Mathematics

1
1. If , no solution, if = = , unique solution if = < 25. ( ) =


, many solutions. (non-homogeneous) 26. (sin ) =
2 +2

2. If = , trivial solution, if < ,then ( ) linearly 27. (cos ) =
2 +2

independent solutions. (Many solutions) and if < , then many 28. (sinh ) =
2 2

solutions. 29. (cosh ) =
2 2
2 3 30. { ()} = ( )
3. ( + ) = () + () + () + () +
2! 3! ()
4. If 2 > 0 and < 0 (, ) have maximum, if 2 > 31. ( + ) = () then {()} = 0
1
0 and > 0 (, ) have minimum at(, ) and if 2 < 32. { ()} = ( ) (0)
0, then saddle point. If 2 = 0, investigation is 33. { ()} = () 1 (0) 2 (0) . . 1 (0)
required to decide. 1
34. {0 ()} = ()

5. ( + ) = ( ) (Greens)

35. { ()} = (1) . [ (s)]

6. . = . (Stokes) 1
36. { ()} =

(s)
7. . = (Gauss) 0
37. () = +
=1 cos +
=1 sin
8. = + 2
+2
1 1 +2
9. If + = 0 be a homogeneous equation in and , then 38. 0 = (), = () cos , =

1 1 +2
an integrating factor () sin
+

10. If the equation of the type 1 () + 2 () = 0. If the 39. () = 0 +
=1 cos + =1 sin
2
1 1 +2 1 +2
equation + = 0 be of this type then is an 40. 0 = (), = () cos , =

integrating factor 1 +2
() sin

2

11. If be a function of x only = () say then () is an 41. () = =1 sin

, where = 0 () sin



0 2
integrating factor 42. () = + =1 cos where, 0 = () ,
2 0
2

= 0 () cos


12. If be a function of y only = () say then () is an 43. = ( ) = ()

integrating factor. 2
44. 2 = ( ) ( ) 2 = ( )2 ()
13. = + terms of N not containing x dy = c 45. : = : = 2
(Poissons
1 1 distribution)
14. . . = = , () 0, if () = 0, . . =
() () 1 2
1 ( )

1
, () 0 46. () = 2 (Normal distribution)
() 2
1 1 47. = + , = + , = + 2
15. . = sin( + ) = , (2 ) 0, if
(2 ) (2 ) 48. = + + 2 , = + . + . 2, = +
2)
( = 0, . 2 + 3 , 2 = 2 + . 3 + 4
1
then . . = sin( + ), (2 ) 0 (1 )(2 )( ) (0 )(2 )( )
(2 ) 49. = () = ( 0 + ( 1 +
1 1 0 1 )(0 2 )(0 ) 1 0 )(1 2 )(1 )

16. . . = = (1 )(2 )(1 )
() (+) + (
1 0 )(1 )(1 )
17. . = = [()]1 , 1 1 1 1
() 50. ( ) = [0 0 + 3 0 4 0 + ]
2
0 2 3 4
18. (1 + ) = 1 + 2
1
1 1 1 1
19. (1 )1 = 1 + + 2 + 51. ( ) = [ + + + 4 + ]
2 3
2 3 4
1
20. + 1 1 + 1 + = , = , 52. +1 =
( )
(Newton-Raphson)
1 ( )
2 3
2 3

= , = ( 1), = D(D 1)(D 2) +
53. 0

() = [0 + + 2(1 + 2 + . . +1 )]
2 3
0 2
() ()
21. (() (, )) = () (, ) + [(), ] (Trapezoidal)

+
[(), ] 54. 0 () = [(0 + ) + 4(1 + 3 + 1 ) + 2(2 +
0 3
4 + 2 )] (Simpsons)
22. {()} = 0 ()

23. (1) =
1 55. = 2 () = (2 ) (Trapezoidal)
12


24. ( ) =
! 56. = 4 () = (4 ) (Simpsons)
180
+1

57. +1 = + . ( , ) where = (, ) (Eulers)

 Strength of material
3 2
1. = 12. = and = (Leaf spring)
2 2 4
643
2. = 13. = (Helical spring)
4
+
3. = 14. = + cos 2 + sin 2
2 2

4. = 15. = ( ) sin 2 + cos 2
2

5. = + 2
2(1+) 16. 1 = + ( ) + 2
2 2
6. =
3(12) + 2
17. 3 = ( ) + 2
7. = = 2 2

2 2
VQ 18. = (hinged and hinged)) , = (fixed and free)
8. = 2 4 2
Ib
42 22
9.

=

=
19. = (Fixed and fixed) , =
2 2
.
1 20. = 2 where = is Rankines constant
10. = [ + 2 + 2 ]
1+( ) 2
2
11. = 2 + 2
Structural analysis
2 2 2 3
1. =
2
= 2 (Point load)
and 9. +
= (2 + ) , right support sinks by

2 2 + 2 3
2. =
=
and (udl) 10. = (2 + ), right support sinks by
12 12
2 2 61 1 62 2
3. =
=
and (uvl from left to right increase) 11. 1 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 =
30 20 1 2

4. =
2
=
(3 ) and 2
(3 ) (clockwise moment) 12. =


2 2 2 ( +)
5. = , = 0 and = 13. =
and =
2 2 2 2 2
+ 0 + 0
2 0 0 0 0
6. = 1.2 0 (rectangular beam) 14. = ,
2

0 + =
7. = 2
(two hinged arch)
0 3 12
15. Far end fixed, Transverse displacement, = and =
2 8 2 12 3
8. H= (cable with udl) and Length of cable = + 3 3
8 3 16. Far end hinged, Transverse displacement, = and =
3 3

RCC

1. = + 1.65
21. ( ) =7 for cantilever, 20 for SS and 26 for continuous beams.

2. = 5000 and = 0.7
If span is more than 10 m, multiply above values with 10/span for
0.87
3. = 0.002 + SS and continuous beams.

280
4. = 2 105 , = 22. =
4
, multiply value with 1.6 for deformed bars and 1.25
3
0 for bars in compression.
5. = + + 6 for T-beams.
6
0 23. + 0 and 1.3 + 0 (If confinement exists)
6. = + + 3 for L-beams.
12
7.
0
+ for isolated T-beams. 24. = , , = + tan
0

+4 0.87
0.50 25. =
8. + for isolated L-beams.
0
+4 0.4
26. (minimum shear reinforcement)
0.87 . , 0.0035 0.87
9. = and = 0.87
0.36 0.0055+ 27. 0.75 300 for vertical stirrups.


10. = 0.87 . ( 0.42 ) for ,max 28. = + 1.6 and = + (1 + )
1.7
11. = 0.36 . . , ( 0.42 , )
29. 35 for ss and 40 for continuous slabs for Fe-250. For Fe-415
, 0.87 ,
12. = ( ) multiply above values with 0.8
0.36 100

13. = 0.87 ( ) 30. 2 = 0.25 , = 0.5 + 1.0 and =


14. = 0.15 + 0.65 when > 0.2 31. , = + , 20 whichever is greater.
500 30

15. 0.87 ( , ) = ( 0.447 ). 32. , =
500
+
30
, 20 whichever is greater.
16. = , + 0.87 . ( , ) ( ) 33. = 0.4 + 0.67
0.85
17. = (minimum tension reinforcement) 34. 0.36 ( 1) , = 2 and =

18. , = 0.12 % of for -415 and 0.15 % of for -250. 35. = 1.25

48
(slabs)
1 1
19. , = 4% (Beams) ,, = 4% (Beams) 36. , = 0.45 ,1< 2 , 1 =Largest frustum of a
2 2

20. ( ) =( ) pyramid with side slopes 1 in 2, 2 =loaded area of column base

 Geotechnical Engineering
1 2
1. = 37. = ( ) + ( ) (Skemptons pore pressure
log10 2 /1
parameters)
2. =
38. = + is stress path equation where = tan1 and =
60
3. = / cos
10

2
30 39. = +
4. = log10 0
60 10 0

5. = 0.73 ( 20) 40. = 0.009 ( 10) (for normally consolidated soil)

6. = 41. = 0.007 ( 10) (for over consolidated soil)

7. = 42. =
1+0

8. = /
43. =
0
9. =
44. =

10. = where is clay fraction (Activity)
45. =
1/, 1/ 2
11. = =
1/,1/, 46. = 2 when 0.6
4
1 tan 1
12. = (non homogeneous) 47. = 0.933 log10 (1 ) 0.085 when > 0.6
2 tan 2
0 +
3 2 48. = log10
13. = 1+0 0
1+
0 +
14. =

(absolute permeability) 49. = log10 + log 10
1+0 0 1+0

ln(2 /1 ) 02 2
15. = (Permeability in unconfined aquifer) 50. =
22 12 2

16. =
ln(2 /1 )
(Permeability in confined aquifer) 51. =

2 2 1
1 1 +2 2 52. = + + 0.5 (Terzaghis strip)
17. = (effective horizontal permeability in stratified
1 +2 53. = 1.3 + + 0.4 (Terzaghis square)
soils) 54. = 1.3 + + 0.3 (Terzaghis circle)
+2
18. = 11 (effective vertical permeability in stratified soils)
1
+ 2 55. = (1 + 0.3 ) + + (1 0.2 ) 0.5 (Terzaghis
2
19. = (effective permeability) rectangle)
20. =

ln
1
(falling head permeability test) 56. = + + 0.5
2
(Meyerhof)
21. = (constant head permeability test)
= 2 and = 2

22. = (seepage discharge) 57. = (Skempton)

5
3 1 1
2 = 5 (1 + 0.2 ) (1 + 0.2 )
23. = ( 2) (Boussinesqs formula)
2 2 1+()

Limiting value of / 2.5
3
1 1
2
12
58. = (ENR) where
+
24. = ( 2 ) where = (Wesrwegaards
2 2
2 +( ) 22 =

formula) 2.54 0.254

2
2 1
59. = (Hiley)
+2
25. = ( 2
) (line load)
1+( ) where = 1 + 2 + 3

26. = (2 + sin 2) where = tan1 (stress under centre 1 = 9.05 with dolley and 1 = 1.77 without dolley and

of strip load of width 2 )
2 = 0.657
27. = (2 + sin 2 sin 2) where 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 +


2 ( strip eccentric point) 3 = 3.55

28. = (1 cos 3 ) where = tan1 (stress =

under centre of circular load) = = 0.1
29. sin =
1 3
(for cohesion less soils) = 2
1 +3
+ 2
(1 3 )/2 = when >
30. sin = (for cohesive soils) +
cot +(1 +3 )/2
+ 2 2
31. 1 = 2 tan + 3 tan2 where = 45 +
= ( ) when <
+ +
2
2
32. tan = (shear box test for cohesion less soils) 60. = (Danish) 0 =
+ 20

33. = 2 ( + ) (if both top and bottom surfaces 61. = + (clays)
2 6
contributes) 62. = + ( + 2) (clays)

34. = 2 ( + ) (if only bottom surface contribute) 63. = + tan (sands)
2 12
12 15
35. = (immediate settlement )
64. = ( + ) or = ( + ) (Group)
2
+0.3
36. = ( ) (settlement of footing based on plate 65. = 2 +
+0.3

settlement) 66. = + 2 +
1sin 1+sin
67. = and =
1+sin 1sin
 2 cos cos2 cos2 2
68. = and unsupported vertical cut = 2 71. = and = cos
cos +cos2 cos2 2
sin2 (+)
69. = 2 (Inclined backfill)
sin(+) sin()
sin2 sin() (1+sin() sin(+)) cos +cos2 cos2 2
72. = and = cos
cos cos2 cos2 2
(Coulombs active )
sin2 ()
(Inclined backfill)
70. = 2 1
sin(+) sin(+)
sin2 sin(+) (1sin(+) sin(+))
73. = 15 + ( 15) > 15 =
2
15 (dilatancy)
(Coulombs passive ) 1
74. = (Quick sand condition)
1+

Hydrology

1. A tropical cyclone is a zone of low pressure with anticlockwise 11. = + (0 ) (Hortons equation)
winds in the northern hemisphere. 12. : It is the average rainfall above which the rainfall volume
2. Anticyclones cause clockwise wind circulations in the northern is equal to the runoff volume.
hemisphere.
13. : =

2 )2
1001 1 ( 0.2 +0.8
3. = ( ) , = and 1 = 14. = 0.6 and =
1 2

4.

=
1
[
1
+
2
+ +

] (Normal ratio method) 15. 1 + 0 = ( + )2 (Dilution technique)
1 2
+ ++ 16. = 2.778 , (Equilibrium discharge) A in 2 and D in h. in
5. = 1 1 2 2 (Thiessen-mean method) 3

1 +2 ++ /
1
+ + +
17. (1 2 ) = 1 2 and = (. ln ) (Gumbels)
1 ( 1 2 2 )+2 ( 2 2 3 )++1 ( 12 ) 1
6. = (Isohyetal method) 1
18. , = 1 = 1 (1 ) = 1 (1 )

7. , = and 1 = 1 +0.5 +0.5
19. 2 = 0 2 + 1 1 + 2 1 , 0 = , 1 = and
8. 75% dependable annual rainfall is annual rainfall with probability +0.5 +0.5
0.5
+1 1 2 = , 1 + 2 + 3 = 1
= 0.75, i.e. = = +0.5
0.75
20. + =
9. The chemical used as evaporation inhibitor is cetyl alcohol.
10. Evapotranspiration can be measured by Lysimeters.
0 1 1
21. = = ln (recuperation test)
2
 Fluid mechanics

1. = . 26. =

8 5
2. + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0 (continuity equation) 27. Q= . 2. tan /2 2
15

3. + . =0 (continuity equation) 28. =
2
2 1 2 1
4. 1 2 = = = (2 1 ) 1 2
29. = Cd . 2gh and = ( 1)
1 2 2 2
5. = ( + )[( + ) ] = ( + ) (Jet propulsion
moving with velocity) 30. = 1 2

1 12 2 22 31. = and =
6. + + 1 = + + 2
2 2

2 32. = and =
7. = and =
2
. 33. ( ) = =1
8. = . and = .
2 2
1 2
34. ( ) =

9. = . ( ) . ( 2 2 ) = . [1 ( ) ]
4
32 128
35. = . + . + . +

10. 1 2 = =
2 4
64 64
11. = = 36. = . + . + . +

1
7 37. = . + . + . +
12. = . (1 ) (Turbulent)

2 1 1
13. = 38. = = ( )
2 2 2

=
1 2 3 39. Vorticity = 2
14.
5 1 5 + 2 5 + 35
(Compound pipe)
40. Circulation =
2 0.5 2 2 2 1.5 2
15. = + + + and = + (Siphon) 41. = 2
2 2 2 2 2
Q Q
16.
= 0 (1 ) 42. Q1 = [1 + cos ] Q 2 = [1 cos ] ( is with plate)
2 2
NQ NP
17. = 0 (1 ) 43. Ns = , Ns =
H3/4 H5/4
2 2 3
18. = 0 (1 2 ) 44. =

5
19. Blassius boundary layer thickness = 45. =
.

1.729
20. Displacement thickness = 212 22 12 +1 2 +22
46. 3 = and =
1 +2 1 +2
0.664
21. Momentum thickness = 47.

=

2
1 3
0.664 2
22. , = and = ,
2 48. 1+1 = 2 + 2 (specific force=pressure force+momentum per
2 2 1.328 sec)
23. Drag force= = 0 = , =
2 2 2 2 2
11.6 11.6 49. [1 + 2 ] = (sequent depths for rectangular channel)
24. = = (Laminar sub layer) 1 1 13
/
(2 1 )3
IG 50. = (Energy loss in jump)
25. = x + and = + . 2 41 2
Ax

 Irrigation Engineering

1. = log ( ) 30. = 19

[
+
], = =



2. = .

+ 1 1+1+ 2
3. = 31. = ,= and =
++ ++ 2
+
2 1 2 1 1
32. = cos 1 ( ) and = cos1 ( )
4. = 8.64
1 1 2 +1 1
33. = cos ( ) , = cos 1 ( 2 ) and =
5. = 1 1
1 2 1 1+12 +1+22 1+12 1+22
6. = cos 1 ( ) , 1 = and 2 =
1 2 2
1 2
7. = , 1 = 2 =


8. = 34. Non-modular modules: Drowned pipe outlet, masonry

sluice and wooden shoots.
9. = 1 , = and
35. Semi modules or flexible modules: Pipe outlet, venturi
=
flume or Kennedy, open flume and orifice semi module.
10. =
36. Rigid modules: Gibbs module, Kannas rigid module and
11. = +
foote module.
12. = (1.8 + 32) /
40 37. Flexibility = = . , =discharge in outlet and
/
13. = ( )
= discharge in channel, =outlet index and
14. = =channel index. =working head of outlet and =
1
1
15. = 6 , is in meters depth of water in channel.
24

16. 0 = 0.55 0.64 38. Proportionality: = 1 =

1 0.00155
+(23+ )
17. = [
0.00155 ] 39. Setting =
1+(23+ )


1 40. > , hyper proportional outlet.
2 6
18. = ( )
140
41. < , sub proportional outlet.
5 2
19. = ( ) / /
2 42. Sensitivity, = = =
/ /
20. = 4.75
5 43. Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with clear gap.
3
21. = 1
44. Syphon Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with syphonic
33406
1
action.
2 3 45. Super passage: Drain over canal with clear gap.
22. = 1.35 ( )

2 1 46. Canal Syphon: Drain over canal with syphonic action.
23. = 10.8 3 3
47. Principal stress in dam
24. = 2 ( + cot ), = 2( + cot ) for Lined = sec 2 tan2
Triangular section. where = and = water
25. = + 2 ( + cot ), = + 2( + cot ) for Lined pressure of tail water and
Trapezoidal section. =
26. Launching apron scour depth, 48. =

1
3
= , = 0.47 ( )


27. Length of launching apron = 5 49. = and =
( +1) ( +1)

28. = , where

= 50. 1.85 = 2 0.85

29. = , where
1
=
 Environmental Engineering

1. = 0 + , where =average of population 23. PH range for alum: 6.5 to 8.3.

increase (Arithmetic increase method) 24. is most destructive disinfectant.
1
2. = 0 (1 +

) , where = (1 2 ) (Geometric increase 25. Quick lime required in softening =Carbonate hardness in / as
100 56 56
method) 3 56/100 + ++ +2
24 44

3. = 0 + +
(+1)
, where =average of incremental 26. Soda required in softening =Non-carbonate hardness in / as
2
3 106/100
increase
27. = (1 10 )
4. Carbonate hardness=Total hardness or Alkalinity whichever is
28. , = ,20 (1.047)20
lesser.
29. = 1 (0.794)20 and = 1 (0.630)37
5. Non-carbonate hardness = Total hardness carbonate hardness 100
50 50
30. % =
1+0.0044u
6. Total hardness = ++ in mg/l +++ in mg/l +3+ in
20 12 where =organic loading kg/ha-m/day
50
mg/l 100 1+RI
9 31. % = where =
50 50 1+0.0044u/F (1+0.1RI)2
7. Akalinity = 3 in mg/l + 3 in mg/l + in
V volume of Aeration tank
30 61 32. HRT = =
50 Q Rate of sewage flow.
mg/l
17 33. Volumetric BOD loading = organic loading =
8. Ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen is called Kjedahl nitrogen. Mass of BOD applied per day to Aeration tank QY0
=
9. Colour: 5 Hazen units (max), PH: 6.5-8.5, Turbidity: 1 NTU (max), volume of aeration tank. V
F Q Yo
TDS: 500 mg/l (max), Chloride: 250 mg/l (max), Sulphate: 200 mg/l 34. =
M V Xt
(max), Nitrate: 45 mg/l (max), fluoride : 1mg/l (max), Total 35. =
V.Xt
=

Qw.XR +(QQw )XE .
alkalinity: 200 mg/l (max), Total hardness: 200 mg/l (max),
30
Magnesium: 30 mg/l (max), Calcium: 75 mg/l (max), Zinc: 5 mg/l 36. Sludge volume index (SVI) =

(max), Iron: 0.3 mg/l (max), Free residual chlorine: 0.2 mg/l (min). QR Xt X
37. = = 106 t
Q XRXt Xt
10. Toxic substances: Cadmium, Cyanide, lead, Mercury, Nickel, SvI
Vs Qs + VR QR
Arsenic, chromium. 38. C =
Qs + QR
11. E-coli shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample of drinking 0 1
39. ( ) = {1 ( 1) 0 }
water. 0
1
12. Standard sample of MPN: 10ml, 1 ml and 0.1 ml 40. = . [{1 ( 1) 0 } ]
0
13. MPN/100 ml, by Thomas 0
100
41. = (10 10 ) + 0 10
1
=
42. Primary pollutants: CO, 2 , , hydrocarbons and particulate
2
14. = ( 1) matter are primary air pollutants.
18
15. Percentage particle removal:

100 (If < 0 ) 43. Secondary pollutants: Ozone, PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate),
0
photochemical mog, Aerosols and mists.
16. Chemical used in coagulation: Alum (Aluminium sulphate),
44. < : Sub adiabatic and stable.
Copperas (Ferrous sulphate), Chlorinated copperas, Sodium
45. > : Super adiabatic and unstable
aluminates.
46. =20 log10 where = 20
17. Al2 (SO4 )3 18H2 O + 3 Ca(HCO3 )2

3CaSO4 +2Al(OH)3+6CO2 +18H2 O 47. =10log =1 10 10
300
18. Alkalinity requirement = / as 3 per 1/ of Alum 48. Addition of sound levels:
666
408 1 2
19. Permanent hardness due to alum = / as 3 per = 10 log10 [1010 + 1010 + + 1010 ]
666
1/ of Alum 49. Averaging of Sound Pressure Levels:
156
20. Sludge production = / as 3 per 1/ of Alum 1 1 2
666 = 20 log10 { (1020 + 1020 + + 10 20 )}
264
21. 2 release = as 3 per 1/ of Alum
666 50. 2 = 1 20 10 ( 2 )
1 1
2
22. = ( ) where P is in Watts

 Transportation Engineering
2 2
1. = (parabolic camber) 37. : interpolate load for depth from line joining (, log )
2
2 and (2, log 2).
2. = + , = 2
2() 1
3 4
3. = 1 + 2 + 3 , 1 = , 2 = 2 + , 3 = , 38. Radius of relative stiffness = [ ]
12(12 )
= 4/ (

)
2
2 2 39. = (modulus of subgrade reaction)
4. =+ , = + 0.125
2 9.5
3
40. = ( is rigid plate radius)
1.18
5. = (comfort condition)
41. = ( is flexible plate radius)
6. = ( + ) (rotated about inner edge) 1.5

2 2
42. 1 1 = 2 2
7. = 2.7 for plain and rolling terrain, = for steep and
43. = (below 7 /2 contact

mountainous terrain.
pressure is more)
8. IRC recommends Spiral as transition curve.
2 44. = (expansion joint)
9. = 2
24
45. =
2
10. = (1 cos ), = / (single lane, > )
2 46. = (tie bar area of steel per meter)

11. = (1 cos ) + sin , = (Single lane, < ) 2
2 2 2 47. = (length of tie bar)
2 4
12. Curve resistance = (1 cos ) ()
30+ 75 48. () = (Poisson distribution)
13. Grade compensation = or whichever is less !

2
49. ( ) =
14. = 2 when > (Summit curve for SSD), =
(2+2) 50. = (1 ) and = (1 )

0.15 = 1.2 1000
(2+2)
2 51. = and =

15. = 2 when < (Summit curve for SSD), 30

52. = or =
= 0.15 = 1.2 4 15
1 +2 ++
2 53. =
16. = 2 when > (Summit curve for OSD), = 1.2
(2+2)
2 54. = 1 +2 ++
(2+2)
17. = 2 , < (Summit curve for OSD), = 1.2 +


2 55. = , =
+
18. = when > (valley curve), = 0.75 = 1
2+2 tan
2+2 tan
56. Safe speed limit is 85th percentile speed
19. = 2 , < (valley curve), = 0.75 = 1 57. Geometric design is based on 98th percentile speed.

1
3 2 58. Road side facilities are based on 30th highest hourly volume.
20. = 2 ( ) (valley curve comfort condition) 1.5+5

80
59. 0 =
10
21. =
75+ (1+ )(1 )
3
22. = 60. = 280
(1+ )
0.6
100
61. = +
3
23. = 62. = 7 % 300
1.8
100 63. , = 15
6.5


1000

100( ) 64. Temperature correction = 1% 1
24. Angularity number= 67 , C is weight water in the

65. Gradient correction = 20% 1% .
cylinder, W is weight of aggregate packed in the cylinder.
2
25. Penetration test unit is 1/10th mm. Weight used 100 grams. 66. =
125
Temperature 25. 0.388 2
67. = where = 6 +
1 +2 +3 + 2
26. = 1 and =
2

1
+ 2+ 3 + 68. Turning radius for subsonic aircraft is 120 m and for supersonic it
2 3
is 180 m
27. =

69. Grade compensation for BG is 0.04%, for MG is 0.03% and for NG
28. = , = and = +
is 0.02% per degree of curve.
1720
29. = 70. =

th
30. Flow value units 1/4 mm 2
(1+) 1
71. =
8
31. = 365 [ ] and = (1 + ) 2

72. =
32. = 0.75 0.4 (single 127
73. Theoretical cant = +
carriageway)
13(+)2
33. LDF=0.75 for two lanes and 0.60 for three lane and 0.45 for four 74. Widening of gauge in cm, = where B is wheel base in

lane (dual carriageway) m, lap of flange in m, = 0.022 +
, h is depth of wheel
4 flange below rail top level, D dia of wheel in cm.
34. = ( ) , where P is in kN
80
3
/2 75. = 3.28 (Transition curve)
35. 2.5 = =
70 1370
3
/2 76. = (Transition curve)
36. 5 = = 6
105 2055
77. Usually adopted transition curve for railways is cubic parabola.