2nd Order Transient Response

Start with a second order circuit (typically an inductor and a capacitor, or

two of each).

We get a second order differential equation.

d 2 vo (t) R dvo (t) 1 1
vo (t) vi (t)
dt 2 L dt LC LC
First order method from last lab is not helpful, but methods from class are!
Assume homogeneous response is of the form Aest.
Find characteristic values (s); for second order circuit we expect two.
For constant input (this lab) assume particular solution is a constant.
 Homogeneous Response
Rewrite differential equation (with no input):
d 2 vo (t) R dvo (t) 1
vo (t) 0
dt 2 L dt LC
d 2 vo (t) dv (t) 2
2 0 o 0 v o (t) 0
dt 2 dt
Assume homogeneous response is of the form Aest.
s 2 2 0s 2
0 0
2 2
2 0 2 0 4 0
s1,2
2
2
0 0 1

Three cases of interest with passive circuits.

1: two distinct real roots, overdamped
1: two distinct real roots, critically damped
0 1: two distinct complex roots, underdamped
We will consider only first (overdamped) and third (underdamped) cases.
 Overdamped Case (>1)
This is the easy case (for calculations, but not in lab)

Find roots.
2
s1,2 0 0 1
Write homogeneous response (constants are unknown).
vo,h (t) A1es1t A 2 es 2 t
A1et/ 1 A2et/ 2

1
1,2
2
0 0 1
 Underdamped Case (0<1)
This is the easy case (in lab, but not for calculations)

Find roots.
2
s1,2 0 0 1
2
0 j 0 1
j d (book 's notation)
Write homogeneous response. There are several forms, use
whichever is convenient (constants are unknown).

vo,h (t) A1es1t A 2 es 2 t (A1 , A 2 complex)

0t 2 2
e B1 cos 0 1 t B2 sin 0 1 t

0t 2
Ce cos 0 1 t
Particular, Complete Response
For unit step input, particular response = constant.
vo,p (t) K
Complete response (overdamped):
vo (t) vo,p (t) v o,h (t)
K A1es1t A 2 es 2 t

Complete response (underdamped):

vo (t) vo,p (t) vo,h (t)

0t 2
K Ce cos 0 1 t

Note: K is determined by input and differential equation.

Constants of homogeneous response are determined by initial
conditions.
 Initial Conditions
For this circuit, and step input:

d 2 vo (t) R dvo (t) 1 1

vo (t) vi (t)
dt 2 L dt LC LC

vo (0 ) ...? vo (0 ) 0

dv0 (t) dv0 (t)

...? 0
dt t dt t 0
0
 Effect of
Increasing denotes increasing damping ( determines nature of response)
Step response, varies
2
=0
1.8 =0.2
=0.7
1.6 =1
=2
1.4

1.2
Amplitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
 Effect of 0
Increasing 0 denotes increasing speed (0 determines speed of response)
Step response, n
varies
2
=0.5
0
1.8
=1
0

1.6 =2
0

1.4

1.2
Amplitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
 In-Lab Measurements (d)
(underdamped case only)
Measuring d
2

1.8

1.6 d
= 2 /T; T is one period

1.4

1.2
Amplitude

0.8
Why use zero crossings
0.6 instead of peaks?

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
 In-Lab Measurements ()
(underdamped case only)
t1
y1 a b e
t2
y2 a b e

t1
y1 a b e
t2
y2 a b e
t1 t 2
e

y1 a
log t1 t 2
y2 a

This is called the

logarithmic decrement.

y1 a
log
y2 a
t 2 t1

Note: we could also do a curve fit for more accuracy (and use all the data).
 Switching parameters
(underdamped case only)
0
2
d 0 1

2 2 2
0
2 2 2
d 0 1

2 2 2 2
d 0 0
2 2
0

2 2
0 d

If you do a curve fit, you can solve directly for and n.

 The Overdamped Case
For overdamped (and critically damped) case, there is no easy way to find
the two time constants from the experimental data unless you do a curve fit.

Second order, overdamped

t/ 1 t/ 2
2 y(t) A1e A 2e 1
1.8

1.6 A curve fit is made difficult

1.4 because the unknown
1.2
coefficients (A1, A2, 1, 2)
Amplitude

are hard to make initial

1
guesses for by looking at
0.8
the graph but you can
0.6 use theoretical values as
0.4 your initial guesses.
0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)

If you do a curve fit, you can solve directly for and n.