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Rhibno Windows PDF User S Guide PDF
Rhibno Windows PDF User S Guide PDF
For Windows
User's Guide
RobertMcNeel&Associates,11/30/2016.
Table of Contents
SectionI:Workingin3-D 1
Introduction 3
TheRhinointerface 3
Rhinocommands 4
Startfromthemenu 4
Startfromatoolbaricon 6
Startfromthecommandline 10
Undoamistake 13
Thecommandwindow 14
Commandoptions 14
Repeatthelastcommand 14
Gethelpanytime 15
RhinoObjects 17
WhyNURBSmodeling 17
Points 17
Curves 18
Surfaces 18
Closedandopensurfaces 19
Trimmedanduntrimmedsurfaces 19
Surfaceisoparametricandedgecurves 21
Polysurfaces 22
Solids 22
Light-weightextrusionobjects 23
Polygonmeshobjects 23
SelectingObjects 25
Selectobjectswithwindows 26
Otherwaysofselecting 27
Sub-objectselection 29
NavigatingViewports 31
Viewportprojection 31
Viewportnavigation 31
Mousenavigation 32
Viewportdisplaymodes 32
Wireframe 33
Shaded 33
Othershadedmodes 34
Viewporttitle 35
Toactivatetheviewporttitlemenu 35
AccurateModeling 37
TheRhinocursor 37
Snaptotheconstructionplanegrid 37
Constraintheangleofmovement 37
iii
Table of contents
Snaptoexistingobjects 38
Persistentobjectsnaps 38
Specialcaseobjectsnaps 39
Cursorconstraints 39
Distanceconstraint 39
Angleconstraint 39
Distanceandangletogether 40
Elevatormode 40
SmartTrack 40
Coordinatesystems 41
Cartesiancoordinates 41
Right-handrule 41
Worldcoordinates 41
Constructionplanecoordinates 41
Relativecoordinates 42
CreateSurfacesfromCurves 45
Edgecurves 45
Extrudecurves 46
Loftcurves 48
Revolvecurves 49
Revolvecurveswitharail 52
Sweepalongonerailcurve 56
Sweepalongtworailcurves 58
EditCurvesandSurfaces 61
Join 61
Explode 61
TrimandSplit 61
Control-pointediting 61
Controlpointvisibility 61
Changecontrolpointlocations 62
Add,delete,orredistributecontrolpoints 62
Curveandsurfacedegree 62
Transforms-Move,Copy,Rotate,Scale 65
Move 65
Moveobjectsusingdistancevalues 65
Moveobjectsbydragging 66
Elevatormode 67
Copy 69
Rotate 73
Scale 77
Mirror 80
Array 83
Orient 83
CurveandSurfaceAnalysis 85
Measuredistance,angle,andradius 85
iv
Table of contents
Curveandsurfacedirection 85
Curvature 86
Visualsurfaceanalysis 86
Environmentmap 86
Curvatureanalysis 87
Draftangleanalysis 87
Edgeevaluation 88
Diagnostics 88
OrganizationandAnnotation 89
Layers 89
Groups 90
Blocks 90
Worksessions 90
Dimensions 90
Text 91
Leaders 91
Dots 92
Hiddenlineremoval 92
Notes 92
Render 93
Lights 93
Materials 94
Environment 95
GroundPlane 95
Render 96
SectionII:Tutorials 97
PullToy-SolidsandTransforms 99
Entercoordinates 99
Drawthepulltoybody 99
Drawtheaxlesandwheelhubs 102
Drawthelugnuts 104
Arraythelugnuts 105
Drawthetires 106
Mirrorthewheels 107
Drawtheeyes 109
Makethepullcord 114
Flashlight-RevolveCurves 125
Setupthemodel 125
Drawacenterline 127
Drawthebodyprofilecurve 128
Drawthelensprofilecurve 129
Buildtheflashlightbody 130
Createthelens 133
Headphone-Sweep,Loft,andExtrude 135
Createthespeakershell 136
v
Table of contents
Createthepaddingandcover 140
Createthemountingbracket 142
Createtheheadband 146
Roundtheheadbandends 151
Createthespeakerwire 157
Mirrortheheadphoneparts 161
Learnmore 163
Penguin-PointEditingandBlending 165
Thebody 165
Theeyes 173
Thebeak 179
Thefeet 186
Thetail 196
Thewings 199
Finishingtouches 204
Render 206
BoatHull-LoftandSweep 207
Layoutthehullcurves 208
Checkthecurvesforfairness 209
Fixthecurvature 209
Createthe3-Dcurves 210
Revisethecurves 212
Loftthehullsurfaces 215
Trimthebowandbottom 217
Buildthetransom 219
Addthedeck 226
Dragonfly-TraceImages 233
Drawthebody 233
Drawthehead 239
Blendtheheadandbody 247
Drawtheeyes 249
Shapethetail 250
Tracethewings 251
Drawthelegs 253
Finishingtouches 254
WrapText-Flowalongsurface 255
Makeasurface 255
Createtheobjectstowrap 256
Controltheobjectplacement 256
MechanicalPart-Blocks 261
Createsolidshapes 261
Drilltheholes 265
Copytheholes 267
Makea2-Ddrawing 270
Dimensionthe2-Ddrawing 270
vi
Table of contents
MechanicalPart-Layouts 273
Layoutviewports 274
Insertatitleblock 275
vii
Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section I: Working in 3-D
Introduction
Modelingin3-Distheprocessofcreatingamathematicalrepresentationofanobject'ssurfaces.Theresulting
modelisdisplayedonyourscreenasatwo-dimensionalimage.Rhinoprovidestoolsforcreating,displaying,
andmanipulatingthesesurfaces.
Menu (1)
ThemenusgroupRhinocommandsbyfunction.
History window (2)
Thecommandhistorywindowdisplaysthepreviouscommandsandprompts.
Command prompt (3)
Thecommandpromptdisplayspromptsforthecurrentcommandactions,optionsforthecommandthat
youcanclick,andallowstypingcommandnamesandoptions.
Toolbars (4)
Toolbarscontaingraphicaliconsforinitiatingcommands.Manytoolbariconshaveasecondcommandthat
youcanaccessbyright-clickingtheicon.Thetooltipthatappearswhenyouhoverovertheicontellsyou
whattheleftandrightmousebuttondo.
3
Introduction
Viewports (5)
ViewportsdisplaytheRhinoworkingenvironment.
Panels (6)
Tabbedpanelscontainslayers,properties,andothersettings.
Rhino commands
Rhinoisacommand drivenprogram.Inotherwords,allactionsareactivatedbynamedcommandssuchas
Line,Box,orCurvatureAnalysis.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
Commandsareaccessedthroughthemenus,orthetoolbars,orbytypingthecommandname.Inthenext
sections,youwillexploreusingthesemethods.Youmayfindonemethodeasierthananother.Thechoiceis
yours,andthereisnopreferenceforonemethodoveranother.
Intheexercises,youwilluseRhinoscommands,navigationtools,shadedmodes,render,andusesomebasic
objectmanipulation.
Tip:Tocancelacommandanytime,presstheEsckey.
4
Introduction
2. AttheRadiusprompt,intheTopviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawtheconesbase.
5
Introduction
3. AttheEnd of coneprompt,intheFrontviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawthecones
point.
4. WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
6
Introduction
7
Introduction
8
Introduction
1. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheTopviewport,clickthemousetostartthecurve.
2. AttheNext point...prompts,clickafewmorepointsintheTopviewport.
3. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheFrontviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
4. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheRightviewportandclickafewmorepoints.
5. Right-click,pressEnterorpressthespacebartocompletethecurve.
9
Introduction
6. CheckoutthePerspectiveviewport.
10
Introduction
11
Introduction
1. AttheCenter of sphereprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,clickthemousetopickthecenter
pointforthesphere.
2. AttheRadiusprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,movethemouseawayfromthecenterpoint,
andclickthemousetodrawthesphereandclick.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickthedown-arrowontheviewport title,andonthemenu,click
Shaded.
12
Introduction
Undo a mistake
Ifyoudidsomethingyoudidnotwanttodo,youcanundoyouractions.
Undo a command
4 OntheEditmenu,clickUndo,orpresstheCtrlandZkeys.
Redo commands
4 OntheEditmenu,clickRedo,orpresstheCtrl and Ykeys.
13
Introduction
Command options
Commandoptionschangehowacommandacts.Forexample,whenyoudrawacircle,thecircleisnormally
drawnontheactiveconstructionplane.TheCirclecommandhasseveraloptionsincludingVerticaland
AroundCurve.Commandoptionsappearinparenthesesattheprompt.
Touseacommandoption,clicktheoptionname,ortypetheunderlinedletteroftheoptionorthewholeoption
name.
Note:
Somecommands,suchasUndoandDeletedonotrepeat.Instead,thecommand
priortothesecommandsisrepeated.Thispreventsyoufromaccidentallyundoing
toomanycommandsordeletingobjectsaccidentally.
Inaddition,youoftenwanttorepeatthecommandyouwereusingbeforeundoing
amistake.Youcandefinethelistofcommandsthatdonotrepeattosuityourown
wayofworking.
14
Introduction
Tip:Formoreinformationaboutthemathematicalprinciplesinvolvedin3-Dmodeling,
see:www.mathopenref.com.
15
Rhino Objects
ThefundamentalgeometricobjectsinRhinoarepoints,curves,surfaces,polysurfaces,extrusionobjects,and
polygonmeshobjects.
Points
Pointobjectsmarkasinglepointin3-Dspace.TheyarethesimplestobjectsinRhino.Pointscanbeplaced
anywhereinspace.Pointsaremostoftenusedasplaceholders.
17
Rhino Objects
Curves
ARhinocurveissimilartoapieceofwire.Itcanbestraightorwiggled,andcanbeopenorclosed.
Apolycurveisseveralcurvesegmentsjoinedtogetherendtoend.
Rhinoprovidesmanytoolsfordrawingcurves.Youcandrawstraightlines,polylinesthatconsistofconnected
linesegments,arcs,circles,polygons,ellipses,helices,andspirals.
Youcanalsodrawcurvesusingcurvecontrol pointsanddrawcurvesthatpassthroughselectedpoints.
CurvesinRhinoincludelines,arcs,circles,free-formcurves,andcombinationsofthese.Curvescanbeopenor
closed,planarornon-planar.
Surfaces
Asurfaceislikearectangularstretchyrubbersheet.TheNURBSformcanrepresentsimpleshapes,suchas
planesandcylinders,aswellasfree-form,sculpturedsurfaces.
AllsurfacecreationcommandsinRhinoresultinthesameobject:aNURBSsurface.Rhinohasmanytoolsfor
constructingsurfacesdirectlyorfromexistingcurves.
AllNURBSsurfaceshaveaninherentlyrectangularorganization.
18
Rhino Objects
Evenaclosedsurfacesuchasacylinderislikearectangularpieceofpaperthathasbeenrolledupsotwo
oppositeedgesaretouching.Theplacewheretheedgescometogetheriscalledtheseam.Ifasurfacedoesnot
havearectangularshape,eitherithasbeentrimmedorthecontrolpointsontheedgeshavebeenmoved.
19
Rhino Objects
Theshapeofasurfaceisstilldefinedbyasetofcontrolpointsarrangedinarectangularpattern.
Sinceitcanbeimportantforyoutoknowifasurfaceistrimmed,thePropertiescommandliststhetrimmed
oruntrimmedstateofthesurface.SomeRhinocommandsworkonlywithuntrimmedsurfacesandsome
softwaredoesnotimporttrimmedNURBSsurfaces.
Trimmingcurveslieontheunderlyingsurface.Thissurfacemaybelargerthanthetrimcurves,butyouwill
notseetheunderlyingsurfacebecauseRhinodoesnotdrawthepartofthesurfacethatisoutsidethetrim
curves.Everytrimmedsurfaceretainsinformationaboutitsunderlyingsurfacegeometry.Youcanremovethe
trimmingcurveboundariestomakethesurfaceuntrimmedwiththeUntrimcommand.
Ifyouhaveatrimcurvethatrunsacrossasurface,thetrimcurveitselfdoesnothaveanyrealrelationshipto
thecontrolpointstructureofthesurface.Youcanseethisifyouselectsuchatrimmedsurfaceandturnits
controlpointson.Youwillseethecontrolpointsforthewholeunderlyingsurface.
20
Rhino Objects
Ifyoucreateasurfacefromaplanarcurve,itcanbeatrimmedsurface.Theillustratedsurfacewascreated
fromacircle.Thecontrolpointsdisplayshowstherectangularstructureofthesurface.
TheUntrimcommandremovesthetrimmingcurvefromthesurfacetogetbacktotheunderlyinguntrimmed
rectangularsurface.
21
Rhino Objects
Polysurfaces
Apolysurfaceconsistsoftwoormoresurfacesthatarejoinedtogether.Apolysurfacethatenclosesavolumeof
spacedefinesasolid.
Solids
Asolidisasurfaceorpolysurfacethatenclosesavolume.Solidsarecreatedanytimeasurfaceorpolysurfaceis
completelyclosed.Rhinocreatessingle-surfacesolids,polysurfacesolids,andextrusionsolids.
Asinglesurfacecanwraparoundandjoinitself.ExamplecommandsincludeSphere,Torus,andEllipsoid.
Controlpointscanbedisplayedonsingle-surfacesolidsandmovedtochangethesurface.
SomeRhinocommandscreatepolysurfacesolids.Pyramid,Cone,andTConeareexamplesofcommands
thatcreatepolysurfacesolids.
TheSolidPtOncommandturnsongrippointsforpolysurfaces,whichactlikecontrolpoints.
22
Rhino Objects
Note:
ThereisnoeasywaytoconvertameshmodelintoaNURBSmodel.Theinformation
thatdefinestheobjectsiscompletelydifferent.
However,Rhinohasafewcommandsfordrawingcurvesonmeshesandextracting
vertexpointsandotherinformationfrommeshobjectstoassistinusingmesh
informationtocreateNURBSmodels.
23
Selecting Objects
MostoperationsyouwilldoinRhinorequireyoutoselectoneormoreobjects.Objectscanbeselectedby
clickinganywhereontheobject.Clickawayfromtheobjecttodeselectit.Thismethodletsyouselectone
objectatatime.
25
Selecting Objects
3. HoldtheShiftkeyandselectthecylinder.
Thecylinderisaddedtotheselection.
4. HoldtheCtrlkeyandclickthesphereagain.
5. Clickawayfromtheobjects,orpresstheEsckey.
Theselectioniscanceled.
26
Selecting Objects
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheShiftkeythenclickanddragawindowaroundtheboxand
thecylinder.
Thecylinderandboxareaddedtotheselection.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheCtrlkeythenclickanddragacrossingovertheboxand
cylinder.
27
Selecting Objects
28
Selecting Objects
3. TypeSelSrf.
Thisselectsallsurfaces.Inthiscase,onlythesphereisasurface.
4. TypeSelPolysurface.
Thisaddsallpolysurfacestotheselection.Inthiscase,thecylinderandboxarepolysurfaces.
5. PresstheEsckey.
Thisalsoclearstheselection.
Sub-object selection
Youcanselectsub-partsofobjectsforuseincommands,forexample,selectasurfaceedgetouseasinputfora
LoftorExtrudeCrvoperation.Theavailablepartsincludepolysurfacefaces;surfaceandpolysurfaceedge
curves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;andobjectswithinagroup.Reviewthe
helptopicforSub-object selection.
29
Selecting Objects
Thefaceoftheboxisseparatedfromtheboxsolidanddeleted.
30
Navigating Viewports
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsformanipulatingtheviewport.
4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
Viewport projection
Viewportscanhaveoneofthreeprojections:parallel,perspectiveortwo-pointperspective.
Rightmousenavigationworksdifferentlyinthetwoviewportstyles.Inparallelviews,rightmousedragging
panstheview.Inperspectiveviews,right-mousedraggingrotatestheview.Intheusualfour-viewportlayout,
therearethreeparallelviewportsandoneperspectiveviewport.
Parallel
Parallelviewsarealsocalledorthogonalviewsinsomesystems.Inaparallelview,allthegridlinesare
paralleltoeachother,andidenticalobjectslookthesamesize,regardlessofwheretheyareinspace.
Perspective
Inaperspectiveview,gridlinesconvergetoavanishingpoint.Thisprovidestheillusionofdepthinthe
viewport.Perspectiveprojectionmakesobjectsfartherawaylooksmaller.
Viewport navigation
Rhinoseasynavigationhelpsyoutovisualizeyourmodel.
Thesimplestwaytochangetheviewistodragthemousewithrightbuttonhelddown.Thispanstheviewin
parallelviewsandrotatestheviewinperspectiveviews.
Youcanchangeyourviewinthemiddleofacommandtoseepreciselywhereyouwanttoselectanobjector
chooseapoint.
Tip:Ifyouhaveamousewithawheel,usethewheeltozoominandout.
31
Navigating Viewports
Mouse navigation
Workingin3-Donacomputerrequiresvisualizingthree-dimensionalobjectsdrawnonatwo-dimensional
mediumthecomputerscreen.Rhinoprovidestoolstohelpdothis.
Dragwiththerightmousebuttontoeasilymanipulatetheviewstolookmodelfromvariousangles.Usethe
rightmousebuttonviewmanipulationsinbothwireframeandshadedviews.
To pan in a viewport
4 IntheTopviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntopantheview.
Restore a view
Ifyougetlost,thereareseveralwaystogetyourselfreoriented:
4 PresstheHomekeytostepbackthroughyourviewchanges.
4 PresstheEndkeytostepforwardthroughyourviewchanges.
4 Tosetyourviewsoyouarelookingstraightdownontheconstructionplane,usethePlancommand.
4 Tobringallyourobjectsintoview,usetheZoomcommandExtentsoption.
32
Navigating Viewports
Wireframe
InWireframemode,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curves
orisocurves.
Isocurvesdonotdefinethesurfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaid.
Shaded
TheShadedmodes,(forexample,Shaded,Rendered,Artistic,andPen)displaysurfacesandsolidswiththe
surfacesshadedusingtheirlayer,object,orcustomcolor.Youcanworkinanyoftheshadedmodes.The
surfacesareopaqueortransparent.
33
Navigating Viewports
Rotateyourviewbyholdingdowntherightmousebuttonanddraggingfromthebottomoftheview
towardthetop.
Youarenowundertheobjectslookingup.
Theconstructionplanegridhelpsyoustayoriented.Iftheobjectsarebehindthegrid,youarelooking
atthebottomoftheconstructionplane.
2. PresstheHomekeytoundoyourviewchanges.
Rendered
Renderedmodeshowstheobjectswithlightingandrendermaterialsapplied.
34
Navigating Viewports
Viewport title
Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsforviewportcontrol.
4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.
4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.
4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.
Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.
35
Accurate Modeling
Thecursorcanalwaysmovefreelyinspace,butchancesare,youwillwanttorelateyourmodelingelementsto
theconstructionplanegrid,existingobjects,orcoordinatesinspace.Youcanrestrictthecursorsmovementto
thegrid,enterspecificdistancesandanglesfromapoint,snaptospecificlocationsonexistingobjects,and
enterCartesiancoordinatestolocatepointsin2-Dor3-Dspace.
Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.
37
Accurate Modeling
Orthoisactiveafterthefirstpointforacommand.Forexample,afterpickingthefirstpointforaline,the
secondpointisconstrainedtotheorthoangle.
4 IftheOsnapcontrolisnotopen,clicktheOsnappaneinthestatusbar.
4 Clickacheckboxtoturnonanobjectsnap.
4 Rightclickacheckboxtoturnanobjectsnaponandturnoffallotherobjectsnaps.
4 Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthecursornearaneligiblepointonanobjectcausesthe
markertojumptothatpointandatooltiptoappear.
ThecheckboxesintheOsnapcontrolallowsingle-useoverridesforthepersistentobjectsnaps.
38
Accurate Modeling
To turn on one object snap and turn all others off with one click
4 IntheOsnapcontrol,right-clicktheobjectsnapyouwanttoturnon.
Cursor constraints
Whenenteringpoints,youcanconstrainthemarkertoadistanceoranglefromthepreviouspoint.Onceyou
havesetthedistance,dragthelinearoundtoanyangle.Youcanalsousefurthersnapstopointthelineina
specificdirection.
Distance constraint
Duringanycommandthatrequirestwopoints,suchastheLinecommand,placethefirstpoint.Thenatthe
nextprompt,typeadistanceandpressEnter.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtothespecifieddistancefromthepreviouspoint.Dragthecursoraroundthe
firstpointandthenpickapoint.
Angle constraint
Angleconstraintissimilartoortho,butyoucansetanyangleanditisaone-timesetting.
The<symbolisusedbecauseitissimilartothesymbolusedingeometrytoindicateanangle.
Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtolinesradiatingfromthepreviouspointseparatedbythespecifiedangle,
wherethefirstlineisthespecifiednumberofdegreescounterclockwisefromthex-axis.Ifyouenteranegative
number,theanglewillbeclockwisefromthex-axis.
39
Accurate Modeling
Elevator mode
Pickasecondpointtospecifythez-coordinateofthedesiredpoint.Itiseasiesttoseethisinadifferent
viewportorusethePerspectiveviewport.Dragthemousecursoraroundtoseethemarkermovevertically
fromthebasepointalongthetrackingline.
Pickthepointwiththemouseortypetheheightabovetheconstructionplane.Positivenumbersareabovethe
constructionplane;negativenumbersarebelowit.Youcanusefurtherconstraintslikecoordinates,object
snapsorgridsnapforthefirstpoint,andyoucanuseobjectsnapsfortheheight.
Tomovethemarkerintheconstructionplanez-direction,holdtheCtrlkeyandclickapointonthe
constructionplane,andthendragverticallyfromtheconstructionplaneandclicktopickapoint.
Thisconstraintiscalledelevatormode.Usingelevatormodetomoveyourpickpointverticallyfromthe
constructionplaneletsyouworkmoreinthePerspectiveviewport.
SmartTrack
SmartTrackisasystemoftemporaryreferencelinesandpointsthatisdrawnintheRhinoviewportusing
implicitrelationshipsamongvarious3-Dpoints,othergeometryinspace,andthecoordinateaxesdirections.
Temporaryinfinitelines(trackinglines)andpoints(smartpoints)areavailabletoobjectsnapsverymuchlike
reallinesandpoints.
40
Accurate Modeling
Youcansnaptointersectionsofthetrackinglines,perpendiculars,anddirectlytosmartpointsaswellas
intersectionsoftrackinglinesandrealcurves.Thetrackinglinesandsmartpointsaredisplayedforthe
durationofacommand.
Coordinate systems
Rhinousestwocoordinatesystems:constructionplanecoordinatesandworldcoordinates.Worldcoordinates
arefixedinspace.Constructionplanecoordinatesaredefinedforeachviewport.
Cartesian coordinates
WhenRhinopromptsyouforapoint,ifyoutypexandyCartesiancoordinates,thepointwilllieonthe
constructionplaneofthecurrentviewport.Formoreinformationaboutcoordinatesystemsandnumeric
constraints,seewww.mathopenref.com/coordinates.
Right-hand rule
Rhinofollowswhatiscalledtheright-hand rule.Theright-handrulecanhelpyoudeterminethedirectionof
thez-axis.Formarightanglewiththethumbandforefingerofyourrighthand.Whenyourthumbpointsin
thepositivex-direction,yourforefingerpointsinthepositivey-direction,andthepalmofyourhandfacesin
thepositivez-direction.
World coordinates
Rhinocontainsoneworldcoordinatesystem.Theworldcoordinatesystemcannotbechanged.WhenRhino
promptsyouforapoint,youcantypecoordinatesintheworldcoordinatesystem.
Thearrowiconinthelowerleftcornerofeachviewportdisplaysthedirectionoftheworldx-,y-,andz-axes.
Thearrowsmovetoshowtheorientationoftheworldaxeswhenyourotateaview.
41
Accurate Modeling
Theconstructionplanerepresentsthelocalcoordinatesystemfortheviewportandcanbedifferentfromthe
worldcoordinatesystem.
Rhinosstandardviewportscomewithconstructionplanesthatcorrespondtotheviewport.Thedefault
Perspectiveviewport,however,usestheworldTopconstructionplane,whichisthesameconstructionplane
thatisusedintheTopviewport.
Thegridliesontheconstructionplane.Thedarkredlinerepresentstheconstructionplanex-axis.Thedark
greenlinerepresentstheconstructionplaney-axis.Theredandgreenlinesmeetattheconstructionplane
origin.
Tochangethedirectionandoriginofaconstructionplane,usetheCPlanecommand.Presetconstruction
planes(WorldTop,Right,andFront)giveyouquickaccesstocommonconstructionplanes.Inaddition,you
cansaveandrestorenamedconstructionplanesandimportnamedconstructionplanesfromanotherRhino
file.
Tip:Ifyouenteronlyx-andy-coordinates,thepointwilllieontheconstruction
plane.
Relative coordinates
Rhinoremembersthelastpointused,soyoucanenterthenextpointrelativetoit.Relativecoordinatesare
usefulforenteringalistofpointswheretherelativelocationsinsteadofabsolutelocationsofthepointsare
known.Userelativecoordinatestolocatepointsaccordingtotheirrelationshiptothepreviousactivepoint.
For example
1. StarttheLinecommand.
2. AttheStart of lineprompt,clicktoplacethefirstendoftheline.
42
Accurate Modeling
3. AttheEnd of lineprompt,typer2,3,andpressEnter.
Thelineisdrawntoapoint2unitsinthex-directionand3unitsinthey-directionfromthelastpoint.
43
Create Surfaces from Curves
Acommonwayofworkingin3-Distodrawcurvesthatrepresentedges,profiles,cross-sections,orother
surfacefeaturesandthentousesurfacingcommandstocreatesurfacesfromthosecurves.
Edge curves
Youcancreateasurfacefromthreeorfourcurvesthatformthesidesofthesurface.
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheEdgeSrfcommand.
3. Selectthefourcurves.
Objectschangetoyellowwhenyouselectthem.
Asurfaceiscreatedfromthecurvesthatformitsedges.
45
Create Surfaces from Curves
Extrude curves
Extrudingcreatessurfacesbytracingthepathofacurveinastraightline.
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheExtrudeCrvcommand.
46
Create Surfaces from Curves
3. Selectthecurve(1).
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,dragadistancewithyourmouseandclick.
47
Create Surfaces from Curves
Loft curves
Loftingcreatesasmoothsurfacethatblendsbetweenselectedshapecurves.Thissurfacelookssimilartothe
Sweepacurvewithtworailsexample,butiscreatedwithoutrailcurves.Instead,theedgesofthesurfaceare
createdbyfittingsmoothcurvesthroughtheshapecurves.
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheLoftcommand.
3. Selectthethreecurves(1),(2),and(3),andpressEnter.
4. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.
5. TrysomeoftheStyleoptionsandthenclickPreviewtoseethevariousloftstyles.
48
Create Surfaces from Curves
Revolve curves
Revolvingacurvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurveaboutanaxis.Thisissometimescalledlathing.
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRevolvecommand.
49
Create Surfaces from Curves
5. Selecttheprofile curve(1)andpressEnter.
50
Create Surfaces from Curves
8. AttheStart angle...prompt,selecttheFullCircleoption.
51
Create Surfaces from Curves
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRailRevolvecommand.
52
Create Surfaces from Curves
3. Selecttheprofilecurve(1).
53
Create Surfaces from Curves
54
Create Surfaces from Curves
55
Create Surfaces from Curves
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheSweep1command.
56
Create Surfaces from Curves
3. Selecttherailcurve(1).
57
Create Surfaces from Curves
Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheSweep2command.
3. Selectthefirstrailcurve(1).
58
Create Surfaces from Curves
59
Edit Curves and Surfaces
Theeditingoperationsinthissectionbreakobjectsapart,cutholesinthem,andputthembacktogether.
Someofthesecommandsconnectcurvestocurvesorsurfacestosurfacesorpolysurfacesandbreaka
compositecurveorpolysurfaceintoitscomponents.
Thecommands:Join,Explode,Trim,andSplitapplytocurves,surfaces,andpolysurfaces.
TheRebuild,ChangeDegree,andSmoothcommandsaltertheshapeofacurveorsurfacebychangingits
underlyingcontrolpointstructure.
Inaddition,objectshavepropertiesthatareassignedtothemsuchascolor,layer,renderingmaterial,and
otherattributesdependingontheobject.ThePropertiescommandmanagestheseproperties.
Join
TheJoincommandconnectscurvesorsurfacestogetherintooneobject.Forexample,apolycurvecanconsist
ofstraight-linesegments,arcs,polylines,andfree-formcurves.TheJoincommandalsoconnectsadjacent
surfacesintoapolysurface.
Explode
TheExplodecommandremovestheconnectionbetweenjoinedcurvesorsurfaces.Forpolysurfaces,thisis
usefulifyouwanttoediteachindividualsurfacewithcontrolpoints.
Control-point editing
Youcanmakesubtlechangesintheshapeofacurveorsurfacebymovingthelocationofitscontrolpoints.
Rhinooffersmanytoolsforeditingcontrolpoints.SomecommandssuchasRebuild,Fair,andSmoothoffer
someautomatedsolutionsforredistributingcontrolpointsoveracurveorsurface.Othercommands,suchas
controlpointdraggingandnudging,MoveUVN,andHBarletyoumanuallycontrolthelocationofindividualor
groupsofcontrolpoints.
61
Edit Curves and Surfaces
Controlpointsofpolysurfacescannotbeturnedonforediting.Editingthecontrolpointsofpolysurfacescould
separatetheedgesofthejoinedsurfacescreatingleaksinthepolysurface.
62
Edit Curves and Surfaces
Adegree-2curvemusthaveatleastthreecontrolpoints.
Aparabola,hyperbola,arc,andcircle(conicsectioncurves)havedegreelessthan2.Theyhaveonebend.
Adegree-3curvemusthaveatleastfourcontrolpoints.
AcubicBzierhasdegreelessthan3Ifyouarrangeitscontrolpointsinazig-zagshape,youcangettwobends.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Transformschangethelocation,rotation,numberandshapeofwholeobjectsbymoving,mirroring,arraying,
rotating,scaling,shearing,twisting,bending,andtapering.Thetransformcommandsdonotbreaktheobjects
intopiecesorcutholesinthem.
Note:Forallofthefollowingexercises,theimageswerecap-
turedusingShadedmodedisplay.
Move
UsetheMovecommandwhenyouwanttomoveanobjectacertaindistanceorifyouwanttouseobject
snapstoplaceanobjectaccurately.
3. Selectthesphere.
4. StarttheMovecommand.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Tip:Simplytyping0isashortcutforthecoordinates0,0,0.
66
Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktheconeatthebottomedgeandpauseuntiltheCenterobject
snaptooltipdisplays.
4. Dragtheconeuntilthecenterofthecone'sbaselinesupwiththetopsurfaceofthecylinderandthe
Centerobjectsnapforthecylinder'stopfacedisplays.
5. Releasethemousebuttontoplacethecone.
6. IntheFrontviewport,dragtheconetothetopofthecylinder.
WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.
Therearemanytimeswhenyouhavetowatchwhatishappeninginotherviewportstoaccurately
placeyourobjects.
Elevator mode
YoucanpresstheCtrlkeytomoveobjectsinthez-direction.Thisiscalledelevator mode.
Elevator modeislikeOrtho,exceptthemovementisverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane.
TopracticeusingtheCtrlkeytomovevertically,youaregoingtomovetheboxtoalocation5unitsabovethe
centerofthesphere.
UsingelevatormodetomoveobjectsverticallyletsyouworkmoreinthePerspectiveviewport.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Note:
Forthefollowingimages,Shade-highlight selected surfaces and
polysurfaceshasbeenturnedon.
(Options>View>DisplayModes>Shaded>Objects>Selection)
1. TurnOrtho off.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMove.
3. InthePerspectiveviewport,rotatetheviewsothesphereistowardthefront,andselectthebox.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Copy
TheCopycommandmakescopiesofobjects.
SometransformcommandslikeRotate,Rotate3D,andScalehaveaCopyoption.Thisletsyoucreateacopy
oftheobjectasyourotateorscaleit.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
70
Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
1. OntheTransformmenu,click Copy.
2. InthePerspectiveviewport,useacrossingwindowtoSelecttheconeandthecylinder.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Rotate
TheRotatecommandrotatesanobjectinrelationtotheconstructionplanearoundacenterpoint.
Rotate an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelRotate-Scale.3dm.
Downloadthetutorialmodels.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickRotate.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. IntheTopviewport,selectthegreenhalf-cylinderasshownintheillustrationbelow.
74
Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
4. AttheCenter of rotation...prompt,withtheEndobjectsnapon,clickthelowerleftcornerofthe
box.
75
Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
7. Dragthecursoruptorotatetheboxasshownintheillustrationbelow,andclick.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Scale
TheScalecommandsgiveyoucontroloverthedirectionofthescale.Youcanre-sizeobjectsuniformlyinone,
two,orthreedirections,orscaleanobjectwithadifferentscalefactorineachdirection.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickScale,andthenclickScale 3-D.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
3. AttheOrigin point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownintheillustrationbelow.
Theoriginpointisthebasepointfromwhichtheobjectwillbescaled.Itislikeananchorpoint.The
objectwillgroworshrinkaroundthispoint.
Toscaleanobject,youmustfirstshowanoriginalsize,andthenshowanewsize.Dragthecursor
andclickanotherpointontheobjecttoshowtheoriginalsize,andthendragthecursorandclick
againtoshowthenewsize.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Mirror
Inthisexercise,youaregoingtopracticeanotherbasiceditingcommand:Mirror.TheMirrorcommand
makesareverse-imagecopyoftheobject.Objectsaremirroredacrossalinethatyoudrawinaviewport.
Mirror an object
1. OpenthetutorialmodelMirror Objects.3dm.
Downloadthetutorialmodels.
2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
3. Onthestatusbar,turnOrtho on.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
4. Selecttheobject.
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale
Array
TheArraycommandscopyobjectsintoevenlyspacedrowsandcolumnsoraroundacircle.
Orient
TheOrientcommandscombinemoveorcopy,scale,androtateoperationstohelpyoupositionandsize
objectsinonecommand.
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Curve and Surface Analysis
SinceRhinoisamathematicallyaccurateNURBSmodeler,toolsthatprovideaccurateinformationaboutthe
objectsareprovided.
TheDircommandalsodisplayssurfaceu-,v-,andnormaldirection.Surfacenormalsarerepresentedby
arrowsperpendiculartothesurface,andtheu-andv-directionsareindicatedbyarrowspointingalongthe
surface.Closedsurfacesalwayshavethesurfacenormalspointingtotheexterior.
TheDircommandcanchangetheu-,v-,andnormal-directionsofasurface.Thisdirectioncanbeimportantif
youareapplyingtexturestothesurface.
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Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature
Curveanalysistoolsletyouturnonagraphshowingthedirectionperpendiculartothecurveatapointandthe
amountofcurvature,displayacurvaturecircle,testthecontinuitybetweentwocurvesandtheintervalsof
overlapbetweenthetwocurves.
TheCurvatureGraphcommanddisplaysacurvaturegraphoncurvesandsurfaces.Thelinesonthegraph
representadirectionperpendiculartothecurveatthatpoint.Thelengthofthelineindicatesthecurvature.
Environment map
TheEMapcommanddisplaysabitmapontheobjectsoitlookslikeasceneisbeingreflectedbyahighly
polishedmetal.Thistoolhelpsyoufindsurfacedefectsandvalidateyourdesignintent.
Thefluorescenttubeenvironmentmapsimulatestubelightsshiningonareflectivemetalsurface.
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Curve and Surface Analysis
Curvature analysis
TheCurvatureAnalysiscommandanalyzessurfacecurvatureusingfalse-colormapping.Itanalyzes
Gaussiancurvature,meancurvature,minimumradiusofcurvature,andmaximumradiusofcurvature.
TheZebracommanddisplayssurfaceswithreflectedstripes.Thisisawaytovisuallycheckforsurface
defectsandfortangencyandcurvaturecontinuityconditionsbetweensurfaces.
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Curve and Surface Analysis
Edge evaluation
GeometryproblemssuchasBooleanorjoinfailurescanbecausedbyedgesonsurfacesthathavebecome
brokenoredgesbetweensurfacesthathavebeenmovedthroughpointeditingsotheycreateholes.Anedgeis
aseparateobjectthatispartofthesurfacesboundaryrepresentation.
TheShowEdgescommandhighlightsalltheedgesofthesurface.
Apolysurfacemaylookclosed,butthePropertiescommandmaytellyouthatitisopen.Someoperationsand
exportfeaturesrequireclosedpolysurfaces,andamodelusingclosedpolysurfacesisgenerallyhigherquality
thanonewithsmallcracksandslivers.
Rhinoprovidesatoolforfindingtheunjoinedornakededges.Whenasurfaceisnotjoinedtoanother
surface,ithasnakededges.UsePropertiescommandtoexaminetheobjectdetails.Apolysurfacethathas
nakededgeslistsasanopenpolysurface.UsetheShowEdgescommandtodisplaytheunjoinededges.
Otheredgetoolsletyousplitanedge,mergeedgesthatmeetend-to-end,orforcesurfaceswithnakededges
tojoin.Youcanrebuildedgesbasedoninternaltolerances.Otheredgetoolsinclude:
SplitEdgesplitsanedgeatapoint.
MergeEdgemergesedgesthatmeetendtoend.
JoinEdgeforcesunjoined(naked)edgestojoinnearbysurfaces.
RebuildEdgesredistributesedgecontrolpointsbasedoninternaltolerances.
Diagnostics
Diagnostictoolsreportonanobjectsinternaldatastructureandselectobjectsthatmayneedrepair.The
outputfromtheList,Check,SelBadObjects,andAudit3dmFilecommandsisnormallymostusefultoa
Rhinoprogrammertodiagnoseproblemswithsurfacesthatarecausingerrors.
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Organization and Annotation
Rhinooffersaidstoorganizingyourwork:
Layers
Groups
Blocks
Worksessions
Eachmethodoffersadifferentapproachtomodelorganization.Usinglayersletsyouassignalayerdesignation
toobjects.Groupsassociateobjectssotheycanbeselectedasone.Blocksletyoustoreandupdatean
associationofobjects.Worksessionsletyouworkonapartofaprojectwhileusingothermodelsintheproject
asreferences.
Rhinoalsoprovidestheabilitytoaddnotationtoyourmodel.Theseappearasobjectsinthemodel.
Dimensions
Leaders
Textblocks
Adifferentformofnotationalwaysdisplaysfacingtowardstheviewplane.
Annotationdots
Arrowheads
Inaddition,youcanaddNotestothemodel.Notesdonotappearinthemodel,butdisplayinaseparate
window.
Layers
Layersareawayofgroupingobjectsandapplyingcertaincharacteristicstoallobjectsthathavethatlayer
assignment.Therearetwomentalmodelsyoucanusewhenyouthinkoflayerstheycanbethoughtof
eitherasastoragelocationfortheobjectsorasawaytoassignasetofcharacteristicsorpropertiesto
objects.
Layerstatesincludealayername,thecolorusedtodisplaytheobjects,andtheon/offandlocked/unlocked
statusofalltheobjectsonalayer.Objectsonlayersthatareoffarenotvisibleinthemodel.Objectsonlocked
layerscannotbeselectedbutcanbesnappedto.Objectsarealwayscreatedonthecurrentlayer.Thislayer
assignmentcanbechangedlater.
Toaccomplishthemostcommontasksrelatedtolayers,clicktheLayerpaneinthestatusbartodisplaythe
popuplayerlist.Youcansetthecurrentlayer;changetheon/off,locked/unlockedstate;andthelayercolor.In
addition,right-clickthelayernametocreateanewlayer,renamealayer,deletetheselectedlayer,select
objectsontheselectedlayer,changeobjectstotheselectedlayer,andcopyobjectstotheselectedlayer.
AccomplishmoredetailedlayermanagementwiththeLayerspanel.Right-clicktheLayer panetoopenthe
Layerspanel.TheLayerspanelsetsthecurrentlayer,locksandunlockslayers,turnslayersonandoff,
changesthelayercolorandsetsthelayerrendermaterial.Youcancreatenewlayers,deletelayers,move
layersupordowninthelayerlist,filterthelayerlist,setthecurrentlayertomatchanobjectinthemodel,
changeobjectstoaselectedlayer,selectalllayers,andinverttheselection.
TheSelLayercommandselectsallobjectsonalayer.
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Organization and Annotation
Groups
Agroupisacollectionofobjectsthatselectasoneformoving,copying,rotating,orothertransformsand
applyingpropertiessuchasobjectcolor.Groupingobjectsassignsagroupnametoeachobjectthatisdisplayed
asapartofitsproperties.Objectswiththesamegroupnamebelongtothesamegroup.
Groupgroupsobjectsforselection.Agroupcancontainoneormoresub-groups.
Ungroupdestroysthegroup.
SetGroupNamechangesthenameassignedbydefault.Namingdifferentgroupstothesamename
combinesthosegroupsintoone.
AddToGroupandRemoveFromGroupaddandremoveobjectsfromgroups.
SelGroupselectsgroupsbyname.
Blocks
Ablockisanotherwayofassociatingobjectstogethertoformasingleobject.TheBlockcommandcreatesa
blockdefinitioninthecurrentmodel.TheInsertcommandplacesinstancesofthisblockdefinitioninyour
model.Youcanscale,copy,rotate,array,andotherwisetransformblockinstancesinthemodel.Ifyoueditthe
blockdefinition,allinstancesoftheblockarechangedtothisnewdefinition.Blockscanstreamlinemodeling,
reducemodelsize,andpromotestandardizationofpartsanddetails.
Multipleinstancesofablockcanbelocated,scaled,androtatedintoamodelwiththeInsertcommand.Block
definitionsarecreatedwiththeBlockorInsertcommand.Materialsandotherobjectpropertiesonblock
instancesaredeterminedbythecomponentobjects.
Explodingablockinstanceplacestheblockgeometryusingtheinstancelocation,scale,androtation.To
redefineablock,usetheBlockEditcommand,toeditthegeometry.
TheBlockManagercommanddisplaysadialogboxthatlistsalltheblockdefinitionsinthemodel.Usethe
Block Managerdialogboxtoviewblockproperties,exportablockdefinitiontoafile,deleteablockdefinition
andallitsinstances,updateablockdefinitionfromafile,findoutwhatblocksarenestedinotherblocks,and
countthenumberofblockinstancesinthemodel.
Worksessions
TheWorksessioncommandletsmanyusersworkonalargeprojectbymanagingmanyfiles.Eachusercan
editadifferentfileintheprojectandatthesametimeseetherelatedportionsoftheproject.Byrefreshingas
needed,eachusercanseethecurrentversionoftherelatedfilesintheprojects.Onlyoneusercanhaveafile
openforediting,butmanyuserscanseeit.
Rhinoworksessionsletyouattachexternalfilestoyourcurrentworkenvironment.Attachedgeometrycannot
beedited(Move,Scale),butitcanbeusedforinputtocreationcommands(Copy,ExtrudeCrv).
Dimensions
Youcandimensionobjectsinyourmodel,withyourchoiceoffont,unitsdisplay,decimalprecision,textand
arrowsize,andtextalignment.Afterdimensionsareplaced,youcanselectalldimensions,editdimensiontext,
turncontrolpointsontomovedimensionelements,anddeletedimensions.Youcanplacehorizontal,vertical,
aligned,rotated,radial,diameter,andangledimensions,textblocks,leaders,andcreatea2-Dhiddenline
drawing.
Dimensionsarenotassociative.Changingyourgeometrywillnotupdatethedimensionunlessthedimension
wasdrawnwithhistoryenabled.Changingthedimensionwillnotupdateyourgeometry.
TheDimcommandplaceshorizontalandverticaldimensionsdependingonthedirectionyoupickthepoints.
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Organization and Annotation
Dimensionsarecreatedusingthecurrentdimensionstyle.Createnewdimensionstylestocontroltextsize
andfont,andotherdimensionproperties.UsethesettingsintheDocument Propertieswindowtocreate
newstylesandsetthepropertiesofexistingstyles.
Text
TheTextcommandplacesannotationtextinyourmodel.
Leaders
TheLeadercommanddrawsanarrowleader.
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Organization and Annotation
Dots
TheDotcommandplacesatextdot.
Dotsarealwaysparalleltotheview.Dotsaredisplayedinthelayercolor.Dotsizeisconstantonthescreen.As
youzoominandout,thedotdisplaysthesamesize.
Notes
TheNotescommandprovidesameansofstoringtextinformationinyourmodelfile.Youcantypeinformation
directlyintotheNotestextbox.IfyouleavetheNotes boxdisplayedwhenyouclosethemodelfile,itwill
displaythenexttimethefileisopened.
92
Render
Inadditiontoshadedpreviews,Rhinoprovidesfull-colorrenderingwithlights,transparency,shadows,
textures,andbumpmapping.
Objectswillrenderwhiteuntilyouaddrendercolor,highlight,texture,transparency,andbumps.These
attributesarecontrolledthroughthePropertiespanel,Materialpage.
Theprocessneededtorenderscenesconsistsoffourbasicsteps:
Addlighting
Assignmaterials
Setuptheenvironmentandgroundplane
Render
Althoughthestepsdonothavetobedoneinthisorder,usingthismethodseemstomakesettingupascene
moreefficient.Toimprovequality,repeatthesestepsuntiltheimagelooksrighttoyou.
Lights
IneveryRhinorenderingtherearelightsourcesthatRhinousestocalculatehowtheobjectsaretobe
illuminated.Ifyoudonotaddanylightsourcestoyourscene,thedefaultlightisused.Thedefaultlightisa
directionallightwithparallelraysthatactsasthoughyouhavealampshiningoveryourleftshoulder.
93
Render
Materials
Materialsspecifythecolor,finish,transparency,texture,andbumpforusebytherenderer.
94
Render
Environment
Environmentsdescribethespacearoundthemodel.Thisspaceisreflectedinobjectsandcanprovideoverall
lighting.
Ground Plane
Thegroundplaneprovidesaninfinitehorizontalplatformfortheimagethatstretchestothehorizoninall
directionspositionedatadefinedelevation.Agroundplanerendersmuchfasterthanusingasurfaceasa
background.Anymaterialcanbeassignedtothegroundplane.
95
Render
Render
Renderandsaveanimage.
96
Rhinoceros 5 User's Guide
Section II: Tutorials
Thistutorialdemonstratesusingsolidprimitivesandsimpletransforms.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Entercoordinatestoplacepointsexactly.
Drawafree-formcurveandpolygon.
Createapipealongacurve.
Useapolararraytocopyobjectsinacircularpattern.
Extrudeacurvetocreateasurface.
Useplanarmode.
Enter coordinates
Whenyoupickapointwiththemouse,thepointliesontheconstruction planeoftheactiveviewportunless
youuseamodelingaidsuchasobjectsnaporelevator mode.WhenRhinopromptsforapoint,youcanenter
x-,y-,andz-coordinatesinsteadofpickingapoint.Eachviewporthasitsownconstructionplaneonwhichitsx-
andy-coordinateslie.Thez-coordinatefortheactiveviewportisperpendiculartothex-yplane.
Thegridisavisualrepresentationoftheconstructionplane.Theintersectionofthedarkredandgreenlines
showsthelocationoftheoriginpoint(x=0,y=0,z=0)ofthecoordinatesystem.
Tip:Paycloseattentiontotheviewportrequiredineachinstruction.
99
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
Draw an ellipsoid
1. TurnonOrtho.
2. OntheSolidmenu,clickEllipsoid > From Center.
3. WiththeTopviewportactive,attheEllipsoid centerprompt,type0,0,11,andpressEnter.
Thisplacesthecenterpointoftheellipsoidatx=0,y=0,andz=11.Lookatthepointinthe
Perspectiveviewport.
4. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type15,andpressEnter.
5. Movethecursortotherighttoshowthedirectionandclick.
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Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
7. Movethecursoruptoshowthedirectionandclick.
Thissetsthewidthoftheellipsoid.
9. Rotatetheperspectiveviewportsoyouarelookingalongthex-axisasillustrated.
TurnonShadeddisplaymodeinthePerspectiveviewport.
101
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type-20,andpressEnter.
102
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type4,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type2,andpressEnter.
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Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
Create a hexagon
1. OntheCurvemenu,clickPolygon > Center, Radius.
2. AttheCenter of inscribed polygon ( NumSides=4 )prompt,type6,andpressEnter.
3. IntheFrontviewport,attheCenter of inscribed polygonprompt,type9,8,12,andpress
Enter.
Thiswillplacethepolygonrightonthesurfaceofthewheelhub.
4. AttheCorner of polygonprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.
5. IntheFrontviewportdragthecursorasillustrated,andclicktopositionthehexagon.
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Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,type-.5(Noticethenegativenumber.Ifyoutypeapositive
numberatthispoint,thenutswillbeburiedinthewheelhub.Youwantthemtostickout.),and
pressEnter.
4. AttheNumber of elementsprompt,type5,andpressEnter.
5. AttheAngle to fill <360>prompt,pressEnter.
105
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
106
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type5,andpressEnter.
Thismakestheradiusofthetorustubeoneunitbiggerthanthewheelhub.
4. AttheSecond radiusprompt,type1.5,andpressEnter.
Thismakestheinnerdimensionofthetorustube.5unitssmallerthanthewheelhub.
107
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
108
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
109
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type3andpressEnter.
110
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. AttheRadiusprompt,type2andpressEnter.
111
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
112
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
113
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
114
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
115
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
116
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
2. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheTopviewport,holdtheCtrlkeytoactivateelevatormode
andclicknearthefrontendofthebodyellipsoid.
117
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
3. MovethecursortotheFrontviewport,dragthemarkerneartheendoftheellipsoid,andclick.
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Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. AttheNext pointprompt,clicktotheleftoftheellipsoidintheTopviewport.
Planarmodekeepssuccessivepointsatthesameconstructionplaneelevation.Planarmodecanbe
overriddenwithelevatormodeorobjectsnaps.WatchthecurveintheTopandFrontviewports.
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Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
5. AttheNext pointprompt,useelevatormodetoaddanotherpointintheTopviewport.
6. AttheNext pointprompts,turnoffPlanarmodeandclickseveralmorepointsintheTop
viewporttocreateacurvedline.
NoticethatthepointsareprojectedtotheTopconstructionplane.
120
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
121
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
4. Dragthedirectionsoitlinesupwiththecordcurveandclicktosetthedirection.
Thisdoesnothavetobeveryaccurate.
122
Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms
123
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
Creatingsurfacesfromcurvesandjoiningthesurfacestogetherallowsyoumuchgreaterfreedom.
Thistutorialintroducestheconceptofdrawingcurvesandonemethodofcreatingsurfacesfromthosecurves.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Drawfree-formcurvesbasedonanexistingobject.
Editcontrolpoints.
Revolvesurfacesaroundanaxis.
Revolvingcurvesisagoodmethodforcreatingtubularshapeslikevases,wineglasses,andchairlegs.
Youaregoingtouseabasicflashlightasaguidefordrawingthecurvesyouwillneedforthenewmodel.Using
thebasicflashlightgivesyouaframeofreferencefordecidingaboutthesizeandshapeoftheobject.
To get started
4 OpenthetutorialmodelfileFlashlight.3dm.
Downloadthetutorialmodels.
125
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
126
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
Draw a centerline
Drawaconstructioncenterlinethroughthecenteroftheoldflashlight.
127
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
UsetheEndobjectsnaptostartthecurveattheendoftheconstructioncenterline.
UsetheNearobjectsnaptoendthecurveontheconstructioncenterline.
Startingandendingthecurveexactlyonthelineisimportantsothatlaterwhenyourevolvethe
curvetocreateasolid,therewillbenogapsoroverlappingparts.
Whendrawingthecurve,useOrthotocontrolthefirsttwo(1and2)pointsandthelasttwopoints
(3and4)onthecurve.Ifthefirsttwopointsandthelasttwopointsareplacedinastraightline,the
curvewillstartandendtangenttothatline.
4. Whenyouhaveplacedthelastcontrolpoint,pressEntertofinishdrawingthecurve.
Toplacethelasttwopointsinastraightlinewitheachother,useGrid Snap,Ortho,or
Perpendicularobjectsnap.
128
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
129
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
130
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
131
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
1. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.
2. AttheSelect curve to revolveprompt,selectthebodyprofilecurve.
3. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,usetheEndsnaptosnaptooneendoftheprofilecurve.
5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.
132
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
133
Flashlight - Revolve Curves
5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.
134
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
Thistutorialdemonstratescreatingsurfacesfromprofilecurvesusinglofts,sweeps,andextrudes.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Usesub-objectselectiontopre-selectobjectsforacommand.
Createasurfacefromaplanarcurve.
Loft,revolve,sweep,andextrudesurfaces.
Capplanarholestocreateasolid.
Drawahelixaroundacurve.
Matchcurveends.
Createsolidpipes.
Mirrorobjects.
Uselayers.
Useobjectsnaps.
135
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. OntheSurfacemenu,clickLoft.
4. AttheDrag seam point to adjustprompt,notethedisplayofthecurvedirectionarrowsatthe
seampoints,andpressEnter.
Inthismodel,theyarenicelylinedupforyou,soyoudonotneedtoadjustthem.
136
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOKtocreatetheloft.
Tip:
SelectingobjectswiththeCtrland Shiftkeysiscalledsub-object selection.
HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeys,andclicktoselectpolysurfacefaces;surfaceand
polysurfaceedgecurves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;
andobjectswithinagroup.
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
1. HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeys,andclicktoselectthebottomface.
2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtract Surface.
4. PresstheDeletekey.
138
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
139
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 1 Rail.
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
1. Selecttheclosedcurve.
2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtrude Planar Curve > Straight.
3. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,type-1andpressEnter.
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
4. PressEntertoclosethatedgeselection.
7. PressEntertofinishtheedgeselection.
8. AttheSelect fillet handle to editprompt,pressEnter.
144
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. AttheStarting radiusprompt,type.2,andpressEnter.
4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.
145
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
3. AttheEllipse centerprompt,clickAroundCurve.
4. AttheEllipse centerprompt,snaptoanendpointoftheheadbandcurve.
UsetheEndobjectsnap.
5. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type0.5,andpressEnter.
6. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,dragthecursorinthex-directionandclick.
147
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. UnderOrientation,clickFreeform,andclickOK.
149
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. AttheScale directionprompt,dragthecursorinthey-directionandclick.
150
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
152
Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. AttheStart angle...prompt,type0,pressEnter.
6. AttheRevolution angle...prompt,type180,pressEnter.
Aroundedsurfaceiscreatedattheendoftheheadband.
7. Repeatthesestepsfortheothersideoftheheadband.
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2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
3. AttheStart of the mirror planeprompt,type0.
4. AttheEnd of the mirror planeprompt,dragthemirrorlineinthey-directionasillustrated.
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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude
5. Repeatsteps3through6fortheotherendofthehelix.
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4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.
5. AtthePoint for next radiusprompt,pressEnter.
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2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.
TheMirrorcommanddependsonwhichviewportisactive.Itusestheconstructionplaneinthe
activeviewporttodefinethemirrorplane.Themirrorplaneisperpendiculartotheconstruction
plane.Twopointsdefinethelineinthisplaneaboutwhichtheselectedobjectsaremirrored.
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Learn more
ForavideotutorialshowingamoresophisticatedmodelingmethodforaheadphonesetusingRhino'sGumball
feature,see:Modeling stereo headphones.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Thistutorialdemonstratespoint-editingtechniquesincludingmovingandscalingcontrolpointsandadding
knotstosurfacestoincreasecontrol.Inaddition,youwilluseblendstocreatesmoothtransitionsbetween
surfaces.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Rebuildsurfacestoaddadditionalcontrolpoints.
Insertknotsinasurfacetoaddcontrolpointsinaspecificlocation.
Editsurfacecontrolpointstodefineashape.
Scalecontrolpointstochangetheobjectshape.
Useobjectsnapsprojectedtotheconstructionplane.
Orientanobjectonasurface.
Createsmoothblendsbetweensurfaces.
The body
Ifyoulike,opentheexamplemodel,Penguin.3dm,andtrytomatchtheshapesasyouarebuildingthe
model.Experimentwithyourownshapes,too.
Downloadthetutorialmodels.
Thebodyandheadarecreatedfromonesphere.Theshapeisformedbymovingthecontrolpointsinthe
spheretocreatethehead.
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Draw a sphere
4 IntheTopviewport,usetheSpherecommandtodrawaspherewitharadiusof10units.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Insert knots
4 UsetheInsertKnotcommandtoinserttwoknotsinthesphereintheareawhereyouwantthe
neck.
Inserttheknotsintheu-directiononlyasillustrated.
Examinethecontrolpointstructureafterinsertingtheknot.
Repositioncontrolpointstocreatetheindentationfortheneckandtoreformthebodyshape.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
UsetheSetPtcommandtomatchthemtothebottompolepointintheworldz-directiononly.
2. IntheSet Pointsdialogbox,checkSet Z,cleartheSet XandSet Ycheckboxes,andclickWorld.
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3. Dragtheselectedcontrolpointsup.
Thiswillalignalloftheselectedcontrolpointstothesamez-value(upinFrontviewport),flattening
thesurface.
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Drag points
4 SelectrowsofcontrolpointswithawindowanddragthemupordownintheFrontviewportto
shapethebody.
UseWireFramedisplaymodeifyoufinditeasiertoselectcontrolpointsinwireframeviews.
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Scale points
1. SelectrowsofcontrolpointswithawindowintheFrontviewport.
2. IntheTopviewport,usetheScale2Dcommandtomovethemcloserorfartherawayfromthe
centralpoint.
TopickthebasepointfortheScale2DcommandusethePointobjectsnapwithProjectturnedon.
Thiswillscalethepointsparalleltotheconstructionplane.WatchtheFrontviewporttoseethe
changesinthebodyshapeasyoumovethecontrolpointsclosertoandfartherfromthecenter.
ExperimentwiththeProjectsettingintheOsnapcontroltoseehowitworks.
Youwillbeabletoseethetrackinglineprojectedtotheconstructionplaneintheviewports.
Matchtheexamplemodeloruseyourownshape.
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3. Dragindividualgroupsofcontrolpointstomakethebodyslightlyflatterinthefrontneartheneckas
illustrated.
The eyes
Theeyeisanellipsoidshapethatisorientedontothesurface.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
1. IntheTopviewport,starttheEllipsoidcommand.
Placethecenterpointanywhere.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
3. AttheBase point...prompt,intheTopviewport,pickthecenteroftheellipsoid.
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The beak
Thebeakisanotherellipsoidthatyoucanedittochangetheshape.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
1. IntheTopviewport,starttheEllipsoidcommand.
Placethecenterpointanywhere.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
3. AttheEnd of secondaxisprompt,type2toconstrainthedistance.
Usingtheseconstraintscreatesacircularellipsoidwhenseenfromthetop.
DragthecursorupordownintheTopviewportandpick.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
1. Turnonthebeak'scontrolpoints(F10).
IntheFrontviewport,selectthelowerrowofpointsanddragthemup.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
2. Selecttherowofpointsinthetopcenteranddragthemdowntoshapethebeak.
TryusingtheNudgekeys(Alt+Arrowdirectionkeys)tonudgetheselectedpoints.
The feet
Thefeetarecreatedusinganotherellipsoid.Knotsareaddedtohelpcreatethewebbedtoes.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
1. IntheFrontviewport,starttheEllipsoidcommand.
Placethecenterpointanywhere.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
3. AttheEnd of secondaxisprompt,type3toconstrainthedistance.
IntheTopviewport,dragthecursorupandpick.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
SettheSymmetrical=On.
InserttheknotsintheV-direction.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
1. Selectcontrolpointsasillustrated.
Usewindowandcrossingselectionstoselectthecontrolpointsonboththetopandbottomofthe
ellipsoid.
2. UsetheScale2Dcommandtoscalethecontrolpointsoutfromthecenterofthefoot.
UsethePointobjectsnaptosetthebasepointofthescaletothecenterpointoftheellipsoid.
Dragthepointstomakethewholefootabouttwicethesizeoftheoriginalellipsoid.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
TheCutPlanecommandmakesaplanethatpassesthroughtheselectedsurfacesalongthelineyou
draw.
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3. Jointheplanepartsandthefeet.
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The tail
Thetailisanotherellipsoid.Itisjoinedtothebodywithasmoothblendsurface.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Tip:Pickontheisocurveoredgethatyoucanseeinsidethepipe.
Tip:
WiththeSetObjectDisplayModecommand,setthepipetoawireframeor
ghosteddisplaymodesoyoucanseetheedgebetweenthebodyandthetail.
Ifyouselectthewrongpart,undowithintheTrimcommandandtryagain.
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The wings
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
2. Dragcontrolpointstocreatetheshape.
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2. Iffurtherpositioningisneeded,usetheRotateandMovecommandstoplacethewing.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Finishing touches
Tofinishthepenguin,splitthefrontpartofthebodysoadifferentmaterialcanbeappliedtoit.
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Thisallowsadifferentcolorforthefrontofthebody.
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Penguin - Point Editing and Blending
Render
Renderingcreatesarealisticpictureofyourmodelwithcolorsyouassign.Theserendercolorsaredifferent
fromthelayercolorsyoumightbeusing,whichcontrolthedisplayinwireframeandshadedmodes.
Assign materials
1. Selectthebody.
2. StartthePropertiescommand.
3. InthePropertieswindow,clicktheMaterialicon.
4. SetAssign material by,toObject.
5. UnderBasic Settings,clicktheColorswatch.
6. IntheSelect Colordialogbox,selectacolorforthebody.
7. SettheGloss finishtoabout40.
8. Selecttheotherpartsandapplymaterialsinthesameway.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
Thistutorialdemonstratesclassicboathullloftingtechniquesusingtypicalplanandprofilecurves.Theclassic
hullshapeisbasedonadesignfromanoldBoat Builders Handbookmagazine.Manydesignssimilartothisare
availableovertheInternet.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Create3-Dcurvesfroma2-Dlinesdrawing.
Rebuildandsimplifythecurves.
Useanalyticaltechniquestoensurefairness.
Loftsurfacesfromthecurves.
Rhinoisusedbymarinedesignersinmanysegmentsoftheindustry.Formoretutorialsandinformationabout
marinedesign,seetheRhinowebsiteatwww.rhino3d.com.
Note:
Theimagesinthistutorialuseadisplaysettingtochangethecolorofthebackofthe
surfaces.
Front face (1) , backface (2). Yellow arrows indicate surface normal direction, and
green color indicates surface backface.
Thisletsyouseewhichwaythenormaldirectionoftheobjectfaces.SearchtheRhino
HelpforBackface settings.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
Sheer
Thefore-and-aftcurvaturefromthebowtothesternofashipsdeckasshowninsideelevation.
Chine
Theintersectionofthebottomandthesidesofaflatorv-bottomedboat.
Transom
Theplankingformingthesternofasquare-endedboat.
Fair
Themeaningoffairismuchdebatedinthemarineindustry.Noonecandefineit,buttheyknowwhenthey
seeit.Althoughfairingasurfaceistraditionallyassociatedwithhullsurfaces,allvisiblesurfacesonanyobject
canbenefitfromthisprocess.InRhino,thefirstcueforfairnessinasurfaceisthespacingofthesurfacedisplay
isocurves.
Thereareothercharacteristicsoffaircurvesandsurfaces.Althoughacurveorsurfacemaybefairwithout
exhibitingallofthecharacteristics,theytendtohavethesecharacteristics.Ifyoukeeptheseinmindwhile
modeling,youwillendupwithabetterfinalproduct.
Theguidelinesforcreatingafairsurfaceinclude:
Usethefewestpossiblecontrolpointstogetthecurveshape.
Usethefewestpossiblecurvestogetthesurfaceshape.
Thedesignerslinesareillustrated.Thesheerandchinehavebeenextendedattheforwardandaftendsto
accommodatetheloftingprocess.
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Check curvature
1. Selectthecurvesyouwanttocheck.
2. UsetheCurvatureGraphcommandtodisplayitscurvaturegraph.
Theillustrationshowsthecurvaturegraphappliedtothetwo-dimensionalsheerinprofile.
Thecurvaturegraphshouldbecontinuousandexhibitthecharacteristicsdesiredforthecurve.Whenthe
curveisconcavedownward,thegraphwillbeabovethecurve.Conversely,concaveupwardcurveswillhave
theirgraphsbelowthem.Thepointofinflection(wherethecurveisneitherconcaveupwardnordownward)is
indicatedwherethegraphcrossesthecurve.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
3. StarttheCrv2Viewcommand.
Thethree-dimensionalrepresentationofthatcurvewillbecreated.
4. Whenyouaresatisfiedthatthepropercurvewascreated,deleteorHidethetwo-dimensional
representations.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
5. RepeattheCrv2Viewcommandforthechinecurve.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
3. AttheStart of curveprompt,usingtheEndobjectsnap,clicktheaftendofthecenterline.
4. AttheEnd of curve...prompt,usingtheMidpointobjectsnap,clickthemiddleofthecurve.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
3. Drawthecurvesoitalignsnicelywiththechineandsheercurvesintheplanviewasillustrated.
Thiscreatesanewbottomcurvetouseforthesurfaceloft.
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4. Turnonthecontrolpoints(F10)tocheckthecurve.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
Tip:HoldCtrl+ Shifttoselecttheupperedgeoftheloftsurface.
2. RepeattheLoftforthesidepanel.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
2. IntheTopviewport,offsettheline1/2inchtowardthehullsurfaces.
Thiscreatesacurvethatwillbeusedinthenextstep.Wewantasmallgapdownthecenterofthe
boatbetweenthetwohalvesforakeel.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
4. AttheEnd of extensionprompt,selectapointabovethecurrenttopofthetransomcenterline.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
2. StarttheTrimcommand.
3. SetUseApparentIntersections=Yes.
4. IntheFrontviewport,attheSelect object to trimprompt,selectthehullsideandbottom
surfacesaftofthetransomcenterline.
5. Jointhehullbottomandside.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
3. RepeattheEdgeSrfcommand.
4. AttheSelect 2, 3, or 4 curvesprompt,selectthetwoinneredgesofthehullsidesalongthekeel
atthebow.
Tip:Theorderyouselectthesurfaceedgesdetermineswhatdirectionthekeelsur-
facefaces.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
1. IntheFrontviewport,selecttheextendedtransomcenterline.
2. StarttheExtrudeCrvcommand.
3. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,setthecommand-lineoptionBothSides=Yes.
4. InthePerspective,Top,orRightviewport,dragtheextensionbeyondthehullsurface.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
1. Drawalinebetweenthetwoafthulltopedges.
2. StarttheTrimcommand.
Thetransomisnowcomplete.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
UsetheProjectcommandtoprojecttheverticallinetothesideofthehull.Thislinewillactasamarkerforthe
endofthecurve.IntheFrontviewport,drawacurvefromtheendofthedeckcenterlinecurvetotheendof
theprojectedcurveononesideofthehull.UsePlanarmodetokeepthecurveplanar.Placethefirstthree
controlpointsusingOrthotokeepthemlinedupatthecenter.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
UsetheEndobjectsnaptoplacethelastpointatthetopoftheprojectedcurveonthehull.
3. UsetheCurvatureGraphcommandtocheckthecurve.
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
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Boat Hull - Loft and Sweep
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
Thistutorialdemonstrateshowtogetstartedmodelinganobjectusingphotographsasreferencematerial.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Traceanimagetocreateprofilecurves.
Createcross-sectioncurvesforloftingtheprofiles.
Editcontrolpointstochangeasurfaceshape.
Starting images.
Finished model.
Note:Thetopandsideviewsareactuallyofdifferentspe-
cimensofthisdragonfly.Inthesideview,thewingsarefolded
up.Wewillbeusingthesideviewimageonlytodrawtheside
viewcurvesofthebody.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
1. UsetheEllipsoidcommandwiththeDiameteroptiontostarttheellipsoidintheFrontviewport.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
2. UseElevator Modetopositionthefirstpoint.
AttheStart of first axisprompt,pressandholdtheCtrlkeyandintheTopviewportclicknearthe
sideofthehead.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
3. IntheFrontviewport,movethecursoruptothecenteroftheheadinthesideviewandclick.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
Note:Drawingtheellipsoidinthisorderandusingtheseviewportsis
importanttogetthepolesoftheellipsoidintherightplaceforthenextstep.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
2. IntheTopviewport,selectanddragpointsonbothsidesoftheellipsoidtowardthebacktodeform
thehead.
3. IntheRightviewport,dragthemiddletworowsofpointsdown.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
Refertothebackgroundpicturetodeterminethestartingandendingdiameterofthepipe.
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Dragonfly - Trace Images
Finishing touches
Foraddedrealism,addcolor,reflectivity,andtransparency.
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Wrap Text - Flow along surface
Thistutorialdemonstrateswrappingtextsolidsandotherobjectsonacylinder.Theseobjectscouldbeusedto
trimholesinthecylinder.
Youwilllearnhowto:
Createtextassolidobjects.
Wraptheobjectstoasurface.
Make a surface
Forthisexample,createasimplecylinder.Onceyouhavelearnedthebasictechnique,youwillbeabletouse
othertypesofsurfaces.Rememberthattrimmedsurfacesmaintaintheirbasicrectangularshape.This
underlyingshapewillaffecttheplacementofthetext.
Create a cylinder
4 InthePerspectiveviewport,usetheCylindercommandwiththeVerticaloptiontocreateasolid
cylinder.
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Wrap Text - Flow along surface
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Wrap Text - Flow along surface
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Wrap Text - Flow along surface
3. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,setSolid=Yes.
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,type.1.
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Wrap Text - Flow along surface
4. Clicktherectangular planenearthe"lower-left"cornerasillustrated.
5. AttheTarget surfaceprompt,clickthecylinderneartheloweredgeoftheseamasillustrated.
Thetextanddecorationsolidswraparoundthecylinder.
NowyoucanusetheletterstocutthecylinderorBooleantheobjectstogether.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
ThisexampleshowshowtouseRhinotomodelasimplemechanicalpart.
Youwilllearnto
Createextrusionobjects.
Booleandifferenceshapes.
Drillholes.
Createa2-Dlinedrawingfromthe3-Dshapes.
Dimensionthe2-Dlinedrawingandmodifydimensiontext.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,setthecommand-lineSolidandtheDeleteInputoptionsto
Yes.
5. Clicktheendofthemagentaconstructionline.
Theextrudedshapeisasolidbecauseitformsaclosedvolumeinspace.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
ThesolidappearsonthecurrentredlayerProfile-02.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
5. PickapointinFrontview.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
Note:Copy HolesisactuallytheMoveHolecommandwiththecommand-line
CopyoptionsettoYes.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
6. Repeatthisforthetwoholesthatareontheothersideofthepart.
Note:Donotusethepointinthecenterofthepart.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
3. AttheCenter pointprompt,setthecommand-lineoptionsasfollows:
Depth=0.5
Diameter=0.312
DrillPointAngle=180
Through=No
Direction=CPlaneNormal
4. Clickthepointobjectinthemiddleofthebluesolidtofinishcreatingthehole.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
6. Repeattogenerateaverticaldimensionontherightsideofthepart.
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Mechanical Part - Blocks
4. Doubleclicktheradialdimensiontext,andinthetexteditbox,addthetextTyp. 5 Places.
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Mechanical Part - Layouts
ThisexampleshowshowtouseRhinotomodelasimplemechanicalpart.
Youwilllearntocreatealayoutwithatitleblockforprinting.
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Mechanical Part - Layouts
Layout viewports
Usealayouttoarrangethe2-Dlinesforprinter.
3. IntheNew Layoutwindow,selectthefollowing:
Orientation=Landscape
Width=11 inches
Height=8.5 inches
InitialDetailCount= 1
Page1willappearintheviewporttabs.
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Mechanical Part - Layouts
Note:Clickonthedetailedgetoselectit.Makesurethedetailisnotactive.
6. Dragthecontrolpointinthelowerleftcornertore-sizethedetailtofitinthetitleblock.
7. PresstheEsckeytoturnoffthecontrolpoints.
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