Lecture 2

TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES

THE LIPID BARRIER OF THE CELL MEMBRANE & CELL MEMBRANE TRASNPORT PROTEINS

- review of the lipid barrier of the cell membrane

- transport proteins

- diffusion versus active transport

DIFFUSION

DIFFUSION THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

Diffusion of lipid-soluble substances through lipid bilayer

Diffusion of water & other lipid-insoluble molecules through protein channels

DIFFUSION THROUGH PROTEIN PORES & CHANNELS

Selective permeability of protein channels

Gating of protein channels

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Factors that affect net rate of diffusion

OSMOSIS

ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH MEMBRANES

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Co-transport of glucose and amino acid

Sodium counter transport of calcium & hydrogen ions

ACTIVE TRANSPORT THROUGH CELLULAR SHEETS

 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS & ACTION POTENTIALS

BASIC PHYSICS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Diffusion potential caused by an ion concentration difference on the 2 sides of the membrane

Relation of the diffusion potential to the concentration difference the Nernst potential

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Active transport of sodium and potassium ions through the membrane Na-K Pump

Leakage of potassium through the nerve membrane

ORIGIN OF THE NORMAL RMP

Contribution of the potassium diffusion potential

Contribution of sodium diffusion through the nerve membrane

Contribution of the Na-pump

NERVE ACTION POTENTIAL

Resting stage

Depolarization stage

Volatage-gated sodium channel activation and inactivation of the channel

Repolarization Stage

Volatage-gated potassium channel & its activation

Role of calcium ions

PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL

Direction of propagation

All-or-Nothing Principle

RE-ESTABLISHING SODIUM & POTASSIUM IONIC GRADIENTS AFTER ACTION POTENTIALS ARE
COMPLETED

PLATEAU IN SOME ACTION POTENTIAL