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Beam Design PDF
Beam Design PDF
1. Loads
1.1. LL per foot of lane
1.2. DL per beam
1.3. Column DL
1.4. Cap beam DL
1.5. LL
1.5.1. The different cases to be used
1.5.2. Calculation of loads to be sent to structural analysis
2. Other loads
2.1. Centrifugal force; NOTE: my bridge does not have any centrifugal force over the bents, but I
went through the calculations anyway just to show how they are done.
2.2. Braking force
2.3. Stream pressure
2.4. Wind on structures
2.4.1. Calculate the design wind velocity
2.4.2. Wind on super structure
2.4.3. Wind on sub-structure
2.4.3.1. Transverse wind
2.4.3.2. Longitudinal wind
2.5. Wind pressure on vehicles
2.6. Temperature
2.7. Output from mathcad
2.8. Summary
2.9. Output from visual analysis
2.10. Correct output to be used
COLUMN DESIGN
1. Group loading combinations
1.1. Table from LRFD code showing different loading combinations
1.2. Hand calculations for case I showing service I to III and strength I to V
1.3. Output from mathcad showing output for all cases
1.4. Output from mathcad showing final values to be used for service and strength
1.5. Calculation of slenderness ratio
1.6. Preparation of output for column and footing design
1.7. Output from mathcad for column design
2. Correct output from mathcad
3. Confinement reinforcing for seismic category B
3.1. LRFD minimum sectional area requirements
3.2. Requirements for transverse direction
3.3. Requirements for longitudinal direction
4. Details
CAP BEAM DESIGN
1. Loads
1.1. Sort LL shear and moment output from VA
1.2. Service I loads shear and moment (input DC and DW loads here)
1.3. Strength I shear and moment
2. Strength design
2.1. Given values for material strengths, and applied loads
2.2. I shall try 2 rows of reinforcing
2.3. Minimum reinforcing
2.3.1. The minimum shall be the lesser of 1.2*Mcr or 1.33* the factored moment. Therefore if the
allowable is < 1.2*Mcr I shall provide 4/3*As
2.3.2. Cracking moment
2.4. Required reinforcement based on strength
3. Crack control
3.1. LRFD code approach
3.2. SL stress in bars
3.3. Allowable stress
4. Shear design
4.1. All the applicable code
4.2. Calculation of effective shear depth
4.3. Max spacing of stirrups
4.4. Beta and phi factors
4.5. Resistance provided by the concrete alone
4.6. Required spacing
4.7. Compare to shear design by AASHTO standard spec
5. Output from mathcad
6. Correct output
7. Details
FOOTING DESIGN
1. Table showing when to use the strength limit state and when to use the service limit state
2. Loads (allowable and applied)
2.1. Strength limit state loads
2.2. Service limit state loads
2.3. Because I do not have any allowable bearing pressures, I shall use the presumptive mehtod of
LRFD 10.6.2.3.1. the allowable that I shall use is 10 ksf. The code states that I can use 10 tons
per sf, but I shall use 10 ksf to be safe. The code also states that if the presumptive method is
used that the service limit state shall be used.
3. Spread footing
3.1. Preliminary footing dimensions
3.1.1. Footing depth. Minimum depths were figured based on development lengths for
reinforcement from the column, and the depth of seismic reinforcement.
3.1.2. Footing length and width
3.1.3. I cheated and did my iterations with my mathcad sheet. I shall do the hand calculations
based on 15.5x15.5x4.0
3.1.4. Constants for inertia, and CL to outer edge
3.2. Check eccentricity of load
3.3. SL bearing pressure check
3.4. Bending moment
3.4.1. The mathcad output indicates that strength IV governs for transverse moment, and strength I
governs for longitudinal moment
3.4.2. Transverse moment reinforcing
3.4.2.1. Applied moment
3.4.2.2. Required steel. I shall increase this value by 4/3 to take care of any cracking moment
problems that might occur
3.4.2.3. Approximate spacing to be used
3.4.3. Longitudinal moment reinforcing
3.4.3.1. Applied moment
3.4.3.2. Required steel. I shall increase this value by 4/3 to take care of any cracking moment
problems that might occur
3.4.3.3. Approximate spacing to be used
3.5. Shear checks
3.5.1. Code requirements
3.5.2. One way shear
3.5.2.1. Longitudinal direction
3.5.2.1.1. Effective shear depth
3.5.2.1.2. Location of critical section
3.5.2.1.3. Applied shear
3.5.2.1.4. Allowable shear
3.5.2.2. Transverse direction
3.5.2.2.1. Effective shear depth
3.5.2.2.2. Location of critical section
3.5.2.2.3. Applied shear
3.5.2.2.4. Allowable shear
3.5.3. Two way shear
3.5.3.1. Perimeter of shear plane
3.5.3.2. Average bearing pressure, loaded area
3.5.3.3. Applied shear
3.5.3.4. Allowable shear
3.6. Output from mathcad
4. Pile footing
4.1. Preliminary footing dimensions
4.1.1. Footing depth. Minimum depths were figured based on development lengths for
reinforcement from the column, and the depth of seismic reinforcement. I shall use a depth
that is 1 ft deeper than that of the spread footing
4.1.2. Footing length and width
4.1.3. I cheated and did my iterations with my mathcad sheet. I shall do the hand calculations
based on 13.0x13.0x5.0
4.1.4. Constants for inertia of pile group, distance to outer pile, and additional load per pile from
self weight.
4.2. SL bearing force on piles
4.3. Bending moment
4.3.1. The mathcad output indicates that strength V governs for transverse moment, and strength I
governs for longitudinal moment
4.3.2. Transverse moment reinforcing
4.3.2.1. Applied moment
4.3.2.2. Required steel. I shall increase this value by 4/3 to take care of any cracking moment
problems that might occur
4.3.2.3. Approximate spacing to be used
4.3.3. Longitudinal moment reinforcing
4.3.3.1. Applied moment
4.3.3.2. Required steel. I shall increase this value by 4/3 to take care of any cracking moment
problems that might occur
4.3.3.3. Approximate spacing to be used
4.4. Shear checks
4.4.1. Code requirements
4.4.2. One way shear
4.4.2.1. Longitudinal direction shear plane is off the footing
4.4.2.2. Transverse direction shear plane is off the footing
4.4.3. Two way shear
4.4.3.1. Perimeter of shear plane
4.4.3.2. Number of effective piles
4.4.3.3. Applied shear
4.4.3.4. Allowable shear
4.5. Output from mathcad
5. Correct output from mathcad
6. Details