Title: Transport 10/02/20

across the 24
Cellnet
membrane
high movement
down
concentration gradient
particles low Diffusion
Starter:
• Define diffusion making use of the key words
above.
• Can you add any extra details to your definition?
• What is the similar/different in osmosis?
• How would you teach the principles of diffusion
to primary school children?
Function of the Cell Membrane:
• Cell membrane separates the components of a cell
from its environment—surrounds the cell
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of cell—selectively permeable
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasis—
stable internal balance
 THE CELL MEMBRANE &
 TheHOMEOSTASIS
cell membrane is responsible for
maintaining homeostasis (home-E-O-
Stay-sis) within the cell
 Homeostasis is a stable, internal
environment
 The cell membrane maintains
homeostasis through balancing the
pH, temperature, glucose (sugar
intake), water balance
 It does this through active and passive
transport

In homeostasis, everything is
PERFECT
 Cell Membrane aka “The Phospholipid Bilayer”
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of Phosphate,
proteins, and lipids
•That’s why it’s called the Phospholipid Bilayer

protein channel

Layer 1
Cell Membrane
Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein pump

All Cells have a cell (plasma membrane):

• Prokaryotes (have a cell wall + cell membrane)

• Eukaryotes:
• a) Animal Cells ( cell membrane only)
• b) Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)
 The cell membrane in detail – Fluid Mosaic
Model
• It’s a double layer (bilayer) HydroPHILIC head
of phosphates, and fats
(lipids)
• A single phospholipid has
hydrophilic (water loving)
hydroPHOBIC tails
phosphate heads AND
hydrophobic (water hating)
fatty acid tails
• The cell membrane both
repels and attracts water
through the membrane at
the same time
 The cell membrane in detail – Fluid Mosaic
Model Contd.
• The membrane also contain
cholesterol molecules that
assist in regulating (control)
movement and
permeability
• Proteins are in the
membrane as well for
cellular transport
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ipa1vmQ7H_4
 Fluid Mosaic Model
• Fluid – Structures within the membrane are
constantly moving.
• Mosaic – Membrane made up of
multiple structures that are pieced together
 Cellular Transport
• The cell membrane controls the
movement of materials into and out of
the cell
• Types of Cell Transport:

– Passive Transport
• Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Osmosis

– Active Transport
Video on cell transport
 DIFFUSION - DEFINITION
RECAP
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of lower concentration (diff in
con = concentration gradient)
 DIFFUSION – IMPORTANT
POINT TOonly
Diffusion can NOTE
occur in liquids and gases

Why?
FACTORS INFLUENCING
DIFFUSION RATE

1. Temperature 2. Distance

3. gradient

4. Surface area 5. Size of particle

OSMOSIS – A BIT LIKE
DIFFUSION.....
 Osmosis is the movement of water from a high water
concentration to a low water concentration through
a partially permeable membrane.
Any
similarities to
diffusion?
Moves from high to
low and is passive.

What’s
different in
osmosis?
Movement of water
specifically, occurs
through a partially
permeable membrane.
SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND
WATER POTENTIAL
The greater the amount of solute, the
lower the water potential.
This is because water
molecules bind to the
solute molecules,
reducing the number of
water molecules that
are free for osmosis.
SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND
WATER POTENTIAL
In which direction will osmosis occur
and why?
 Passive transport by proteins
Facilitated Diffusion - Transport of materials
(usually water-soluble) across the plasma
membrane with the aid of channel proteins or
carrier proteins
 Common method for
moving sugars and
amino acids across
membranes
 Driven by a
concentration gradient
(substances on both
sides of the membrane
are trying to reach
equal concentration)
Some carrier proteins change their shape to allow
a molecule to pass through them :
•Carrier proteins have specific
high concentration
sites that match the molecule
to be transported e.g. a
specific amino acid

•When the amino acid binds to

the site the carrier protein
changes its shape.

•The amino acid molecule can

then pass through the protein
to the other side of the
membrane.

•Once the amino acid has left

the carrier protein the protein
low concentration
reverts back to its original
shape.
10/02/2024
10/02/2024
WHAT ABOUT FROM LOW TO HIGH
CONCENTRATION?
 Sometimes in nature factors must be transported
from low to high concentration

How is this achieved?

Active Transport – an overview
Inside of cell Outside of cell

ATP
ADP
P
MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

2/6/1 Biology: Cell Structure & 23

7 Function
MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE: ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• active transport - energy-requiring process that
moves material across a cell membrane against
a concentration difference

• 2 types:
• individual molecules are c a rried
through membrane-associated pumps
• large amounts of material are transported
through movements of the cell membrane –
Vesicular transport
 MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Forms of vesicular transport

• endocytosis – taking material into the cell by
means of infolding, or pockets, of the cell
membrane
• phagocytosis – take in large partic les
(“eating”)
• pinocytosis – take in liquid (“drinking”)
• exocytosis – large molecules removed from the
cell
MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

2/6/1 Biology: Cell Structure & 26

7 Function
10/02/2024
10/02/2024
QUESTIONS TO COMPLETE
BY FRIDAY
 Questions 2.3
 Page 42
 Questions 1-7

10/02/2024
CHALLENGE – BEAT THE QUESTION
GRID
1. State 3 factors 4. Describe the effect of 7. Draw a cartoon strip
influencing diffusion solute concentration outlining the process of
upon water potential active transport
2. State the two 5. A solution of water 8. Complete the GCSE
states diffusion can with 101 g of sugar and questions sheet (6 marks)
occur in one with 10.2 g of sugar.
Which direction will
osmosis occur?
3. State the 2 key 6. State two unique 9. Complete the A-level
differences between features of active question sheet (8 marks)
osmosis and transport
diffusion

End A chance to earn a merit!

ANSWERS.....
1.C. gradient, 4. 7.
Water molecules Must show a change
temp, distance, must bind solute, in carrier protein
SA or particle lowering water conformation, use of
size potential ATP
2. 5. 8.
Net movement
Liquids and Answers on next
into 101 g slide
gases
solution
3. 6. 9.
Osmosis is Goes against the
the diffusion concentration Answers on next
slide
of water gradient,
through a PP requires energy
membrane (ATP)
GCSE QUESTION
A-LEVEL QUESTION
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT
TODAY?
• Define diffusion, osmosis and active
transport (3+)
• Explain the process of active transport
(5)
• Outline the similarities/differences
between diffusion, osmosis and active
transport (6)
• Apply your knowledge to past paper
questions (7)
Task: In your books write a sentence or two discussing which
learning objectives you have reached today.
1. Are there any bits you found easy or interesting?
2. Are there any parts you found difficult?
3. How could you improve on your current knowledge?
 Plenary – Splat!

Osmosis Diffusion Shrink Liquids and

gases

Carrier Uptake of Water

Energy protein ions in the molecules
roots
Gaseous Concentration
Random exchange Solid gradient

Partially
permeable Cellulose
wall
cell Turgid Hypotonic
membrane