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W
W1
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W3

W= W2 W3 * 100%
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Linear Shrinkage

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linear sh. = Li - Lf
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w5



Wc = w3 w4 *100%
W4 w1

Volumetric shrinkage limit = wc (w2 w5 ) * w * 100%
)13.6 (w4 w1

)(Vi Vf = (w2 w5 ) * w *100%

weight of dry soil )13.6 ( w4 w1
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 ) (4

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 ) (5 )Relative Density (Dr
) Void
(Ratio, e
:

( = Dr f min ) * max
)(max - min f

: Dr .
: max .
: f .
: min .

- Mold
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: max
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: min
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( = Dr f min ) * max
)(max - min f
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= C + n Tan
Shear strength and normal stress
:
: shear strength
n: normal stress
C: cohesion
: angle of internal friction
Tan : coefficient of friction


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( normal stress on X- axes and shear strength on Y-axes
C (
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)(Stress Strain relation ship

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Deformation Vertical Strain Proving P = Proving Ring Corrected Stress = P / Ac

Ring Reading X 0.13 )Area (Ac )(Kg/cm2
)(cm
Reading )(Kg cm2