ (G1, G2, S eT]jTT M) <X\qT #&e#T
14. D#+ d+XwD <X (S <X) Bs\+ sT>TT+~. <XH qTe\T s{+| (duplication)
#+<TsTT.
15. deT$uq |*+> @s&q |\ D yCyT\ d+K q\ d+K deq+> +T+~.
$uq |<eT <X, eT<d <X, #\q <X, n+ <X\T+{sTT.
16. D<e+ jTT $uqH D<e $uq (cytokinesis) n n+{sT.
17. jTsD $uq eD\ s+&TksT $uq ] H\T>T |\D\T @s&TsTT.
18. |T |jT Xs, eqd m<T>T<\ eT]jTT |P] s>+ m+ neds+.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 149
19. + y<T\T y| #+< $<H\T eT]jTT y{ >T]+q jT<s\qT | sT \TdTy*q
eX \<T.
20. msTT& y~ ysD <T. eq msTT& s+& H Jeq+ >&|&+ dsq esZ+.
21. |dT+ T+ jT+D nH >ss< esZ\T n+<TuT HsTT.
22. s>e+yTq de sD+ eTq | ] u<.
23. X qq+ H eTT+<T>H *+>ssD | #jT &+ # Hs+ . u DV\qT |&+ neds+ .
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. #| eT]jTT | +{ Je\T |k nd+UyT q n+&\qT $&T<\ #jT & >\ sD$T{?(AS1)
2. VsZ |\BsD+ n+f @$T{ $e]+#+&. <VsD\T sjT+&.(AS1)
3. +~y eT<>\ u<\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
m) deT$uq ` jTsD $uq _) |sTw d+j>;+ ` d d+j>;+
4. yTT |\BsD |jTqT >T]+ $e]+#+&.(AS1)
5. n+ |T $<H\qT >T]+ q <VsD\ $e]+#+&.(AS1)
6. + |T @$<+> n+ |T $u~dT+~? eT&T sD\T \+&.(AS1)
7. XD\T y $<T\T s]+#& @$<yTq nqTL\H\qT b+~ HsTT?(AS1)
8. |\BsD #+~q n+& >sXjT+ \T|e&+ d+ TTTke#+ |#d eT]jTT
|qseeTe +T+~. k<sD+> TTT#+ yTT<, |Pse m+ deTjT+ rdT+T+~?(AS1)
9. >sXjT+ |sT>TTq |+& bwD neds+. |+& bw\T m n+~+#&sTT?(AS1)
10. >sd Xe @jT |<s\qT * s+ d+>V+ e$ (placenta) |+|T+~?(AS1)
11. >sXjT+ eT{ X+ (amniotic sac) jTT $~ @$T{?(AS1)
12. + |T jTT u$T{?(AS1)
13. JeCT\ jTT Hu \&/ XX+> \T#TdyT |T m dV]dT+~?(AS1)
14. deT$uq eT]jTT jTsD $uq\ eT< u<\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
15. TTTke deTjT+ >sXjT >& ]> esT$T{?(AS2)
16. @D Je\ nqqTL\ |]dT\ deT$uq #+<TsTT
| yKqT deT]ks?(AS2)
17. $ y Hq ` s+>Ts+>T\ |P\T eT]jTT |<yq |\T >\ yTTqT |+#\qTH&T. MTsT
n d+# |< @$T{? m+<T?(AS3)
18. * yTTH=< ys dV |*+, ysT =q n&T #< H \qT rdT+&. y{ @< s+>T s+q+
#d d <] +< |]o*+#+&. D$u q <X\ ueT\qT ^d, n$ @ <X #+~qy >T]+#+&.(AS3)
19. MT <>sZ >e d+<]+, n& s T \T #s , #eT+, yTT<q |P\yTT\T, +><T +|\T,
<=+&jT\T yTT<q Ls>jT\T yTT<q y{ m |+&dT H s n& \TdT+&. MTsT d]+q
de#s+ q y~ jsT#d, s> |<]+#+&.(AS4)
150 10e s> |T ` |qsT< eed
20. ] beTTK >\ yTT\ |+| MT eT]jTT sc\ @$<+> #|&TTHs q
de#s MT bsX \ >+<\jT+ eT]jTT +s{\ qT+& d]+#+&. < <s+> y~
j sT#jT +&.(AS3)
21. deT$uq $$< <X\ L&q D#+ >T]+ b#sTqT jsT#jT+&.(AS4)
22. |sTw eT]jTT d |T eed\ \qT ^d |sT sjT+&.(AS4)
23. +< #|q yTT u>+ @$T{ >T]+#+&. <| yK sjT+&.(AS5) >+
\+
24. yTT\ ]> + |T b#sT s|+ *jTCjT+&.(AS5)
25. yTT\ |\BsDqT $e]+#& # ^d |sT sjT+&. n+&XjT+
#+
|s>sDTe >T]+ = n+X\qT sjT+&.(AS5) d+j>;+
26. y Je\ jTsD $uq s><qT+&. y |*\T @$<+>
+{sTT?(AS6) |X`23 |+&+
27. Je+ XX &&TTq D$u qqT e @$<+ > n_q+~ke?(AS6)
28. + y<T\T y|+#+& rdTy*q C>\qT >T]+ MT n_bj\qT sjT+&.(AS7)
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. n+&\qT #d d |T eed u>yT~? ( )
m) n+&XjT+ _) m|&&$Tdt d) >sXjT eTTK<s+ &) b|jTH H+
2. XD+`n+&+ *d |jTqT @eT+{sT? ( )
m) b>+fwH _) |s +fwH d) |]CwH &) |PH
3. |sTw |T eed @ u>+ XD\qT #dT+~? ( )
m) ydt &|sH _) m|&&$Tdt d) u&sY &) kyT
4. XD+, n+&+ jTT De# m #~dT+~? +~y dsq< mqT+&.( )
m) n+& D#+ s+< N\&+ <s _) n+& e# skjTH\ ]+#&+ <s
d) n+& De# =s&+ <s &) n+&e#+ U\qT H=&+ <s
5. n+&+, XD\H |<~> +T+~. m+<T? dsq< mqT+&. ( )
m) n+&+ me D\ * +T+~
_) |\BsD nq+s+ |sT>T<\ e*q bw |<s\qT * +T+~.
d) eT+<yTq De#\qT * +T+~ &) |< +< * +T+~.
6. +~y >sd Xe |sT>T<\| |uy #|qy$? dsq< mqT+&. ( )
m) d>s{ b> skjTH\T _) \V d) eT+<T\T &) |e
7. eqe J$ #+ <X\qT d+#T +~y @~ dsq~? ( )
m) X<X ` u\<X ` es<X ` ejq<X
_) u\<X ` X<X ` ejq<X ` es<X
d) es<X ` X<X ` ejq<X ` u\<X &) |yM e
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 151
nqT+<+
&s Y bT qsd+ Vse eTq <X+ >]+#< q |eTTK DXdy .
jTq eTq sw+ >T+sT eTTb >eT+ sT|<
T++ +#sT. jTq eekjT+ n+f m+ eTe. jTq
q& .m.sY. qT+& eekjT+ jT+.jTdt |{ b+<sT.
sTy |]X<q\T d+ nyT] ysT. n& b> yTT\|
DJeXd+ |j >\T #XsT. q |j >\ u>+> 1952 d+
eqe Xs+ @s&q D qT+& V D\ XD ysT#k&T.
&. bT q]+Vse
1963 d+ q |]X<q\ |.V#Y.& b+<&T. sTy q
|]X<q\qT d{{ qT+& qsY D\| |j>\ y| eT[+#&T. jTq D <*\
(Cell kinematics) | $dTyTq |j>\T #X&T. n&T deT$uq sDeTjT s
(Triggering factor) >T]+#&+ w #X&T.
eqe D+ n~ k<sDDyTH < qsY DyTH |sT>T<\
e<eT+ +q|&T 20 qT+& 24 >+\|q $uq
#+<TT< >T]+#&T. C deT$uq 40 qT+& 60 $Tc
|PseT+~. s+&T D$uq\ eT<>\ $se n+sX
(Interface) n+{sT. B 1, jTdt, 2 nH bed\T+{sTT.
D#+ $$< <X\qT \TdT& b se eT]jTT
V D+ CqH\T D d+q |jT\qT |j+ s+&T D$uq\
eT<>\ $se , n+sX bed\qT |]o*+#sT. D#+ ]> D$uq\T skjTq
XD d+\ Bq+ eqT>+>, ~X sT>TjT >T]+#sT. jTq |]X<q\T
D$uq\| |]X<qT\ sT|Tq m+<s Xdy\ ~L *#sTT. eTq \T>Ty&q
Xdy e{&\qT+f poturao@yahoo.com yTsTT & H ne+&.
@ @ s\T * |sTksTT?
\e+< *d #d B|q\ e\q |*yT$T{?
eTq * \T>T+< *jTCjT& @ eed d+\qT |+|T+~?
ds, * yk+< *jT& |<q sD+ s|dsD eed
<+~. s+ nH s\ |<s\T m++ ksTT +&\H~ Jseed|
<s|& +T+~. y{ >C |<qyTq~. s+ >C ksTT\T Zb
y+H eTq * ydTqT> n|dT+~. n> JsXjT+ U nsTTq|&T
n+<T d$+#& b{H XDT\ L&q ^*H nH VsH d$dT+ ~. JsXj T
>& = D\T ^*H (Ghrelin) qT d$ksTT. JsX+ VsH
d$+#&+ e\ * d+\T nesTT. JsX+ qT+& yT<&T *
d+\T #s>H * ]\T JsXjT+ yTT<\esTT. eTT+<T yT<&T
&jTH d|H eT]jTT y>dt H& (10e b\H&) d+\qT #syjT&+
\b bwksTT. * ]\T <<| 30`45$Tc\ es =qk>TsTT.
^*H ksTT |]q|&T * |#<H\b Vs+ H\H B|q ueq
\T>TT+~.
+< < |]BjT H& eed\ @ H&eed * |#<H\qT jT+dT+ ~?
m+{ jT+D\T * |#<H\| |ue+ #|sTT? n$ Vsq
d++<yTqy < H& d++<yTqy < s+&H?
154 10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+
* |#<H\qT #d jT b\T|+#T=H @yH H\T>T eed\ qT
d+#+&?
eTq &T | +&T> +&, + m+{ Vs+ neds+ <T n|+q|&T
|H (leptin) nH eTs VsH d$+#& * nDydT+~.
k<sD+> |sp eTq+ ]wyTq yH Vs+ rdT+{+.
|sE deTj eTq \eT+~. +{ |]d bsX\ uq
$se eTT+<T |]jT& MTsT nqTu$+# +{sT. * ]\ eT]jTT
\+#Y u eT< d++< MTsT >T]+# +{sT <!
* |#<H\ |ue+
H{ ]> JsjT $$< nejTe eed\T bZ+{sTT. nejTy\T
eT]jTT nejTe eed\T b\T|+#TH $<q+, sV+# |qT\T yTT<q
$wj\ >T]+ \TdT+<+.
* ydq|+# ueq eTq* Vs+ rdTH+<T |s|dT+~. nsTT
*> q|{ Vs+ b&bsTTqT> +f H{ rdT eTT+< <
qe<qT+{+. +{ nqTuy\qT MTsT ~es b+~ +{sT <!
#&bsTTq Vs >T]+#&+ |<qb bw+# u>yT~?
sTsyTq uq+ #dTq|&T n+<T dTydq * |+#TT+<
u$dTHs?
sT eT]jTT ydq |sds d++<+
sT, ydq s+& < qT+& eTs={ ysT#jTq+> |qydT
+{sTT. n$Hue d++<+ <sH $$< Vs |<s\ sT#T\T m
+{j ydq\ <s |d>>\T>TTH+. nsTT reyTq \TT, <>TZ
u<|&TTq|&T eTq |D+~jT+ d]> |#jT<T. n|&T $$< Vs
|<s\ sT#T\qT d]> >T]+#eTT.
ydy Vs+ jTT sT m+{ esT +&<T. Vs+ jTT
ydq >T]+#&+ \TT e\ |u$eTeT+~. n+f ydq, sT s+&
>V+#>*H Vs| sT >T]+#>\T>TeTqe.
sT#T\qT \TdTe&+ n+f Vs|<s+ skjTq u<\qT { n~
jT>, |>, #<T>, |\> < e$T (|jTT\ e+|sT) sT#T\T>
>T]k+. sT eT]jTT ydq\qT >T]+# CH+~j\ |sds #s\ e\H eTq+
rdT=H Vs+| eTq <<+ |u$eTeT+~.
+~ + <s sT |D+~jT+ <s m |u$+ neT+<
\TdT+<+.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 155
+`2
J\s, k+|, \T>& eT]jTT |qT qeT\&+
eTT+<T> y eTT eTdT+& =+#+ J\sqT H{ ydT= d|
qeT\+&. sy = k+| +\T qeT\+&. y{ sT >T]+#>*>s?
sT >T]+#& m+ deTjT+ rdT+~? sy H{ Xu+> &
q | eTTqT qeT\+&. sTy \T>& eTT* rdT= qeT\+&. nsTT
q$T|&T eTTqT eTd +#&+ e+ eT]be<T.
e |]o*+q n+X$T{?
$ #w\T Vs|<s+ jTT sT eTq *j\+f |<s+
b*jT+{ #w\T \+ s>*+<, n|&T> eTq sT *jT<T.
eTs$<+> #b\+f Vs|<s\ sT#T\T |<s+ <e
s|+ q|& dT\u+> \TdT>\+. H\T| $$<
s\ sT yTT>Z\T $$< s\ sT#T\T >T]+#T
|+^byT #w\T |]kjT 9e s> HsTHsT <! k] >TsT
|+`1: H\T #w\T #T+<+. |{ |]o*+#+&. ]q Vs+ H\T|q
+& H+{ sT yTT>Z\ >\>H sT y{ d+\T
yT<&TqT #sTsTT. n& $Xw+#&q syH eTq Vs|<s+ jTT
sT \TdT+~.
s+&T |<s\ sT#T\T $&$&> >T]+#>*>s? < s+&+{ sT
+<? sDyT$T{?
eTT Xw ds + z |\T# {bs * +T+~. eTq+ ydq #dq|&T
>* *j& ydq |<s nDTe\T bs sT>TsTT. eTT eT]jTT
H\T| >\ skjTq >V\T < |D >V\T (olfactory receptors)
d+\qT H& |#<\ s|+ yT<&T |+|sTT. yT<&T d+\qT
$Xw+ ydq eT]jTT sT >T]dT+~.
Vs |<s\qT H{ ydTq|&T @eTeT+~?
sT \TdT& |j>|& H{ u>$?
u>\T ++ |qT\T sVkj \TdT+<+.
+`3
{&T +>Te < y\T* rdT= #sTe\T < {wO ||sY| sT<+&.
eTdT= ydq #&+&. MT dVT\ dVjT+ $$< Vs |<s\qT
sT #&+&.
eTT+<T <\&+: |
]k* qs&+: JsXjT+ |]k* yqT H&+: d\ |]eD+ yTqT
#\H\T Vs <*\T, +&s\ <*\T +eT\+ |+|T+~. n< deTjT+
#{qT+& eTs= #{ y>+> +&&+ e\ Vs+ $T> Vs |<s+ eT]+> Js+
~*ksTT. yT> qs&TT+~. e& M\T> ] JsXjT+ #s
yqT H&TT+~.
|+`7: JsXjT+ |]k{ #\q+
nd+|Ps+ > Jsy T q Vs+ d\ y<T JsXj
T + qT+& +eT\+
m+<T #sTT+~?
164 10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+
|]k* jT Vs+ q |<X yqT +& +&s+ d+dT+~.
n+<Te\ Vs+ eTT+<Tq +&s+ d&\TT+~. jT e\q Vs+| &
@s& JsH + <s eTT+<T H &TT+~. +&s\ s+ > @s& d+#+
< nqTd]d @s& d&*\T Vs eTT+<T ~*+#&+ &&sTT.
|]kddt #s s>&+ @jT u>\T $T& +{sTT?
|]kdd t @ ~X sT>TT+~? (VsH+ @ es qT+& yTT<\eT +~?)
|]kddt n|de~X ] @$T sT>TT+~?
y+T\jT|&T nd+|Ps+> JsyT yT s|+ q Vs+
VsH+ yqT H&& MTsT >eT+# +{sT. |+` 7 +{
es ~X ]> |]k*{ #\q ~XqT >T]+#+&.
#T+< < m&H HeTsTyd e < ><qT >eT+#s? y{ yT&
eT]jTT >=+T u> C>> |]o*+#+&. >=+T qT+& H{ es @<
<T \TTqT #&e#TqT. < sy e < > < qeT\&+ yTT<\T|&TT+~.
BH HeTsTyjT&+ n+{sT. +<T @+ sT>TT+< #|>\s? Vs|
eTT< (u\dt) +Te JsXjT+ dMT| u>+ qT+& H{ es yqT
<T\T+<qe. n+f ~ es ~X sT>TTq |]kddt #\q+.
e, >< e+{ HeTsTyd +Te jT ds k<sD+. m+<T+f >u>u
q$T*$T+q Vs \Te #dT& y{ JsXjT+ n<q| e+{
sD+ +T+~. eqe jT VsH d]|&, es|<s\qT
jT |+| sD |#s> |j>|&TT+~.
JsjT H{ yTT<\eT+< eTq \TdT. VsH+ >T+& Vs+
|jDdTq|&T JsjT ]> | <X =+ deTjT+ rdT+T+~. Js
eed Vs#\q+ $<+>q, deq \ee<T\q s><T.
\ee~ |{qT |]o*<+.
|{`3
X+ JsXjT+ U e&+ q|>T U e&+
50% 2.5 qT+& 3 >+\T 2.5 >+\T
yTT+ 100% 4 qT+& 5 >+\T 30 qT+& 40 >+\T
(|<|>T <s |jD+)
(~ e\+ d>T eyT. |<s\ <*\ e e m+ &
+T+~. ~ rdTH Vs+, deTj { esTT+T+~.)
eTq JsXjT+ ]w |]eD+ >\ d+ e+{~ <T. k> >TD+ >\
+{ sD+. eTq+ rdTH Vs{ JsXjT |]eD+ |sT>TT+~.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 165
n> Vs|< s |]eD { Jss k \T d$ksTT. rdT=H Vs |]eD+
d++<+ +& m\|& |]eD+ Jssk\T d$d n$ JsXjT
>&\qT HXq+ #jTe#TqT.
y eTq+ #&bsTTq < Xs d]|& Vs|<s\T q|&T
Jsj jT++>+ < >TsT|{ Js+ #jT& s]dT+~. njT+
H&eed nBq+ |#d JsXjT >&\ n\& @s&, Js+
Vs+bT yTqT L& jT H{ydT+~. BH eTq+ y+T\T>
|]>Dk+. k] VsT> qT\T (belchining) edT+{sTT. n|&|&T
qT\bT =+ <e+ JsXj T + qT+& | ~* VsyV <s H{
#sT T+~. ]q y+H #r u>+ (VsyV) >=+T eT+ @s&TT+~.
JsXjT+ qT+& e\T | _ |eV+#&+ e\ sT>TT+~. JsXjT
|#s \ B <VsD> #| e#T. +{ +&s d+#\T njT++>
djT+#~ H&eed Bq+ |<e b\H& <s jT++#&sTT.
JsjT JsXjT+ \yTq e\T d$dT+< eTq \TdT. JsXjT|
>&\ qT+& d$+#& V&] eT+ eTq Xs+ >{ meTT\qT d+
Js+ #jT>*q+ \+> +T+~. eT] JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\
u]qT+& qqT qT m s+#T+T+~? B ns+ #dTe& +~
+ #<+.
|j>X\ +
eT+ eT]jTT | |j>+
MT & qT+& s +&T |# |\T d]+#+&. | |{*jT+
C < yCH |PjT+&. eTs=< n> e~jT+&. 1 < 2 #T\
\Vq e s+&T |\| yjT+&. ns>+ sy |\qT |]o*+#+&.
MT |]o\q\qT MT HTT sjT+&.
|\ m+{ esT\T >eT+#sT?
@ |+ esT\T >eT+#sT? @ |+ esT s><T sD$T{?
eT |ue+ qT+ qT s+q<$T{?
JsXjT+ >+<T\T \yTq e\T d$+q|{ JsXjT| >&
= >+<T\T Xw |<s d$ksTT. ~ JsXjT| >&\| |\T#Hq
bs @s&TT+~. ~ eT |ue+ qT+& JsXj sdT+~. |{*jT+
C #d | JsXj T | >&\ Xw + (mucus) #d | b\e#T. Xw ds +
+&&+ e\H JsXjT+ d+ e\ ky\ e\q m+{ V s>+&
sD b+<T+~.
166 10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+
JsXjT+ qT+& |e\ Vs |jD+
Vs+ JsXjT+ qT+& q|e |y+q|&T n~ sd+ e+{
$TXeT+ +T+~. q|e |y+q|&T Vs >\ eT due+
>\ d{H (Secretin) eT]jTT =*dkH (Cholecystokinin) nH VsqqT
d$+|Cd T + ~. VsqT eT+, jT + eT]jTT q |e >& Jss k \qT
|s eTsd+, sssd+ eT]jTT +sk\qT d$+|CksTT.
q|e m+<T b&e> yT*\T ] #T +T+~?
q|e\ XwD m sT>TT+~?
q |>T\ |* \+ +& ye+{ sD\T Vs+ bw
|<s\qT | yT q |< m+| #dT XwksTT. q|>T\ >&\T m\| &
q |]eD+ +& nDTe\H >VksTT. |< nDTe\T $T*bsTT. 9e
s> MTsT bkbs >T+& |<s\ <* >T]+ #~ysT <! $wj \qT
q |e\ ]> XwD b*#&+&.
+`10
||sY >=+ eT]jTT e+&+q \T
10I20 d+.MT. =\\T >\ #sT ||sTqT rdT+&. < eT&
s+&T es\T n+{+ >=+ #jT+&. |& 20I20 d+.MT. =\\T>\
eTs= #sT ||sT rdT+&. < L& |q #| qT> >=+ j sT#jT +&.
< yTT<{ >=+ <s+&. <s>*>s? |&T 20I20 d+.MT. =\\T
>\ eTs= ||sT qT rdT+&. < |+ #|qT Mq eT&\ T eT&e+&.
s+&T es\qT n+{+ >=+ #jT+&. MT eT&\ >=+ js+<qe.
< yTT<{ >=+ <s+&. <s>*>s?
s+&T >={\ |j+q \ yX b* #&+&. yX\+
& |++<? y |]qT >eTd sD\T \TdT+&.
q|e >&\ |* \+ y\ d+K y e+{ sD\T +{sTT.
M{ +# w\T (Villi) n+{sT. y e+{ sD\T | eT&\ |+`8:
>\ d++<yT+{? | >=+
q |e |* \+ +& +#w\T nH sD\T q|e\
|* >&\ |]\ yX |+#TsTT. <s syTq eT&\ Vs+
me d| +& Xs+ >V+|& keTs+ |sT>TT+~.
& ]> #s\ @jT eed\T *d |#dTHjT MTsT u$dTHsT?
eed\T JseT+&\eT+ *d |#dTHjT u$dTHs? m+<T?
m+<T <T?
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 167
|DC\+ VsH+ Xs+ +& n+s nejTy\+{H
|yTq sD * +T+~. m+<T+f uV ||+#+
sX H[\ qT+& eTq+ rdTH Vs+ e\q *> y$ < yTq u skjTq
B|q\T B re+> |u$+ #dT+{sTT. B eT\+>
Xw
+
Xw > + ~ +&s sD\qT, H& sD\qT deTqjT |sT#T+
]> nH <*\ \jT+> |e\T n_e~ #+<sTT.
*+|t >+<T\T
JsjT, XwD, $dsq jT\ q b Jssk\qT
\|&+, Vs |<s\qT VsyV ~*+#&+
due+ eeTeT+~.
|+`9: q|e $\dt JsH + H& eed H& D\ L&q m+ d+w y T q
H& e\j * +T+~. Xdy\T eedqT s+&e yT<&T> |\TksT.
Xs+ s>s< |d+<q\qT s +&e yT<&T m |#sTTk+<H n+X+|
# |]X<q\T sT>TTHsTT. y~ s< eed 70% es VsH+
#s y~ s\qT d+V]+ jT |+| #s\| +B]+#& +T+~.
Jseed |e d+K +& u]j\T JseT+&\+ H&
eed D\ m nqTd+<q+ #dT>\T>TTHj Xdy\T eT
|]X<q\ <s \TdTH |jT+ #dTHsT. T> d JsH+
H&DC\ deTT<jT+ e\+ JsjT s|&+ < n|&|&T * ]\
d+ \T |+|&+ es |]$T+ +& eTTKyTq de#s |+| qs{H
MTsY |yT +T+< \TdT+~. Xs+ ~>Te u>+ + s+&e
yT<&T > |\e& Jse T+&\+ H&eed b\+ |< yT<&T d+~+#&
+T+~. ~ =+es eTq eqd ksTT ssTT+#&+bT Xs+
= y<T\qT ssTT+#&+ \ b eVdT+~. eqd & H|&T
$s#H\T e&+ +{ |]dT\T MTsT nqTu$+# +{sT.
~ eTq @$T \T|T+~?
s+&e yT<&T |ue+ m+>H q|{ ~ *$\T, +#&+
< sj\T rdTe&+ e+{ |qT\qT sV+#<T. VsyV qT+&
bjTTe es <<| 9 MT. b&e * JsH& eed> (Enteric Nervous
System) |\Te& s+&e yT<&T nH H&T\T bs\ s|+ JsH|
>&\ $T& +{sTT.
<<| 100 $T*jTq H& D\T s+&e yT<&T $T& +{sTT. ~
yqTbeTT < |sBjT H& eed H& D\ d+KqT $T+ +T+~.
JsH& eed eTV H& D\ deTT<jT Js eed jTT n+s
||+#+, n+<T >\ |<s\ >T]+ \TdT&, nqTu #+<&
&&TT+~. Vs qq sDTe\T> $q+ #jT&+, bw\qT
168 10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+
>V+#&+ eT]jTT es\qT $d]+#&+ +{ JejT\qT |s#&+
eT]jTT deTqjT+ #jT& nH skjT |<T\T, j+ $TXDsD
$<H\T, \jT<yTq +&s d+#\T <y+ {> Jsj #s\
sT>T +{sTT.
s +&e yT<&T q<q djT |d+<q\qT, CH+ ~jT X * +&&+ e\
Jseed d++~+q mH |qT\ sVDqT yT<&T d++<+ +&
d++> jT+dT+~.
Js eed |<s\T dCe> se&, jT y& M\T>
eed + d+w @s& +&e#Tq Xdy\T u$dTHsT.
q|e+ jT @$T <T\TT+~?
es\ $dsq jTT s+&T |<q esZ<s\T |q #|&sTT. s+&+{
e\+ |e\ <s ]> |jT @~?
sT, \eD\T, jT]j e+{ Js+ es\T s+
<s eT|+ &\T, #s + yTT<q $ds nejTy\
es\ $dsq #] y{ <s $d]+#&jsTT.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
Vs+ d]> JsyT XwD ] X $&T<\#d |jT\ eTq+ rdTq Vs+ qq sDTe\
s|+ $&>=&*.
eqe Js eed +&s eT]jTT H& eed\T s+& bZ+{sTT.
Js eed | H& eed 100 _*jTq H& D\T +{sTT. $ +&s d+#\T, s
|dsD, JsjT eT]jTT bw\ XwD, VsH+ s jT\qT deTqjT|sTksTT.
JsXjT+ d$+#& ^*H nH VsH * ]\ |#<\qT *dT+~. |H nH eTs VsH
* nDydT+~.
H\TqT n+*, H=&+ e\q dT\u+> sT >TsT|>\+.
sT, ydq <>sZ d++<+ * +{sTT. eTT eT]jTT H\T|q Tq skjTq >V\T d+ \qT
H& |#<\ s|+ yT<&T #syksTT. <s ydq, sT >T]+#>\T>T+.
d$+#&q \+ s e< e * +& |+&|< s\ Js jT &&TT+~. djT+#~
H& eed jT+D \ >+<T\ qT+& $&T<q \+ Vs eT> #jT&+ e\q
qeT\&+, $T+>&+ dT\ueTeT+~.
H{ Vs+ >\ +&sjTT u>yT H\T. ~ sT \TdTH nejTe+ eyT +& H{
Vs+ Vs ~*+#&+, \T|&+, $T+>&+ e+{ |qT\qT L& sVdT+~.
$T+> |jT d++~+q deTqjT+ yT<&T +&+ #s +<+ Bq+ +T+~.
JsH+ jTT +&s\ d+# d&*\ e\q s+>+{ #\q+ @s& Vs eTT+<T Hf
jTqT |]k\ddt n+{+. +&s s+>+ JsH+ n+{ |jDdT+~.
njT++> ]> |]k\ddt qT djT+#~ H& eed eT]jTT Js H& eed jT+ksTT.
JsXjT| +&s d+#\ eT\+> JsXjT+ Vs+ \T& @s& ns|Tq |<syT yT.
+eT\+ yT |yX jT++# +&s |] < d+e]D +&s+ n+{+.
\yTq eTyT q HCl JsXj T + P qT eTjT T+> +#T b{qq T Js+ #d m+Cy T #s \
H
&&TT+~.
JsXjT+ Jssk\T Vs Js+ #d yT $TXeT+> esTksTT. <H yT n+{sT.
JsXjT+ d$+# e\ e\q < V s>+& JsXjT >& Xwds+ sdT+~.
Vs =s&, qeT\& <e&qT |, +<, yqT, eTT+<T ~| Vs $ds&+
<e& |]\ +&s\T eT]jTT <e& n+s u>+ +&s\T &&TsTT.
q|e $ |]\ yX |+ bw\qT >V+#&+ &&TT+~.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 171
Js eed | H& eedqT k++> Js+s H& eed n+{sT. B s+&e yT<&T n
L& |\TksT.
|< |e qT+& es\qT eT\+ s|+ bjTTe qT+& jT |+|&& bjTTe e<qTq uV
bjTTe d+e]D +&s+ eT]jTT n+s bjTTe d+e]D +&s+ jT+ksTT.
Vs|<s\ sD, syD eT]jTT $j>+ =s JsjT, XdjT, s|dsD e+{ Je
jT \ eT< deTqjT+ neds+ . j |jT \T d]> s]+#& +&s eT]jTT H& jT+D\T
&&sTT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. * ] n+f @$T{?(AS1)
2. eTq+ q Vs Js+ #jT& Xs+ @jT eed\T &&sTT?(AS1)
3. Vs |<s\ ydq * |+#TT+< s| nH&T. n yK dsq<H? m?(AS1)
4. |]k\ddt eT]jTT d+e]D +&s\ >T]+ sjT+&.(AS1)
5. +< q Jseed u> |]o*+#+&. ~ @$T{? ~ s]+# |qT\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
6. +~ y q sD\T \|+&.(AS1)
(m)H\T n+* H=|T <s sT s> \TdT>\+.
(_) Vs |<s\T y&> q|&T sT *jT<T.
(d) s+ >C ksTT Zq|&T eTq * ydT+~.
(&) q|>T #TT= q || e~]> +T+~. |X`5
7. +~ y eT< +& u<\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
(m) u\dt`yT (_) q|>T`|<|>T
(d) edwH`sT$THwH (&) yTT<{ yT<&T`s+&e yT<&T
8. MT HsT q$T jT++. n m #|>\e?(AS1)
9. edwH n+f @$T{? n+<T && $$< s\ <+\qT >T]+ $e]+#+&.(AS1)
10. Vs|<s\T H{ qT+& VsyV <s JsXj #s esZ+ +&s eed jT+D @
$<+> |#dT+~?(AS1)
11. q|>T #TT= nH eTT&T\T> +&{ >\ sDyT<H +<? JsjT n<$<+>
&&TT+~?(AS1)
12. +~ u>\ |]k*ddt $<T\qT \T|+&.(AS1)
(m) VsyV (_) JsXjT+ (d) q|>T (&) |<|>T
13. JsH& eedqT s+&e yT<&T> |]>D+#&+ m+es deT+d+?(AS1)
14. Vs|< s\qT #dqy+H sCwt *> +<H&T. w q *> <q ~. <e\q sCwt
*yjT&+. w * yjTb&+ ]+~?(AS1)
15. sT eT]jTT ydq @$<+> d++<+ * H&T?(AS1)
16. Vs|< s\ #\q+ MT |]o*+q +&s d+esD\ T @$T{? y{ >T]+ | + > $e]+#+&.(AS1)
172 10e s> JejT \ deTqjT+
17. \ >+<T\ H\T eTdT=b @eTeT+~?(AS2)
18. JsjT $T& q H&T\ deTqj ns+ #dTe& |Xe[ jsT#jT+&.(AS2)
19. q|e\ s+, b&e VsH+ e~]>H +& @+ sT>TT+~?(AS2)
20. \+ jTT #sqT ns+ #dT& |+&| m+{ |j>+ #XsT? |j> |< $<H\qT
>T]+ $e]+#+&.(AS3)
21. sT >T]+#T n+* jTT bqT s]+# q |j> d+#+&.(AS3)
22. MT bsX\ >+<\jT+ qT+& * d++~+q de#s eT]jTT \qT d]+ y~
j sT#jT +&.(AS4)
23. Vs|<s\ qT+& sT d+y<q yT<&T #s e u + ^d #|+&.(AS5)
24. VsyV |]k* <* \qT #| + ^d, u>\qT >T]+#+&. VsyV |* \+
Xwds+ jTT eXqT $e]+#+&.(AS5)
25. q|>T + #w\ sD *| + ^jT+&. Jseed, s|dsDeed\ >\
dVd++< $e]+#+&.(AS5)
26. Vs|<s\ ydq < y{ #dqy+H * |s|+#&TT+~. B d+#
^jT+&.(AS5)
27. H{ qT+& JsXjT+ es Vs|<s\ <*\qT #| |{ ^jT+&. Vs <*\ @ @
H&T\T, +&s\T &&sTT.(AS5)
28. byy |j> |_+_+# sH ^d, < d]bjT H< sjT+&.(AS6)
29. $ds jT+yT q JsXj MTsT m n_q+~ksT ? |jT m deTqjT+ #jT &TT+~.(AS6)
30. m+ y$<+ L&q Je |jT\qT >T]+q MT uy\ $qT sjT+&.(AS7)
31. |dT bs+X <w |T=, Vs+ rdT=H deTjT+ n\yT #dTy*q @ s+&T
n+X\qT >T]+ MT $TT d\V ksT?(AS7)
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&
1. eTq <+\ neT] w 3:2:1:2 nsTT B 1 < ddT+<+f ````````````````````````````.
2. e+dT\ Bs X+K\T Jseed ``````````````````````````````` u>+ $q+ #jT&sTT.
3. JsjT+ d$+#& \yTq eT+ ```````````````````````````````.
4. ``````````````````````````
+& |D>V\T yT<&T de#s #syksTT.
5. \+ jTT pH due+ ```````````````````````````.
6. +~ |s #<e+&. dsq |<\ U\T |P]+#+&.
(1) ````````````````````````````
VsH ksTT V#T>TZ\ |*+> * u<\T eT]jTT Vs
|<s\ $j>+ <s|& +{sTT. JsXjT+ +& q ueq +f eT] Vs+ rdTy\
n|+#<T . eTs= VsH. (2) ````````````````````````` d$+#& * +Z ydT + ~. eTq+ Vs
rdT=q|&T H{ # > qeT\+ sT>TT+~. B=s (3) ````````````````````````` +&s\T q$T
|jT &&TsTT. nsTT (4) ````````````````````````` <e&\ +&s\T, <e&\T | , +< eTT+<T,
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 173
yq <\& < qeT\& (entric nervous system) &&sTT.(5) ``````````````````````````````
H&T\T <e&\ +&s\ <*\qT jT+ksTT.
(6) `````````````````````````````
H&eed sD+> \+ e+, \+ Vs
\|+, qeT\&+ eT]jTT dT\Te> $T+>&+ sT>TsTT. \+ (7) ``````````````````````
|+&|<s\qT #s\T> esTqT. < |*+> Vs qeT\&+ eT]jTT $T+>&+ e\q
VsyV #s + (8) ```````````````````````eT]jTT (9) ``````````````````````````` e\q jT++#&sTT.
H\T sT>V+ qT sTq >V+#T (10) ``````````````````````````` H& eTTKyTq~.
1. |H, ^*H, >dH, d{H
2. ^*H, |H, d{H, >dH
3. n+sZ +&s\T |]\ +&s\T, e\jT +&s\T, \Te +&s\T
4. |]\ +&s\T, n+sZ +&s\T, yT& +&s\T, b&yq +&s\T
5. 5e b\ H&, 2e b\ H&, 5e eTTK H&, yqT H&
6. +<H& eed, |]\ H&eed, d+ H& eed
7. |C, dTC, >\C, nyTC
8. yT&T nu+>{, d]yT, 8e yqTH&, b\ H&, 7e b\ H&
9. yT<&T +&+, yT&T nu+>{, eT<yT<&T
10. 6e b\H&, 5e b\ H&, 10e b\H&, <H&
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. +~ @ d+<s+ ns> sT #&>\T>Te. ( )
(m) H\T| #s ydT=q|&T (_) H\T| #s <eD bdq|&T
(d) H\T n+* H=|{q|&T (&) qeT\+&, <| +& y+H eT+q|&T
2. |]k*ddt #\q+ m+<T+f ( )
(m) \Te +&s\ d+#+ e\q (_) e\jT+ +&s\ d+#+ e\q
(d) njT+ H&eed jT+D e\q (&) Jssk\ |ue+ e\q
3. JsXjT+, +eT\+ s#TH # +& d+e]D +&s+ ( )
(m) ]j (_) |] (d) q (&) >d
4. +#w\ @ u>+ <s >C eT]jTT nyTH e\ XwD sT>TqT ( )
(m) m|B*jT D\T (_) s XH[\T (d) Xwsd H\T (&) |e
5. * d#q\ jT++# yT<&T u>+ ( )
(m) yT&T (_) & mdtd|H (d) d]yT (&) eT< yT<&T
6. eqe\T n+sZ <Vq jT++ e+{ysT. m+<T+f ( )
(m) Vs |<s\T JsyT X $&T<\eT+~ (_) XdjT <s CO y\Te]ksT
2
<>sZ d++<+ >\ deTV\ #+~q Je\ eT< >\ \D \ +& u< \qT
y$<\T n+{sT. e+Xbs+|s+> eq = \D+ L& n|&|&T
y$< qee#T.
y$<\ >T]+#>*> +{j?
= \D\T | |+#+& <>T= eTq+ >T]+# $<+> L&
+{sTT. (9e s> y$< eT]jTT eZsD nH bs+ syTq s+&T
yTT\ | MTsT #dq >TsT#T+&.)
+`3
sD < &T jT $H\qT |]o*+#+&.
sj se& (kesD d+) me jT\qT, $H\qT
|]o*+#+&.
s+> q s+&T $H\qT >eT+#>*>s?
$ ysT> +&& sDyT$T? ($H\T n+&\qT+& @s&jT
MTsT |T bs+ HsTHsT)
y$ <\T m+<Te\ eTTKyTq $> u$+#*? J$ < Hu y$ <\T
@$<+> |j>+ *ksTT.
Xu\T> y$<\qT >T]+, | y{ bqT >T]+ m+<s Je
Xdy\T n<jTq+ #dH HsT. eTTK+> 19e X+ yTT<{ Xdy\T
m+ X$T+#sT. y] w |*+>H y$<\T m #T#dT+THsTT n$
sTy s\ m n+~+#&TTHjTH~ eTq+ \TdT>*>+. 19e
X+H $wjT+ mH |j> TTEe\qT n+~+q >=| Xdy
>sY CVH yT+&. n w >T]+ n<jTq+ #<+.
y$ <\T m @s&sTT? n$ @$<+ > sT y s\ n+~+#&jT
178 10e s> nqTe+
\TdTe&+ d+1857e d+es+ >sY CVH yT+& |]X<q\T
bs+_+#sT. yT+& dj <X #+~q eT >TsTe. jTq q |j >\qT
#jT& |j>X\H < $X$<\jH mqT<T. q #] H
q |j>\qT #dT+&y&T. @&T d+es\T w #d q dTBs |j>\
de#s, |]X<H ks D+> $e]d yd+> sd |#T]+#&T.
yT+& nH yTT\qT |]o*+q sTy s yTT\T |j>\
# nqTL\eT ssD e#&T. qT |]o*+q n+X\qT >T]+ qqT |+-2: >>sY CH
H |+#THy&T. sy |D[qT d<+ #dT |j >\T #jT &+ yT+&
<s q |X\T de<H\qT b+<\ XsTT+#TH&T. n+<T>qT
34 s\ #+~q |~y\ s yTT\| n<jTq+ #X&T.
s yTT\qT C>> |]o*d yTT mH \D\ $T>y{H
ysT> +&{ yT+& >T]+#&T. <VsD = yTT\T b&e> +f,
= b{>, = >T+&{, |dT| s+>T $H\qT * +f, eT]= eTT&\T
|&, |#> +& $H\qT * +{sTT. yT+& 7 \ es \D\T
>\ s yTT\qT q n<jTq+ d+ mqTH&T. |{`3qT |]o*+#+&.
1. |]| $H \ s+ &\qT >T]+#T` $H \T >T+&+> Hj
< eTT&\T * Hj n |]o*+, >T+& eT]jTT eTT&\T >\
y{ m+#TH&T.
2. ;<\T < n+s#<+ s+>T &\qT >T]+#T` $q ;<\T
< n+s#<+ b*bsTTq |dT|, |Xe+yTq |dT| eT]jTT s+C
s+>T>, |# s+>T q$ HsTT. s+>T u<+ #&>H
|dT+~. m+<T+f $q e#+ bs<s+> +T+~ {.
3. $q e#+ s+>T &qT >T]+#T` $q e#+ \> (\ |P\T q
y) &<, &<, eTT<TsT ><TeT s+>T *#T\T \ <
+& +&$.
4. |]| |\+ jTT s+ &\T >T]+#T` |]| |\+ +&T> <
qTqT|> eT]jTT H=\T *> +T+~. H=\T *q |\+ +\
eT< H=\Tq+<Tq |\ +\T eTT&\T|& +{sTT.
5. n|]| |\+ jTT s+>T &\T >T]+#T` n|]| |\T +f
qT+ eTT<TsT |# < |dT|s+>T +{sTT.
6. |c\ kq+ &\T >T]+#T` ^ed+ < Ksd+. |c\T ^y\
+f +&+ b&eH ^y\ +{sTT. y Ksd+ nsTT XK\
es >T#+ >, >TT\ T> +{sTT. yTT\ +&+ e] u>+ n&T qT
>eTd y&\T> e]qT #&e#T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 179
|{`3: yT+& s yTT\ (F1 s+ d+sD) m+| #dT=q |<q \D\T
^ed+ Ksd+
|dT| |#
>T+& eTT&\T
#<TqT e+s ]q
jT s+ 882:299 2.95:1
|# |dT|
b&e b{
2 3
1 1 2 3
MT \Tk?
CyT yH eT]jTT bdt nH Xdy\T 1953 +_& $X$<\jT+
#dq |]X<q DNA jTT |P] sD qT>=HsT. DNA nDTe d]\+> +& yT
e~]> +T+< >T]+#sT. sH <+< +&* (Double helix) n n+{sT. ~
@ss+> neTs&q #s\T eT]jTT bd ]yT +T+~. B n&H, >H,
<$TH eT]jTT d{dH nH q s\T yTe neT] +{sTT. b+H eT]jTT eT]dt
$*H\T L& DNA $wsD yH, \ *d |#XsT. qTXd+ qq
|j>\ <]rdq n<T $wsD >qT yH eT]jTT \ +< Hu
VQeT e+~. DNA jTT skjT
due+ Je\ \D \qT s]dT+ ~. ET,
#s| s+>T yTT<q$ +{ \D\
<V s D \T. DNA j T T s k j T
sD+ @ q esT *H n~ d+
jTT \D\ esT sDeTeT+~.
yH |+-3: esT y$<\ <]rksTT.
DNA
MT \Tk?
+& *
+ yCyT\ $wsD
*<+&T\T
y\sY dH eT]jTT <eTdt V+{
ysZH\ T 1956e d+es+ q |+& > 44+XY 44+XX
(&k| yT\H>dsY) >T]+ =\+_j
jTe]{ n<jTq+ #XsT. &k| 22
+X X
22
+Y Y
XD+ XD+ 22+X 22+X X n+&+
X
*+> dV\> \D\qT qT>=H|&T n+&+
\ D \ s D eTj T qTe\T
y Cy T \ qT s ] +# & q ~.
&k| e+Xbs+|s >T]+ y qTs+
|P]> n<jTq+ #XsT. nesTT
(44+XX)
nusTT
(44+XY)
nesTT
(44+XX)
nusTT
(44+XY)
Large ground finch (seeds) Cactus ground finch Vegetarian finch (buds) Wood pecker finch (insects)
+#+&`#]+#+&
n&$ s+&T sq +\T HjTqT+<+. s+ # y>+>
|sT>>\e. s+&e s+ n+ y>+> |sT> e. d+V\T, |\T\T, +\qT y{&
Vs+> rdT+{sTT. eT] @ s+ +\T eTqT>& kkj }V+#+&? @ s+ +\
Hu eT+> ZbT+~. m+<T?
y $ < \T | j > s y T q $> q| & T n$ b V +# & sTT.
Vsy T q y n+]ksTT. Hu eTqT>& d+ ]> bs+ \yTq <
>\TdT+~. | L& |jTT y$<\H <]dT+~.
|C me d+K d+ +& #dT+~. n$ Vs+, d\+,
|T $wjT+ b{ @s& b{&TsTT. n> s CT\ Je\q
bs+ #j* edT+~. Jeq+ d+ ]> bs{+ \yTqy TsTT.
BH eTqT>& d+ bs+ (Struggle for existance) n+{sT. bs+
* +&& j>eTeTT\ ks Jeq+ n n+{sT.
\yT D ~ = CT\ $sy <]rdT+ ~. MT |]ds\ yTT\T,
+Te\ MTsT eTqT>&d+ bs+ #d +{sT. yTT\q yTT\,
|{q |\ = eyT & >eT+# +{sT. MT nqTuy\ <s+>
eTqT>&d+ bs+ >T]+ MT s> #]+#+&.
&]H d<+ ks+X+
1. Hu @< deTV+ y$<\qT d+]+#Te#T.
deTV+ n Je\ s+> b+<e.
2. y$<\T q\ qT+& d+ nqTe++> n+~+#&sTT.
3. d+ n~ d+K +f n~ eTqT>& d+ bs{ <]rdT+~.
4. |]DeT+ nH~ HeT~>, s+sjT+> sT>TT+~.
5. q |jT T \D \T Je\H, qy eTqT>& =qk+#& ns
* +{sTT. { |T <s Je\T n~ d+H #ksTT.
194 10e s> nqTe+
6. |jTT y$<\T * eTqT>& kdTq Je\T nqTe++> d+
y{ n+<Ck sTT. n> | s+ q s>& + e\q y$ <\T ds k<sD
\D\esTT.
7. |sesD+ esT\T ed Je\T y{ nqT>TD+> esT\T <
nqTL\H\qT d+]+#T = |]dT\ J$+#>\T>TsTT.
8. | JeC dTBs\+ esT\T #T#dT+ +&, n~ =
C @s&{ <]rdT+~. = C, yTq C _q+> +T+~.
u$T|q n CT\T $<+> @s&qy.
MT \Tk?
#sdt &]H, & sd ydt\ #q\T +&$.
&]H Je |]DeT d<+ sb+~dTq deTjT+ ydt sdq
s n+<TH&T. ydt +&Hwj Be\ q |]X<q\
>T]+, | esD+ >T]+ sX&T. qT +qT>H ydt
d<++ L& +&+ &]HqT # Xs >T]#d+ ~. sy
&]H, ydt *d Journal of Linnaean Society | |
esD+ >T]+ yk |#T]+#sT. < sy &]H q
|eTTKyTq >+<+ CT\ (The Origin of Species) |#T ]+, |& sd ydt
| esD+ >T]+ $e]+#&T.
CT\ (Speciation)
= CT\T m nesTT?
C Hu y$<\T |]ds\ nqTL\yTq \D\qT b+<&+
eTq+ #X+. n b+~q Je |ue++> eTqT>& k~+#>\T>TsTT.
n< C #+~q Je nsTTH, e*q nqTL\H\qT b+<b n$
eT+> n+]+bsTT. eTT+<T #]+q ms, |# s |sT>T eTq
eT+ <VsD. qC ]> qq esT\qT d |]DeT+
(micro evoluation) n+{sT.
|&T = = CT\T m @s&j #<+. = CT\T @s&{
CT\ (speciation) n < d\ |]DeT+ (macro evoluation) n
n+{sT.
ms, |# s |sT>T\T ++> *d d+ b+<>\e eTq
\TdT. nsTT ms, |# s |sT>T\T @y sD\# # \+
ys b jjT }V+#T+& (<VsD \T y{ q& H s# T =
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 195
rdT[ <s+> m& Cs$&#jTqT+&). = d+es\ s+&T s\
s |sT>T\q m+ y$<+ @s&TT+~. sy n$ nqT+&
*dq|{ |T s|e. d+ #jTe. @<H Je\T y{
C Je\H \e&+, d+H b+<&+ sT>TT+~. $<+> = CT\T
@s&TT+{sTT.
Je |]DeT+`<s\T
Je\ |]DeT+ m ]+~? Xdy\T <H TTEe\T < <sH\T
y\+{sT. s|+#&+ # eTTK+. n<$<+> Je|]De L&
TTEe\T neds+. n+{ = <VsD\T |]o*<+.
|]DeT d++<\qT >T]+ eTq+ n<jTq+ #d|&T @ \D\T
keqyTqy eTq+ m >T]k+?
sDkeT, jkeT nejTy\T
@yH \D\T $$< Je\ $<+> HjT+f n$ y+{ #+~q
|PsJ$ qT+& nqTe++> eqT >T]+#e#T. $T+>\+ yC\T
(<&), >_ s\T (m>s&), sT (|sT>&),
#T+#Tm\T (e&), eTqTw #T\T (|Te&) $$<
s\T> |j>|& eTT+<] #\H+>\ n+]sD+ +T+<+f MTsT
XsbsT. Mq+{ |Ps+>\ n+]sD\T, meTT\ neT]
+{sTT. dXsT\ |P\ qT+& |]DeT+ |*+> @s&qyq
sTEe\T \T|THsTT. nejTy\H sDkeT nejTy\T (Homologous
organs) n+{sT. $<y T q |]De n|k] |]DeT+ (Divergent evolution)
n+{sT.
nejTy\ s+ b*\Tq+ eq
n$ |P\ qT+& @s&*q neds+ <T .
>_\+, |\ s\ >T]+ @eT u$+#*?
eqe&T sT|* $T+>\+ >_\+ |\T, >_\ s\T HsTT. &\T,
\T\ s\T e. nsTT &\T, \T\ +f
|\T, >_\T <={ # <>Z]
d++<+ \e ns+ #dTe#?
$wjT+ sj e#eTT+<T
| \T, >_\ s \ >T]+ +=+#+ C>>
|]o*<+. >_\+ s\ b&e>qTq y
eT< k>& eTT&T#T& M\T> q
|+-13: deTs| nejTy\T #s|++ (Petagium) |dT+~. |\
196 10e s> nqTe+
s \T \ | &q eTT+<] #\H+>\T. s +&+{ sD+, nejTy\T
ysTysT> q|{ n$ sV+# $~ e+ f. n+<Te\H n$ s+&T
#&& $<+> |ksTT. nsTTq|{ s+&+{ eT\+ {<T.
sD+ ysTysT> q|{ syTq | s]+# y{ jkeT
nejTy\T (Analogous organs) n+{sT. $<yTq |]De n_k]
|]DeT+ (Convergent evolution) n+{sT.
|+& Xd <sH\T (Embryological evidences)
+`6
yH eTT >\ Je\ |+&_e~ $$< <X\ qT |]o*<+. y{ b*\T,
u<\qT >T]+#+&. MT $TT\ #]+#+&.
J$ n+&+ yTT<\T= d+|P]> m<>&+
es >\ $$< n_e~ <X\qT >T]+q n<jTq+
#jT&H |+&_e~ Xd+ (Embryology) n
n+{sT. | &+u + (Tadpole) | H me>
#|qT b* +T+~. ~ < ddT+~? n+f
#|\ qT+& | \T |]DeTeT+ |* +> @s&jT
u$+#e#?
#| qT+& eqe es >\ $$< Je\ fish Salamander Tortoise Chick Hog Calf Rabbit Human
\ |<\T
y$<\T, d+, \D\T, <Xs|+, qTs|+, $weTjTT>+, deTjTT>+,
d+ ePVq d<++, jTT>$\\T, nqTe+, Xs yCyT\T, +
yCyT\T, | esD+, dVC nejTy\T, |+&_e~ <sH\T, eqe |]DeT+.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
# <>Zs d++<+ >\ Je\ y$<\T |ksTT.
y$<\T s+ qT+& eTs= s m n+~+#&jTH deTdqT >T]+ \TdTe&
1857e d+es+ >>sY CH yT+& |]X<q\T bs+_+#&T.
200 10e s> nqTe+
s yTT\ |e\ s+>T, kq+, $H\ s+>T, |\+ s+, +&+ b&e yTT<q @&T |
\D\qT |j>\ dyT yT+& mqTH&T.
s\ yTT<{ d+ < F1 s+ $H\T |dT|s+>T +{sTT.
F2 s+ 75% |dT |s+ >T $H \ 25% |# $. BH <Xs|+ n+{sT. <Xs| w 3:1.
F2 s+ 75% |dT |s+>T $H \ 25% X<C #+~q$ (YY) >, 50% yTT\T |dT |s+>T
VsZ \D+>, |# n+sZ \D+> * HsTT. $T*q 25% X< |# C
#+~q$. BH qTs|+ n+{sT. qTs| w 1:2:1.
s yTT |r <s < \D u< eV+# s+&T s\qT * +T+~. y{H jTT>
$\\T (allele) n n+{sT.
\D \ sDyTq s\T s \D \| <s|& +& d++> d+ n~+#&&
d+ ePVq d<++ n n+{sT.
|dT| eT]jTT |# $H\# yTT\ eT< d+sD+ ]| d+ yTT+ |dT| $H
dT+~. m+<T+f |dT|s+>T VsZ s+ qT.
q\T eT jTT> $\\ @< s jT<#> d+ n+~ksT.
q\ qT+& \D\T < >TD\qT d+ b+< |jTH nqTe+ (heredity) n n+{sT.
eqe D+ 23 \ yCyT\T+{sTT. M{ 22 \qT Xs yCyT\, 1 qT
+ yCyT\ n+{sT.
] \D \T < >TD\qT d+ <s sy s\ n+~+#&jT esY |b~+#&T.
B ]>TD nqTe+ d+ n+{sT.
|r JeC eT d+KqT e~ #dTe&+ d+ n~+> d+ #ksTT. y{ eTqT>&
d+ bs+ ], \yTq$ eyT >\TksTT.
deTs|, nqTs| nejTy\T eT]jTT |+&_e~ $$< <X\ T |]DeT d++<\qT $e]+#&
sTEe\T> |j >|& sTT.
$_q Je = \D \ b*\T +&e#T. m+<T+f ne |P\ qT+& |]DeTeT+
@s& +&e#T.
bNq jTT> ed+q Je\T, e\T dV |jT \ sD+> |P]> [b+& $T*bsTTq
y TTEe\H C\T n+{sT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. y$<\T n+f @$T{? Je\ y$<\T @$<+> |j>|&sTT?(AS1)
2. $<] (|]X<&T) X< b&e yTT (TT) X< b{ yTT (tt) d+sD+ sb\qTH&T.
eT] F1, F2 s\ m+{ yTT\T e# neXeTTq~? $e]+#+&.(AS1)
3. Xdy qs + m\T\ \qT ] +#&T. eT] m\T\ d+ \T+{j? +&y?
MT n_bj $e]+#+&.(AS1)
= <VsD\T |]o*<+.
>& $T& | beTT ><
>& +<\T q &\T
>& yT eqe&T
Vs| >=\TdT\T # es H\T>T ksTT\H m+<T * +{sTT?
<sT\ qT+& $j><sT\ y =B Je\ d+K m+<T >T Z T +~?
|X\ yT\T *j\+f +~ s>T\ #]+#&q =
$wj\qT eTq+ >TsT #Ty*. J$ qT+& eTs= J$ @$<+> X
~ neT+< Vs| >=\TdT #|T+~. ~ me yTT+ (80
qT+& 90%) X Je\ qT+& XdjTq, s jT\ <s nsTTq
w+ s|+ qwb e&+ sT>TT+~. Vs| >=\TdT eT&T ksTT\ sy
X eyT q ksTT $j><sT\ n+<TuT +T+~.
JyesD+ mH esD eed\THsTT. ueT<sK, <y\ eT<>\
owd ek ueesD eed\ qT s]ksTT. n< $<+ > |
u eT< s K <>sZ > q *eT+Cs |s , eTq <X+ Ve\jT |s \qT
n~sV+#||&T esD eed\ ek\qT eTq+ >eT+#e#T. |s
208 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
b<\ +& esb n&e\ (Tropical rain forests) yTT< |s Ks
b++ s+s+ eT+#T, VeTb+ n+eTeT+~.
owd |u$+ #d esb+, c>, dss yTT<qe esD
eed\qT ssTTksTT. <VsD n~ esb+ q# n&e\T n~+>
+{sTT. n&e\ s ssTT+#~ c> eT]jTT +. n<$<+>
n\ esb+ q b+\ m&sT\T+{sTT.
Vs| >=\TdT nH |<+ d+qT>, Je\ eT< Vs d++<\T
n+ ds+> > esT\ qT +& > +&e. <VsD
Vs |\T m|&bT $T&\T, n+ |sT>T\qT eT]jTT s s\
\qT +{sTT. eTsy| ><\T, s+<T\T $$< s\ |\qT eT]jTT
q s<\qT Vs+> rdT+{sTT. eq n+<T#H d+<s+ Vs|
C\+ (Foodweb) nH |< y&&+ dT> +T+~. m+<T+f ~ b&yq ,
n~ d+K k< |& Vs d++<\qT d+#&y T +& yTT+ deTT<jT+
d+wyTq n+s d++<\ ]> |jDeTH ydy |_+_dT+~.
dsT qT+& >V+|&q X, bwksTT qT+& sy bw ksTT
n+~+#&T esD eed n+ |d]dT+~.
|+`2qT |]o*<+. \T s n&e\T
ed+# Je\ eT<>\ d++<\qT |+
#|T+~. Vs| e\ +Te\T |
k H \qT $ T+# T = +& & + | +
#&e#TqT. | +Te Vs C\+
]w kH * +T+~. B +Te jTT
Vs C\| yd+ < #Y (Niche) n
e]ksT. <VsD, \ qT+& sk\qT |
m|&T nH \ kq+ +f \qT
qq eTT\T> #d < =] <e&\Tq >=+>[
|sT>T\ eTs= kq+ +T+~. yTT\ qT+&
Vs >V+# + e+{ +Te\ #YqT
* HsTT. +Te\ \H +{sTT.
, $ |]eD+q eT]jTT Vs >V +# |+-2: Vs C\+
$<q+q ek #|sTT. eq #Y nH |<+, Vs C\+
+Te jTT $T+q dsq kH eT]jTT VsH +&, < Jeq
$<H \T|T+~. yd+ nH~ +Te jTT yd d\yTqf #Y <
T<sTeqT n+f J$ #d | d+#]+# |<X\qT Vs+ b+<
$<H yTT<q y+{ dw+> e]dT+~.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 209
JyesD |s$ T&T
Vs| >=\TdT Je\ eT< Vs
d++<\qT $e]+qT>H JyesD
Xd |s$T&T J$ qT+& eTs= J$
]> X |dsDqT \T|sTT. |t
|s$T& >T]+ MTsT $H +{sT. Vs|
>=\TdT Je\ eT< d++<\qT
# | & < e] + # & es D
|+-3: | |s$T& Xdy \ T |s$ T& (Pyramid) nH ueqqT
|jksT. $$< bw ksTT\ esD eed jTT sD |s$T&
s|+ sU+> #| JyesD |s$T& (Ecological pyramid)
n+{sT. _{wt esD Xdy #sdt mH 1927 esDXd |s$T&
sU\qT ||<eT+> |yX|{&T. |s$T& |su>+ <sT\T (|<eT
bwksTT), y{| eT+> s bwksTT\T (|<eT, ~rjT, rjT
$j><sT\T) <| { #=|q |s$T& Ks+ es neT] +{sTT.
esDXd |s$T&T eT&T s\T> +{sTT. n$ 1.d+U|s$T&T
2.Je<es |s$T&T 3.X |s$T&T. bs+ eTq+ d+K |s$T&T eT]jTT
<es |s$T& >T]+ #]+# |jT+ #<+.
MT \Tk?
|s$T& sD+ C$TrjT +T+~. jT{ |]\T uTCs+ +&
y{ es\T |=q \TksTT. |s$T& n&T>Tu>+ eTTFjT+> < #TsTFjT+> <
VQeTTFjT s+ +T+~. #Tsks |s$T&\ #Tsks+> +& jT{
|]\T e+ uTCs+ +{sTT. k<sD+> |s$T&\T H +{sTT.
d+U |s$T&T (Pyramid of number)
Je\ eT< Vs d++<\|q n<jTq+ #jT&yT
rjT +& JeXdy\T bwksTT\ Je\ d+KqT
$j><sT\T b\& + | d q ]#s T . V s | e\qT
~rjT
$j><sT\T <VsD> rdT=, | bwksTT q Je\ d+KqT
b\T n+#Hy<+. Je\ d+KqT b\&+ #
|<eT $j><sT\T me, me, $$<, e, n e nH |<\qT
<sT\T
|j+#e\d +T+~. Je\ d+K\ eT< @<H
d++<+ q<? $$< bw ksTT\ >\ Je\
|+-4(m): d+U |s$T& |]eD\qT b\e#?
210 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
Vs| >=\TdT Je\ d+KqT
|s$T& nH sU|+ <s #|e#TqT.
|s$ T& |u>+ Vs| >=\TdT |
bwksTT (Trophic level) >\ Je\
d+KqT ddT+~. |<eT $j><sT\
ksTT qT+& n|< e+kVsT\ es,
Vs| >=\TdT | bwksTT,
k<sD+> Je\ |]eD+ |sT>T
+T+~. Je\ d+K >T Z +T+~.
<VsD |+`5 #&+&. n&$ m|&
q$>, me d+K +{sTT. m|&qT |+-5: d+U|s$T&
Vs+> >V+# n+\ |sT>T\T |]eD+ |<~>qT, d+K e>qT
+T+~. |sT\qT H VsTq ><\T < s+<T\ |]eD+
n|<> qT, d+K n e>qT (s+&T es +&e#T) +T+~. d++<
|s$T& s|+ dw+> #|e#TqT.
+< e&q Vs| >=\TdT\, d+U |s$T&\qT ^jT+&.
1) eT]#T \T e&+|
2) >& +<\T &\T
| s+&T Vs| >=\TdT\ d+U |s$T& sD+ $<+> +<?
ekyTH Hj? +f n$ @$T{?
k<sD+> n esD eed\ d+U |s$T& s+ \Te>
+T+~. = |]dT\ n+f #T <sT nsTTq|&T < @<H
bwksTT Je\ d+K <sT\H me> q|&T |s$T& sD+
esTT+~. |s$ T& sD+ @$<+ > H, <sT\T |su >H $TksTT.
Je<es |s$T&T (Pyramid biomass)
Je<es n+f @$T{?
sDq d+j>jT, dss dVjT+ sH & & k|q <s
@s&q Je d++< sq |<syT Je <es (~ sDq d+j>jT
dss dVjT+ sH & & k|q <s @s&TT+~). #T, >T\T,
|+\T, >&, Xe\T, { yTT\T, eekjT eT]jTT nsD d++< neb\T,
yTT\ +Te\ $d]\ Je <esX. X> es& Mq e,
+T d++< |<s Je <es (Bio mass) n+{sT. Je <es X
d+ $jd, n~ JeX (Bio fuel) neT+~.
w+ w+
Xw+#&q X (XdjT eT]jTT $dsq <s qwb~), |sT>T<\
eT]jTT |T <s Xs+ = Je <es jse& n+<TuT
+T+~. eTsD+#&+, s>\ u]q |&&+ < y]+> \T s\&+ e\q
Je\T =+ Je <es qwbsTT. Je <es |PVs| >=\TdT
<s (Je\T eTsD+, [be&+ e\q) ] |sesD (H\, sT, >*)
#sTT+~. $T*q Je <es XVsT\T < |su\T Vs+>
$j+#T>, < X esD eed sy q bwksTT
|ydT+~.
Xs+ |<s\T |y+#&+, sy Je\T eTsD+#&+ eT]jTT
[be&+ e\q n$ H\, sT, >* #s&+ nH~ s+s+ #jT+>
214 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
sT>TH +T+~. Je\T eT]jTT y{ |sesD eT< ]> |<s\
|dsDqT |<s #jT+ < \eD\ syD < Jeu skjTq e\jT+
n+{sT n MTsT 9e s> \TdTHsT.
dsT qT+& \_+# ksX esD eed <sT\ |ydT+~.
|# yTT\T eT]jTT sD q d+j>jT qT ]| u] j\T (|V ]+
* +&&+ e\q) |, s JeM ksX Xw+#e eT]jTT <
skjT X> (Vs+) ese.
<sT\ qT+&, skjT X $j><sT\, bwksTT
qT+& sy bwksTT |d]dT+~. |r bwksTT Je\T, n$ Xw+q
X # es $$< |qT\, |sT>T<\ eT]jTT |T e+{ Je jT\
$jksTT.
sTy bwksTT Je\ X =+u>+ eyT #sTT+~.
$wjT+ Je\ eqe ] jT+\ ed+ n+> <T. s e+{
yVH\ +q y& |{ |P]> >X> es+& #es
ws|+ qwbe&+ sT>TT+~. dV yk\ X $$< |qT\
$j+#&TT+~. #s $&T<q wX, ] esD eed
#sTT+~.
eqe sb\T ` esD eed| y{ |ue+:
eqe sb\ e\q ]> \Tw+ esD eed\T @$<+>
\TweTeTHj +~ s>T\ \TdTH+. eekjT+ d+ n&e\qT
qs&+ e\q esD eed\T |e<syTq esT\ >TsejT, B e\q
| bwksTT Je\T @$<+> |u$eTej eT]+ $es+> ns+
#dTH |jT+ #<+.
=sT <!
||+#+ |< |\ bwVs n+~+#&+ eT+{ dsdT\T
m+>H |j>|&TTHsTT. y{ =sT dsdT {. eTq sw+ c,
><e] q<T\ eT< $d]+ q =sT
dsd T #| <q |< eT+{ dsd T .
~ <<| 6121 #<s| MTs yTs
$d] + +T+~. =s T dsd T qT+& es<
sT 61 .MT. b&e>\ |fsT y>T
>T+& |eV+ +>U+ \TdT+ ~.
=sT |]yV b+\T kse+yTq
+&TeT{ yT\T * +{sTT. |+-7: =sT dsdT
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 215
1999 qe+sT us |uT+ =sT dsdTqT | d+sD +<+>
|{ + +~. & 193 s\ | CT\T $$< s\ +T eC yd+>
+&&+ b mH s\ eT+<T yTT\T L& |sT>TTHsTT. dj,
sT sb <X\ qT+& nsY, e] H\\ eT<\+ | @{ <<| 20
\\ |\T dsdT e\d eksTT. dsdT| <s|& <<| 20 $T*jTq
|\T J$dTHsT. |>V \T n+~dTq de#s+ |s+ > eT&T
<Xu\T> dsdT yX\+ Zb+~. \Tc\T \TdT+&&+ e\ JeC
eTT| @s&T+~. |P& #s& + e\ es<\ T ds k<sDeTjsTT. +~ |{ q T
|]o*+#+&.
|{`1
1967 H{ yX\+ 2004 H{ yX\+
$u>+
(#..$T.) (#..$T.)
sT $d]+q dsdT yX\+ 70.70 65.65
\T| +&q u>+ 0 47.45
<yTq \T| +&q u>+ 0 15.20
es\+ es<\ >TsjT b++ 100.97 0
s=jT\ #sTe\T 0 99.74
e]|+& b\T 8.40 16.62
eTD\T 0.31 1.37
yTT+ 180.38 180.38
@ d+es+ dsdT sT $d]+ |<X+ me> +~? m+<T?
dsdT <+> \T| |s>& sD+ @$T e u$dTHe?
dsdT yX\+ Zb& sD\T @$T{?
| sD\T \Tc <]rkjT #|e#? m+<T?
=sT dT<s b+\ qT+& |\T e\d se& sD\T @$T{?
dsdT \Tc >Tsq eTT|qT @$<+> qT>=HsT?
80e <X + qT+& =s T b++ s=jT\T, #|\ |+|+ (Acqua culture)
n+ u< jTyT q ybs+> $d] ++~. n+<Te\ nH eT+~ |T&<sT\
<w B| & dsdT eTD\ >Ts+~. 1996 H{ # b+\ \T
{ { |yV eT[+ dsdTqT k>Tu$T> essT. ~ dsdT dV
|yV ~XqT e]yd+~. n+<Te\ dsdT { \Te keTs+ >DDjT+>
ZbsTT+~.
dsdT |]yV b++ eekjT+, |]XeT\T $|+> $d]+#sTT.
216 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
y>T\T e+\T ss\ \Tc\qT dsdT #syjTk>sTT. eekjT
skjTH\T, msTe\T, #|\ #sTe\ es\T, |]XeT\ qT+& y\Te& es
skjTH\T, eTT| es\T, >V es\T yTT<q e dsd T *d \Tc
*dTH sTT. me bw\T *q es\T (Anthropogenic pollutants) \T|
$|+> |s>& sDeTeTHsTT.
|*+> dsdT sT sdue+, eTT]>, bw |<s\ L&
+&&+ e\ { ]> H |]eD+ (DO) ZbsTT+~. C$ H
&e+& (BOD) me e&+ e\q \#s\| re |ue+ *+~. &
|\ \\Tw+| ne>Vq be&+ e\ &jT]j, \s, fbsTT&,
nMT_jddt yTT<q { <s y|+# y<T\T re+> y| #+<sTT.
M{ bT <eT\ e+{ yV\ <s y|#+< y<T\T L& |sTT.
s=jT\T, #|\ e+{ \#s\TL& \Tc >Tsj sTT. b\T eekj
j>+ +& bjsTT. ~>T& ZbsTT+~.
|dT + dsd T esD eed |P&\ T, eTD\T, \Te\T eTdTbe&+,
(Eutrophication) yTT<q +\qT m<Ts=+{+~. \sY e\q <<|
15 s\ k #|\ CT\T n+]+bjT |e<+ |&sTT. { ]>
H |]eD+ bZ e&+ e\ { |]\+| Xd+# #|\ CT\T |]>sTT.
dsdT| $$< s\ |uy |{`2 |]o*+#+&. +~ |X\
de<H\T +#+&.
|{ `2
eqe
deTd eekjT+ #|\ |+|+ |]XeT\T
sb\T
C$
1. |\ e\d >Z&+ - + - -
2. e+TC\+ >Z&+ - + - -
3. s>s\T - - - +
skjT
jT{|wH + + - +
$w|<s\ y| + + + -
u
yT\T yjT&+ + + - -
es<\ T + + - +
d#q: (G) deTd\| |ue+ #|T+~.
(`) deTd\| |ue+ #|&+ <T.
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 217
e\d |\ MT< |ue+ #|+# n+X\T @$T{?
u deTd\ Je d++< deTd\ eT< @<H d++<+ +< e
u$dTHy? n$ @$T{?
skjT deTd\T @s&& sD\T @yT +{sTT?
{ ]q H |]eD+ Zb @eTeT+~?
eTT]>, bw |<s\T *q q { (Biological oxygen demand)
my? y? <s *> |ue+ @$T{?
=s T |]yV b+ |\T nH +<T\ >Tse& sD\T @$T{?
|\ e\d| \Tw+ m+{ |ue+ *++< e u$dTHe?
us |uT |sesD+, nM eT+XK =sT dsdT |]sD d+
|swH =sT |< |yX|{+~. | |k~+q =sTqT n& Jeq
deTT |qsT<]+#Te&+ m+ neds+.
+`1
MT |]|s\ q @<H ({) esD eedqT |]o*+#+&. n+<T
+& $$< Vs| >=\TdT\T, Vs C\qT >T]+ +~ esYw{ <s+>
y~ sjT+&.
esYw{
Tdu T \ |sT: ```````````````````````````````````````````````````` ~: ``````````````````````````
esD eed |sT: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
{b>|: ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>T]+q <sT\T yTT\ |sT / d+K: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
+Te\ |sT / d+K: ```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>T]+q $j><sT\ |sT / d+K: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
XVsT\T (b<$T $j><sT\T): ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
e+kVsT\T (~rjT $j><sT\T): `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
qksTT e+kVsT\T (rjT $j><sT\T): ``````````````````````````````````````````````
y{eT< >\ Vs d++<\T, n\yT: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
Vs| >=\TdT |+: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
Vs C\+ |+: `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
esD eed e n+X\T: ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
esD eed @yH |e<\T b+ Hj? n$ @$T{?: `````````````````````````````````
|]cs\T d+#+&: ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
218 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
n&e\qT q], d\+ |+\qT |+&+#&+ e\q deTd q
esD eed, Vs<H\T, <T+|\T, |X>d+ d+ b\ syTq
|+\qT (Mono culture) |+&+#&+ e\q ndV+> e]b+~.
$$< s\ |+\qT eTq+ me yTT+ |+\qT |+&d, Vs+ L&
|< yTT+ \_dT + ~. |]d Vs+| <s|& , >T qT *+# +<\
e+{ |sqJe\ nqTL\+> +T+~. y VsH >T *+#
|sqJe\ d+K y>+> |sT>T b |*+ # <Tss+> +T+~.
|]d n~>$ T+#& eTq+ nbjTsy T q skjTH\qT |d d& T , >T\HX\T
eT]jTT +<HX\qT y&&+ ]+~. # skjTH\T eT+ |uy
#|q|{ M{ y&+ = deTd\qT dw++~. HXq+ #j*q eTT\qT
eyT #+|, s Je\ nbjTs+ < dsq H> |]>D+#*.
n+{ $THXqyTB <T.
MT *dq MTsT $q @yH s+&T HXqT\ |sT \|+&.
MTsT eTT\T, +<\ qT+& Vs| +\T, <H\qT d+s+ #Te&
+{ @$<+> \Te #ksT?
|dd&T $#DsV+> |uy #|, me d+K s
+Te\qT HXq+ #ksTT. M{ eTT\qT Vs+> rdT=H +Te\T
eT]jTT sT\ VseTjT +Te\ +{sTT. |*+> |dd&T Vs|
>=\TdT\ nqVyTq esT\ <]rd, esD eed jTT deTT\qT
<rksTT. $ H\ *dbsTTq|&T n$ *+# |u e+ + nbjTs+ >
+T+~.
|dd& e\q *> $w|P] |ue+ # \+ b +T+~. =
HXqT\T eT]jTT >T\HX\T $q+ #+<>*q$> +{sTT. $
e \+H k<sD+> d+es+| sTbjTsyTq |<s\T>
$q+ nesTT. b<sd+, s, dd+ *jTTq |dd&T $q+ #+<e.
$q+ |dd&T # nbjTsyTq$. $ = bw ksTT
+BeTe |s$T& Ks u>+ +& +Te\ Xs\ #]
nbjTsyTq ksTT |sT+{sTT. Vs| >=\TdT \Tc\T #s&
C$ eek|q+ (Bio accumulation) n+{sT. Vs| >=\TdT
bwk sTT qT+& sy bwk sTT #]q \Tc\T k+BeTjT $<H
C$ eBsD+ (Bio magnification) n+{sT.
eqe s>+| C$ eek|q+ Je d+#jTq |uy >T]+q eTs=
|]X<H n+X |]o*<+.
\ |<\T
Vs| >=\TdT, Vs C\+, Vs |s$T&, d+U |s$T&, Je<es |s$T&,
$Td+Vs\T, C$ eek|q+, C$ eBsD+, |sesD H.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
J$qT+& eTs= J$ X|kseTjT $<H Vs C\+ *jTCdT+~.
Vs| >=\TdT uD\T Vs < H J$ eT< d++< dksTT.
Je\ eT< d++<\qT X |yV d+U|s$T&, Je <es |s$T&\ <s *jTCjTe#T.
|s$T& nqTq~ C$TrjT s+ q sD+.
d+U|s$T& Vs| >=\TdT = bwksTT q Je\ d+KqT *jTCdT+~.
Je <es |s$ T& Vs| >=\TdT = bw ksTT q Vs \u qT, X eT<s\qT
*jTCdT + ~.
Je <es Je +<q+> L& |j+#e#T.
>T ysD |+\ |j+# $Td+Vs\T $w|P]yTq$ e&+ e\q |sesD
V *ksTT.
Vs >=\TdT \Tc\T |y+#& C$ eek|q+ n+{sT.
bw ksTTqT+& eTs= bwk sTT \Tws\T |y + b>T|&& C$ eBs D + n+{sT.
nbjTsyTq |uy\T +& n~ b+<& |+ e]&, JejT+D, qTd++<
s\ n_e~ yTT<q |<T\T |sT>T eT+<T\ |ej\T> |#ksTT.
nudH yTsT>T|s#T+<+
1. Vs|>=\TdT bwksTT qT+& eTs= bwksTT ~ nsTTq X @eTeT+~?(AS1)
2. esD eed |s$T&T eT]jTT Vs| >=\TdT\T y{ dksTT?(AS1)
3. @<H Vs| >=\TdT jTT d+U|s$T&| \|TT{ sjT+&. +< e&q d+U |s$T&
qT+& e @+ >V+#e?(AS1)
m) #T _) + d) e&+|
+<|<X |uT+ y]# |+|D 225
4. Je <es nq>H$T? +< e&q Vs| >=\TdTqT <VsD> rdT=, Je <es
|s$ T&qT ^jT+&.(AS1)
m) >& _) XVsT\T d) e+kVsT\T &) >< < s+<T
5. bs+ #~$q sT y $w|P ] |<s\ y&+ esD edq T @$<+ > |u $+ #dT H sTT nH
<| MTsT ns+ #dTq $wj\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
6. $T\ u]qT+& |+\qT, Vs|<s\qT y]+# $Td+Vs\qT |j+#? <
|ej\qT +#? $wjT + >T]+ MT n_bj, < >\ sD\qT sjT+&.(AS1)
7. bwksTT n+f @$T{? JyesD |]$T& n~ < *jTCdT+~?(AS1)
8. esD eed X |dsD >T]+ $es+> \TdTy\+f, y$T |X\qT n&T>Te?(AS2)
9. Vs| e\qT+& e+d u\qT =\d @+ neT+~?(AS2)
10. MT |s{ yTTqT |]o*+#+&. <sT\T, $j><sT\ d++<+| d+| y~
sjT+&.(AS3)
11. Je <es |s$T&qT $e]+#\+f m+{ de#s+ nedseTeT+~?(AS4)
12. m>Te bwksTT $j><sT> qT }V+#T= d+U|s$T&qT ^d < ~>Te ksTT\ >T]+
sjT+&.(AS5)
13. MT { $<sT\ #q+ *+#& |sesD dV|Ps \| H<\T sjT+&.(AS7)
14. $Td+Vs\ y& |yd H\ \Tw+ y]+#& dVjT|& @yH eT&T se\qT
d+#+&.(AS7)
dsq de<H >T]+#+&
1. Vs| >=\TdT < yTT<\eT+~? ( )
m) XV] _) e+kV] d) <sT &) @B<T
2. <d+ yTT\T b{|&e? ( )
m) sT _) Vs+ d) d\+ &) |e
3. $Td+Vs\ y& |P]> |yjT&+ n+f ( )
m) |sT>TeT+<T\ y&+| jT+D
_) |sT>TeT+<T\ X<+
d) |sesD dV|Ps eekjT |<T\qT bV+#&+.
&) JeskjTH\ |]XeT\qT eTd ysTT+#&+.
4. #sdt mH |s+ +~ y dsq y+. ( )
m) e+kVsT\T |s$T& Ksu>+ +{sTT.
_) |s$T& Ksu>+ me X >V+#&TT+~.
d) |s$T& Ksu>+ <sT\T +&e.
&) m eT]jTT d
226 10e s> eTq |sesD+ ` eTq u<
bs+
10
dV eqsT\T
\ |<\T
+&T #sT e, d d<+, usTue\T, dTds n_e~ Je +<H \T, +sY |{| + \
$<q+, >T, \ sVD.
eTq+ @+ HsTH+?
eqsT\ d+sD, eqsT\ jeq+ # neds+.
eqsT\T k+> $w>\$. k | y{| jT+D * +&*.
eqsT\ $j> Zd, eqsT\qT ] $jd |sesD+| & Z+# $<+> |\qT
d+d<+ #jT&+ neds+.
u>TZ, |{*jT+ e+{ +<H\qT eTq+ |P]> ]b+& $#D |j+#Ty*.
sc\T, <X\ eT< q $u<\T eqsT\ n+<TuT n&+ s<T.