Since distance leveled is proportional to number of instrument setups, the misclosure criteria can

be specified using that variable.

where C is the allowable misclosure, in millimeters; m is the constant and n the number of times
the instrument is set up.

Question 1 (Polygon, closed, Loop levelling)

Using the following observations, calculate the adjusted elevation of all points.

Station BS (m) HI (m) FS (m) Elevation (m) Correction (m) Adj. Elevation (m)
BM MH1
1.546 100 0 100
(100.000)
101.546
TP1 1.231 0.514 101.032 -0.136 100.896
102.263
TP2 1.165 1.002 101.261 -0.272 100.989
102.426
TP3 0.526 0.488 101.938 -0.408 101.53
102.464
TP4 1.009 1.101 101.363 -0.544 100.819
102.372
BM MH1
1.692 100.68 -0.680 100
(100.000)
BS 5.477 FS 4.797

Misclosure = 100.68-100.00 = 5.477 - 4.797 = 0.68

Correction = -0.68/5 = -0.136
BM MH1
TP1

TP4 TP2

TP3

1
Question 2 (Link, open, free levelling)
Using the following observations, calculate the adjusted elevation of all points.

Station BS (m) HI (m) FS (m) Elevation (m) Correction (m) Adj. Elevation (m)
BM MH1 1.546 200 0.000 200.00
(200.000)
201.546
TP1 1.531 0.250 201.296 0.100 201.396
202.827
TP2 1.765 1.002 201.825 0.200 202.025
203.590
TP3 1.526 0.488 203.102 0.300 203.402
204.628
TP4 2.009 0.301 204.327 0.400 204.727
206.336
BM MH2 1.336 205.000 0.500 205.500
(205.500)

Misclosure = 205.000-205.500 = -0.500

Correction = 0.500/5 = 0.1

BM MH1 TP 2 TP 4

TP 1 TP 3 BM MH2

2
 Least squares adjustment

For a group of equally-weighted observations, the fundamental condition enforced by least

squares is that the sum of the squares of the residuals is a minimum.

v
i 1
2
i v12 v22 v32 ... vm2 min

If observed values are to be weighted, then the fundamental condition to be enforced is that the
sum of the weights times their corresponding squared residuals is minimized.

wv
i
2
i i w1v12 w2v22 w3v32 ... wm vm2 min

Question 1
Assume the observed angles of a certain plane triangle, and their weights, are A=495115,
Wa=1; B=603608, Wb=2; C=693633, Wc=3. Perform a weighted adjustment of the angles.

Answer

=180-(A+B+C)=180-1795956= +4
W=1+2+3=6

In computing adjustments involving unequally weighted observations, corrections applied to the

observed values should be made inversely proportional to the relative weights.

3
Question 2
The 3 horizontal angles measured around the horizon are x=421213, y=595615,
z=2575135. Adjust these angles by least squares so that their sum equals the required geometric
total of 360.

Answer
1. From the observation equations:
x=421213 + v1 (1)
y=595615 + v2 (2)
z=2575135 + v3 (3)

2. Write an expression that enforces the condition that the sum of the 3 adjusted angles total 360:
x+y+z =360 (4)

3. Substitute equations (1), (2), (3) into (4) and solve for v3
(421213 + v1)+(595615 + v2)+(2575135 + v3)=360
V3=-3-v1-v2 (5)

4. From the function which involves all three residuals but includes only two independent
variables v1 and v2

v 2
v12 v22 (3"v1 v2 ) 2

5. Take partial derivatives of Eq. (6) with respect to the variables v1 and v2, and set them equal
to zero:

v 2
0 2v1 2(3"v1 v2 )(1);
v1
4v1 2v2 16"
v 2
0 2v2 2(3"v1 v2 )(1)
v2
2v1 4v2 6"

6. Solve Eq. (7) and (8) simultaneously,

V1=-1, and v2=-1

7. Substitute v1 and v2 into Eq. (5) to compute v3

V3=-3+1+1=-1

8. Substitute the residuals into Eq. (1), (2) and (3) to get the adjusted angles:
x=421213 -1 = 421212
y=595615 -1 = 595614
z=2575135 -1 = 2575134
= 3600000 (check!)