Lecture8

Gasification:MaterialandHeatBalance
Thefollowingdiagramshowstheinputofmaterialslikecoal,airandsteaminagasifierandthe
outputsareproducergas,ashes,tarandsoot.

Coal Air ProducerGas

(wt%)(Moist) (vol%)
C CO2
H CO
O CH4
N N2
H2O H2
A H2O
+ C6H6
Steam Ashes Tar(wt%) Soot(wt%) H2S
Ash C C C2H4
+S A
Carbon N
O
H A=Ash
A

Basis:1000Kgcoal

a) Amountofproducergas

Carbonbalance
Cfromcoal=Cinashes+Cintar+Cinsoot+Cinproducergas

b) Tocalculateamountofsteamdecomposed
DecompositionofsteamproducesH2.
MoistureofcoaldirectlyentersintoPGwithoutbeingdecomposed.
MoistureofairandsteamdecomposetoH2andisincludedinCH4,H2andother
hydrocarbons.

Hbalance
Hfromcoal+HfromMoistureofcoal+Hfromsteam+Hfrommoistair=Hintar+HinPG
(producergas)

c) Waterinproducergas=Moisturefromcoal+undecomposedsteam

d) Nitrogenbalanceforamountofair

Oxygenbalanceifrequiredtochecktheresultsofcalculation.

e) Ashbalancetoknowamountofashes,ifnotgiven.


Therawhotgasfromproducercanbedeliveredthroughinsulatedmainsassuchtothefurnacesand
plantsnearby.

Insulatedpipe
Gas
tosupplyhotgas
Producer Furnace

Advantages:Bothpotentialenergyofgas(CV)andsensibleheat,canbeutilized.AlsoPE+sensible
heatoftarandsootwillalsobeavailable.

Amoreprevalentpractiseistocoolthegasandpurifyittoremovedeleteriousconstituents.E.g.H2S
andthendistributetoplants.

Coldgasefficiency=PotentialEnergy(CV)ofgasmade100
(Totalheatinput=CVofcoal+sensibleheatofcoal,air,steam)

Hotgasefficiency=(PEofgas+sensibleheatofgas+sensibleheatofwatervapour+PEoftar+
PEofsoot+sensibleheatoftar+sensibleheatofsoot)100

Totalheatinput

Thermalefficiency=(Potentialenergyofgas+enthalpyofsteamproduced)100
Totalheatinput

Coldgasefficiency6080%
Hotgasefficiency90%
Losses9%

DetermineMaterialandheatbalanceofagasifierandcalculateefficiencies.Theanalysisofvarious
inputsandoutputsaregiven.Temperaturesofinputandoutputsarealsogiven.

Gas(vol%)
C79.1 CO27
H5.0 CO21
O6.4 T=25oC CH4 2.5
N1.7 H214
H2O1.7 Ashes=9%wtofcoal N253
A6.1 (180oC) H2O2.5
(627oC)

Air:RH=80%
PSH2O=26mmHg(25oC,740mmHg)
Steamisblowninat30.8psigpressurewithblast.
Meanspecificheatofashes=0.21Kcal/KgK(25180oCrange)

Basis1Kgcoal.

Volumeofproducergas(fuelgas)

LetYKgmoleproducergas
Cincoal=Cinproducergas+Cinashes
0.791/12=(0.07+0.21+0.025)Y+(0.090.061)
Y=0.208Kgmoleor=4.66m3/Kgcoal(1atm,273K)

Volumeofair(moist)

LetXKgmolemoistair
Sincetheairismoist,wehavetocalculatecompositionofair.
PN2+PO2+PH2O=740mmHg
PN2+PO2=7400.826
PN2+PO2=719.2mmHg
PN2=568.168mm
PO2=151.032mm
PH2O=20.800mm

Compositionof1Kgmoleofmoistair

N2=0.7677
O2=0.2041
H2O=0.0281

N2balance

Nincoal+N2frommoistair=N2inProducergas
0.017/28+0.7677X=0.530.208
X=0.14279Kgmoleor=3.601m3(26oCand740mmHg)

Weightofsteam:Hydrogenbalance

ConsiderZKgmolesteam.
0.025+0.00094+Z+0.00401=0.004472
Z=0.015Kgmole
=0.266Kgsteam/Kgcoal

%H2Oblownin,thatwasdecomposed

WatervapourinPG=WaterfromevaporationofMofcoal+Waterofundecomposedsteam
0.0250.208=0.017/18+W
W=0.004255Kgmoleundecomposedsteam
Steamdecomposed={0.266(0.00425518)}
=0.1895Kg
%steamblown,thatisdecomposedinproducergas=0.1895100/0.266
=71.2%
NCVofproducergas

Kgmoles Kcal/Kgmole
CO 0.04368 67.6103 NCV=5.64103Kcal
CH4 0.0052 194.91103
H2 0.02912 57.8103

NCVofcoal

=81%C+341[%H%O/8]5.84(9%H+M)
=8179.1+341[56.4/8]5.84(95+1.7)
=7566.32Kcal

Enthalpyofwatervapourinmoistair

H2O(l)=H2O(g)

Heatabsorbed=584Kcal/KgH2O
=5841.7/100
=9.93Kcal

Enthalpyofsaturatedsteam:

Gaugepressure=30.8psi
Pressure740mm=14.3psi
Absolutepressure=45.1psi

Enthalpyofsaturatedsteamat45psireferredtowaterat0oC=651Kcal/Kg
Enthalpydifferencebetweenwaterat25oCandwaterat0oC=24.94Kcal/Kg
Enthalpyofsteamreferredtowaterat25oC=626Kcal/Kg
Enthalpyofsteamused=6260.266
=166Kcal

Enthalpyofwatervapourinhotgasat900K

H2O(l)=H2O(g)Ho298=10.5Kcal/gmoleH2O

H2O(g),298K=H2O(g),900KHo5.2Kcal/gmoleH2O

EnthalpyofwatervapourreferredtoH2O(l)=15.7Kcal/gmoleH2O

Enthalpyofwatervapourinhotgas=15.70.20810002.5/100

=81.64Kcal

Sensibleheatofdryproducergasat900K

H900H298|CO2=6708Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|CO=4400Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|CH4=7522Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|H2=4224Kcal/Kgmole
H900H298|N2=4358Kcal/Kgmole

HeatBalance

HeatInput:

Input Kcal
CVofcoal 7566.32
Sensibleheatincoal,air 0
Enthalpyofwatervapourinair 9.93
Enthalpyofsteam 166
Total 7742.25

HeatOutput:

Output Kcal
CVofdryPG 5640
SensibleheatofdryPG 932.8
Enthalpyofwater 81.6
vapourinhotgas
Heatlosses 1087.85
Total 7742.25

Coldgasefficiency=5640100/7742.25
=72.85%

HotGasefficiency=6653.6100/7742.25
=85.9%

Thermalefficiency=5721.6100/7742.25
=73.9%

Sourceforthermodynamicvalues:

H.AlanFineandG.H.Geiger:Handbookofmaterialandenergybalancecalculationsinmetallurgical
processes

A.ButtsMetallurgicalproblems(formoreproblems)

Keywords:Materialsandheatbalance,Gasproducer,Efficiency