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08 12 OGF 06 WaterTreating PDF
08 12 OGF 06 WaterTreating PDF
Chemical enhanced oil recovery Other factors are now coming recently, implementation of CEOR has
(CEOR) using polymers, surfactants, together to provide what appears to be been mostly driven by the national oil
and alkalis is not an entirely new a push to CEOR. A significant fraction companies (NOCs). This is particularly
technology. Its application peaked in of world oil production is from mature true in Oman and China. Most of the
1986 (Manrique et al. 2010). Following fields. While there will continue to be recent large-scale activity in CEOR has
the oil price collapse that occurred price fluctuations, supply and demand occurred in Petroleum Development
in the mid-1980s, the number of volumes will inevitably drive up the Omans Marmul field (Al-Mutairi and
significant new CEOR projects and the price of oil in the long run. Kokal 2011) and Chinese National
oil volumes involved have been small. For the past 25 years, most CEOR Petroleums Daqing and Shengli fields
However, with the recent sustained projects have been small. Nevertheless, (Chang et al. 2006; Nguyen et al. 2011;
oil prices of the last several years and many small projects, plus the larger Ji-Cheng and Kao-Ping 2008; Yang et
a few success stories, CEOR is staging projects in China and Oman, have al. 2006). An NOC views the higher
acomeback. contributed to an understanding of UR of CEOR as an added incentive
In this article, the challenges and water/chemical/reservoir interactions. because it demonstrates sustainable
opportunities of these projects are This has lead to an ability to formulate development and a commitment
discussed. The scope of this discussion the chemistry for optimal recovery and to long-term management of oil
is limited to topsides facilities in reduced the uncertainty and risk in resources. Economic viability, of
general and water treatment in reservoir response. In the fields where it course, is taken into account, but on a
particular. Design issues, whether has been practiced, relatively encouraging relatively long time horizon.
onshore or offshore, are discussed results have been obtained, and a Historically, interest in CEOR
from both the water injection side small but dedicated group of industry on the part of the international oil
and the handling of back-produced practitioners and academic experts are companies (IOCs) has followed strictly
polymer for disposal injection or developing an understanding of reservoir economic terms. But that situation
forrecycle. response that can be applied globally. is changing. Most of the major
The chemicals available have IOCs are under intense pressure to
Drivers for CEOR improved in effectiveness, and their secure replacement volumes. Given
CEOR involves flooding a reservoir costs have come down. IFP Energies that NOCs in general have 10 times
with an alkaline/surfactant/polymer nouvelles estimates the current cost the proven reserves of IOCs, one
(ASP) combination, a surfactant/ for CEOR at USD 1030/incremental of the ways that an IOC can secure
polymer mix, or a polymer-only barrel of oil, with polymer flooding replacement volumes is to establish
injection. While CEOR can provide at the lower end of the scale and itself as the partner of choice among
an increase in ultimate recovery (UR), surfactant flooding at the higher end. the NOCs.
there remains uncertainty in just how Besides the purely economic CEOR is being readily adopted by
much of an increase will be obtained. factors, there are other factors. Until a number of regional oil companies,
The literature describes increases in
UR from 0 to approximately 30% of
oil originally in place for CEOR floods John Walsh is SPE Technical Director for Projects, Facilities,
(Delshad 2010). The historical cost and Construction and a chemical process engineer at Shell.
of chemicals for CEOR is relatively Hecan be reached at John.M.Walsh@shell.com.
expensive. As a result of recovery
uncertainty and relatively high cost,
for nearly 20 to 25 years, the cost-
to-benefit ratio has been relatively
marginal and speculative.
Recently, Total started polymer viscosity can likely be performed polymer from the back-produced
flooding the Dalia field in deepwater withconfidence. CEOR fluids.
offshore Angola. On average, However, the presence of polymer One of the interesting
8,000BWPD are being injected using changes two other key aspects of the developments in water treating back-
desulfated seawater from an SRM produced water. First, it is known that produced fluids is in chemical treating
system. Polymer concentration is at low concentration (<500 mg/L), of ASP fluids. In a recent application of
about 900 mg/L. A 750-kg bag of HPAM polymer promotes coagulation hydrophilic/lipophilic deviation (HLD)
polymer is consumed every 1.5 days. and flocculation of oil drops. It is theory, George Hirasaki and his group
An increase in daily oil production was a common component of deoiling at Rice University (Pena et al. 2005)
seen soon after polymer injection. It products used to treat produced have identified cationic surfactants
is too early for back-produced fluids. water. At higher concentrations, that act as strong demulsifiers to
Once the back-produced fluids contain though, the produced water viscosity break ASP emulsions. Typical ASP
detectable concentrations of polymer, and viscoelastic properties become back-produced fluids are composed
the produced fluids will be routed to a dominant. The only information at this of tight emulsions of small oil drops
disposal well (Morel et al. 2012). Other time is from theoretical considerations, in water that are stabilized by the ASP
operators have larger offshore polymer which suggest that back-produced chemicals. Thechemistry of these
flood projects under development. fluids containing polymer are more demulsifiers is specific in the sense
For many polymer projects, sensitive to shearnot shear thinning that only oneparticular compound
treating back-produced CEOR fluids of the polymer, but oil/water emulsion seems to work with any particular
will be a challenge. One of the early tendency. In other words, for a given ASP formulation. Nevertheless, when
deterrents to CEOR in the 1980s shear rate, a back-produced fluid the proper chemistry is selected,
was the difficulty of separating and containing polymer will have higher settling time is reduced from 12 hours
metering the oil. Reservoir response oil-in-water concentration and smaller to 12 minutes (Nguyen et al. 2011).
was essentially unknown for many oil drops. If this is indeed the case, Apparently, the cationic surfactant
applications because accurate oil- back-produced fluids will be more demulsifier pushes the ASP surfactant
production rates could not be difficult to deoil. As important as away from the oil/water interface.
determined because of inadequately this question is, it remains largely From a high-level perspective, it is not
designed separation facilities. unexplored. The literature describing a surprise that a chemical strategy is
Designing the separation facility field experience is ambiguous successful in treating such a chemically
remains a challenge. andunclear. stabilized emulsion.
A polymer flood will result Second, polymer increases One of the avenues being pursued
in back-produced water with at jetting of bubbles in a flotation unit. is to degrade the polymer in the
least twice and up to an order The bubbles tend to form jets, rising back-produced fluids. Because the
of magnitude greater viscosity rapidly and causing secondary flow, polymer is shear sensitive, mechanical
compared to conventional produced making it more difficult to evenly degradation is an obvious idea. The
water, depending on the polymer disperse bubbles in the presence of key will be to degrade the polymer
concentration and extent of polymer polymer and significantly reducing molecules without shearing the oil
degradation. While this is significant, the performance of a flotation unit. drops. There is some hope that this
it can be taken into account in Perhaps this problem can be solved by could be done. The size scale of the
equipment design. Water viscosity better design of bubble distribution polymer molecules is on the order of
differences are already well known in systems. After all, bubble distribution nanometers, while the size scale of the
the industry, and equipment design is an area of flotation design that has oil drops is on the order of microns.
models accurately account for the been steadily improving over the years. Thus, two different size scales are
effect. The produced fluids in the This is another question that remains involved. Further, the viscous stress
Norwegian sector of the North Sea relatively unexplored. required to degrade the polymer is less
are hot and, therefore, have about Perhaps all of these problems than that required to shear oil drops.
half the viscosity of produced water can be overcome by new equipment Thus, a device that generates nano-
in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. This designs. The literature on the Daqing scale viscous shear, while avoiding
viscosity difference, from temperature field suggests this may be the case, micron-scale turbulence, might do
alone (and not polymer), is adequately including an example of an innovative the job. High Reynolds number
taken into account in water treating technology that has recently been turbulent eddies must also be avoided
system design. Extrapolation to higher installed to separate and recycle the because, according to Richardson
and Kolmogorov (Davidson 2004), be addressed in the early stages of specialized in water treating and
turbulence generates an energy theproject. have developed deep expertise in
cascade that inevitably leads to all three areas critical to water
micro-scale eddies of the kind that Opportunities in treating: chemistry, equipment, and
will shear oil drops. Altogether, these WaterTreating process lineup.
requirements lead to ultrasound In addition to the technical challenges Chemical companies are pursuing
treatment as the best candidate. mentioned, there are significant the opportunities vigorously. This
Such devices might be expensive for opportunities as the industry is not a surprise. Obviously, CEOR
large volume flows; this remains to implements CEOR projects. While involves intense chemistry and,
bedetermined. the technology is complex and therefore, offers a market opportunity.
Chemical degradation is also knowledge in this area is specialized, There is another reason that is perhaps
being evaluated. Typical polymers the commercial barrier to entry is not less obvious. Chemical suppliers
used in CEOR can be degraded using high. Relatively few patents remain in have a first-row seat at the game.
hypochlorite. Perhaps there are other effect. Few if any intellectual property Upstream chemical suppliers typically
treatments that would be possible. In barriers exist. The main barrier to employ 10 times the number of field
proppant fracturing, the viscosifier entry is expertise. staff compared with almost every
polymers are designed for injection Deep expertise in water treating other oilfield services provider on
at high viscosity and backflow at low is required. If history is a guide, NOCs an equivalent revenue basis. Field
viscosity. This is required for optimal and IOCs will look for this expertise services are the main value driver for
proppant placement. It is achieved from the consultants, chemical chemical providers, and they see the
in various ways, such as thermal or suppliers, equipment suppliers, field problems firsthand. The top-tier
enzymatic degradation. Perhaps there academia, and the engineering upstream chemical suppliers are very
is a similar strategy that could be consultant companies. Pockets of effective at capturing the challenges
used to lower the viscosity of CEOR expertise are developing. of water treating and developing
polymers in back-produced fluids. Selecting appropriate technology newproducts.
Obviously, in this case, the polymer and designing an integrated process On the equipment side, the
would need to maintain high viscosity requires expertise. There is a wide situation is a bit different. The
through the reservoir and only become variation in the level of expertise major equipment suppliers see an
degraded during or shortly after available from the engineering firms. opportunity to sell more sophisticated
backproduction. Most do not have the expertise water treating equipment (i.e., those
In all of these water treating required to select and design systems with greater process intensity) to
challenges, the devil is in the details. that not only perform well but also onshore CEOR projects. Given the
Seemingly small decisions can make are simple to operate. On the other difficulty of treating back-produced
the difference between a system hand, some engineering companies fluids, settling tank residence time
that performs well with minimum have established an industry niche becomes impractical. Therefore, it
operating expenses and high uptime by providing expertise together makes sense to use hydrocyclones,
vs. a system that is chronically difficult with engineering. Such companies flotation, and nutshell filters. It appears
and costly to operate. Operators that are notable in that they send staff to though, based on pilot and field tests,
suffer water treating problems often workshops and encourage staff to that the equipment performs only
do not tally the real cost of those publish papers. They offer consulting about half as well as hoped. Shear
problems. The staff time required to in addition to engineering. Such thinning, higher oil concentrations,
solve water treating problems can be companies add significant value smaller drops, and bubble jetting make
high and can put significant strain on toaproject. these fluids more difficult to treat than
the staff resources of an organization. Knowledge of how to design expected. For onshore applications,
In many cases, if communication CEOR water treating systems is this merely means that twice the
between the reservoir chemist and certainly specialized, but credible capacity must be installed. However,
the water treatment specialists expertise is available. Many of the for offshore applications, this poses
could be in place from the time the experienced international service a significant problem because of the
CEOR cocktail formulation and providers have recognized the limited space and weight available for
water chemistry requirements are opportunities in this area for several water treating.
developed, it is expected that many of years. The most successful of these Overcoming these problems
these consequential decisions could companies are those that have may require development of new
technology and possibly a fundamental methods or industry nonprofit ment and Applied in the Peoples Republic of
understanding of the back-produced institutions to manage information, China. Paper SPE 89175. J Pet Technol 58 (2):
8489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89175-MS.
fluid properties. Not only would this dictate standard testing procedures, Davidson, P.A. 2004. Turbulence: An Introduction
be expensive, but there are relatively or recommend industry guidelines for Scientists and Engineers. Oxford University
few laboratories, test sites, and people relative to water treatment in the oil Press, USA.
who can do the work. The equipment industry. Compounding this situation, Davis, R.A., and Southwell, G. 2007. Practical
suppliers feel that there is not a large the number of people who can bridge Considerations in Ensuring Cost Minimization
in the Design and Operation of Sulfate-Remov-
enough market to justify a large the gap between the science and al Systems. Paper SPE 109129 presented at the
effort, and they may be correct. Such the application is relatively few and International Oil Conference and Exhibition in
companies tend to have a keen sense actually decreasing with time as the Mexico, Veracruz, Mexico, 2730 June. http://
of the cost and potential market for industry demographics mature. dx.doi.org/10.2118/109129-MS.
developing new technology. While It is too early to say how all of Delshad, M. 2010. SPE Training Course on
Chemical Enhanced Recovery, Houston, 23
CEOR will clearly increase in volume, this will work out. The industry may November.
it may not capture more than a few find clever ways to handle the back- Henthorne, L. 2010. Trends in Pretreatment for
percent of the total global water produced fluids. If not, an expensive Seawater Reverse Osmosis. Water Conditioning
treating market. The offshore market development effort may be required. and Purification 52 (11): 2224.
will be even smaller. In which case, No one can really say for sure at this Hirasaki, G. 2010. Introduction to Consortium
on Processes in Porous Media Consortium,
push from resource holders may be time. One fact is clear: CEOR is yet Rice University, 3May.
required rather than technology pull another development to add to the Hirasaki, G.J., Miller, C.A., Puerto, M. 2011. Re-
from the equipment companies to list of oil industry challenges where cent Advances in Surfactant EOR. SPE Journal
provide new technology. water treating expertise is required, 16 (4): 889907.
It is encouraging that expertise is including heavy oil steamfloods, Ji-Cheng, Z. and Kao-Ping, S. 2008. Consider-
able Potential Remains After Daqing Polymer
developing in the consulting, services, hydraulic fracturing for tight gas and Flood. Oil & Gas J. 106(35): 6166.
and supplier sectors. However, this tight liquids, coal seam methane, sour Manrique, E., Thomas, C., Ravikiran, R., Izadi,
will likely not be enough. As the NOCs hydrocarbons, and hydrate control. M., Lantz, M., and Romero, J. 2010. EOR:
and IOCs begin to take ownership for The list is already long and is having an Current Status and Opportunities. Paper SPE
water, they are beginning to realize that effect on the cost and speed with which 130113 presented at the SPE Improved Oil
Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 24-28 April 2010.
in-house expertise is required as well. hydrocarbons can be brought http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130113-MS.
A key to a successful project is a high to market. Morel, D., Vert, M., Jouenne, S., Gauchet, R.,
level of expertise among all partners. As always, we hope that this article and Bouger, Y. 2010. First Polymer Injection in
has provided some food for thought. Deep Offshore Field Angola: Recent Advances
Summary and Conclusions Debate on this or other water treating on Dalia/Camelia Field Case. Paper SPE
135735. Oil and Gas Fac. 1 (2): 4352.
While there is significant interest and issues is welcome. Nguyen, D., Sadeghi, N., and Houston, C.
activity in water treating for CEOR, 2011. Emulsion Characteristics and Novel
activity does not equal progress. References Demulsifiers for Treating Chemical Induced
Despite recent improvement in the Al-Mutairi, S.M, and Kokal, S.L. 2011. EOR Po- Emulsions. Paper SPE 143987 prepared for
tential in the Middle East: Current and Future the SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference,
strategy of IOCs, there is a long road
Trends. Paper SPE 143287 presented at the SPE Kuala Lumpur, 1921 July. http://dx.doi.
to travel. As indicated, water treating EUROPEC/EAGE Annual Conference and org/10.2118/143987-MS.
in the oil industry is complex and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 2326 May. Pena, A.A., Hirasaki, G., and Miller, C. 2005.
governed by thorny subjects such http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/143287-MS. Chemically Induced Destabilization of
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of most oilfield water treating issues and Polymer Flooding Applications. Paper SPE Reyntijens, K. 2007. Sulfate Removal: History
does not exist. There is very little 129926 presented at the SPE Improved Oil Re- and Future Outlook. Oral presentation made
reliable data about how and why covery Symposium, Tulsa, 2428 April. http:// to SPE/EDS Joint Workshop on Desalination in
certain equipment performs well or dx.doi.org/10.2118/129926-MS. the Oil and Gas Industry, Rome, 57 March.
Chang, H.L., Zhang, Z.Q., Wang, Q.M., Xu, Z.S., Yang. F., Yang, X., and Li, J. 2006. Daqing pilot
does not. Books and review papers are
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the problems. There are few standard line/Surfactant/Polymer Processes as Develop-