OVERVIEW: PREVIOUS LECTURE (L1)

What are the major differences between prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells?
 Lecture 2_Detailed

CELL BIOLOGY
Form & Function of Cells

The cell membrane

CHAPTER THREE
(p. 88 – 96; 105 – 106)
 Lecture 2_Detailed

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LECTURE 2

❑ How the cell creates its own internal environment
discrete from its surroundings,
❑ but still retains the ability to communicate with it
(membrane transport and trans-membrane
signalling).

LECTURE 2: HOMEWORK
❑ Animation: membrane structure

❑ Animation: passive and active transport

❑ Animation: endocytosis and exocytosis

❑ Active transport requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)
https://prezi.com/hjn90sksx0jb/a-plant-cell-is-like-a-country/
 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell
(cell membrane)

• Separates a cell from its environment

• Is selectively permeable

• Permits movement of some substances into

and out of the cell, but blocks others

• Enables transfer of information between

environment and cell

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 A plasma membrane surrounds the cell

• Plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer

• Phospholipids: polar head and nonpolar tail
(i.e., amphipathic = having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.)
• Cholesterol: makes membrane a bit more rigid
• Proteins: provide means of transport through
membrane
• Carbohydrates: recognition patterns for cells and
organisms
• Non-rigid
• Fluid mosaic
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Figure 3.13

Extracellular environment
Receptor Channel
Gated channel
protein protein Carbohydrate
Protein
(always open)
(closed position) groups

Lipid Glycoprotein
bilayer
Cytoskeleton Phospholipid Transport
Cholesterol
filaments Cytoplasm protein

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 Animation: membrane structure

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 Molecules cross the plasma membrane
in several ways
• Passive transport: cell does not need to expend energy for
this
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Active transport: cell must expend energy
• Bulk transport
• Involves membranous vesicles to move larger substances
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

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 Passive Transport:
principles of diffusion and osmosis

• Passive transport: transports a substance without having to

expend energy

• Passive transport relies on diffusion

• Diffusion: movement of molecules from a region of high

concentration to a region of low concentration

• High concentration → low concentration

• “Down” the gradient

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Figure 3.14

cm in.
5 2

3
1

0 0

10 minutes 1 hour 24 hours

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 Osmosis: diffusion of water

• Osmosis: the diffusion of water

across a selectively permeable membrane

• Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to

an area of high solute concentration

• Osmotic pressure: fluid pressure required to exactly

oppose osmosis

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Figure 3.15

Osmotic
pressure
Glucose Water

Selectively
permeable
membrane
Diffusion of water (osmosis)
Pressure-induced water movement

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 Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient

• Diffusion directly through the lipid bilayer

• Small uncharged nonpolar molecules

• example: O2, CO2, urea

• Diffusion through protein channels, in the bilayer

• Some always open, others are “gated”

• example: H2O, ions

• Facilitated transport (facilitated diffusion)

• transport protein changes shape and transports molecule through the
bilayer

• highly specific (carrier proteins have receptors which bind to specific

molecule that needs support)

• example: glucose
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Figure 3.16

Higher
concentration

Lower
concentration

a) Diffusion through b) Diffusion through c) Facilitated transport.

the lipid layer. channels. Certain molecules bind to
Lipid-soluble Some polar and charged a protein, triggering a
molecules such as O2 molecules diffuse change in protein shape
and CO2 diffuse freely through protein that transports the
through the plasma channels that span the molecule across the
membrane. membrane. Water is a membrane. Glucose
typical example. typically enters cells by
this method.

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 Active transport requires energy

• Active transport moves substances from an area of lower

concentration to an area of higher concentration

• Transported substance moves against the concentration

gradient

• Requires a membrane protein (transporter)

• Requires ATP or other energy source

• Example: sodium-potassium pump

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Figure 3.17
ADP + Pi
ATP
a) In active transport using ATP,
energy derived from the
breakdown of ATP is used to
change the shape of the
carrier protein.
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b) Some carrier proteins use energy
derived from the “downhill”
transport of one molecule to
transport another molecule “uphill.”
In this example, the energy to transport
the square molecules comes from the
facilitated transport of the spherical
molecules.
 Animation: passive and active transport

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 Endocytosis and exocytosis move materials in
bulk

• Used to move larger molecules

• Endocytosis: brings substances into the cell
• As substance enters, it is surrounded by a membrane,
forming a membrane-bound vesicle

• Exocytosis: expels substances from the cell

• Substance is contained within a membranous vesicle,
which then fuses with the membrane, releasing the
substance to the external environment

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Figure 3.18

Extracellular
environment
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Vesicle

a)Endocytosis. In endocytosis, material is surrounded by the cell

membrane and brought into the cell.

b)Exocytosis. In exocytosis, a membranous vesicle fuses with the plasma

membrane, expelling its contents outside the cell.

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 Animation: endocytosis and exocytosis

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 Information can be transferred across the
plasma membrane

• Receptor proteins span membrane—required for

transmission of information to and from cell

• Receptor sites (on receptor proteins)—interact

specifically with signal molecules

• A change is triggered within the cell as a result of

binding of signal molecule to receptor site

• Different cell types have different receptor proteins

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Figure 3.19

Extracellular
environment

Receptor
Signaling site
molecule

Substrate Product
Cytoplasm

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 E.g. receptor proteins…

HIV

Receptor Receptor (CD4)

(CD4) but no CCR5
Co-receptor Plasma
(CCR5) membrane

(a) HIV can infect a cell with (b) HIV cannot infect a cell
CCR5 on its surface, as in lacking CCR5 on its surface,
most people. as in resistant individuals.
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 The sodium–potassium pump helps maintain
cell volume
• Sodium (Na+)–potassium (K+) pump expels unwanted ions
(Na+), stockpiles needed ones (K+), and maintains cell volume

• ATP is used to expel three Na+ for every two K+ brought into
the cell

• Increase in cell volume = more water in cytoplasm,

accomplished by decreasing pumping and allowing more
sodium inside cell

• Decrease in cell volume = less water in cytoplasm,

accomplished by increasing pumping and expelling more
sodium ions
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Figure 3.20a © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Extracellular fluid 1. Sodium ions bind to

binding sites accessible
only from the cytoplasm. Binding of three cytoplasmic
Na+ to the Na+-K+ pump
2. stimulates the breakdown
Na+ Na+ Na +
of ATP.
7. Na+
Na+ Na+ Energy released by
Most of the K+ diffuses out Na+ ATP causes the
of the cell, but Na+ diffuses Na+ 3. protein to change its
in only very slowly. Na+
shape, expelling the
K+ K+ ATP Na+.
ADP + Pi
Na+
Cytoplasm Na+
Na +
+
K
6. K+
K+ is transported K+ 4.
into the cell, and the The loss of Na+ exposes
Na+ binding sites K+ two binding sites for K+.
become exposed + K+
again. 5. K
K+ binding triggers another
change of shape.

a)The cell membrane contains Na+ -K+ pumps, and also channels that permit the
rapid outward diffusion of K+ but only a slow inward diffusion of Na+.
Figure 3.20b

When the rate of

When the rate of outward Na+
In the steady state, outward Na+ transport is less
the rate of outward Key:
transport exceeds than the rate of Active transport
of Na+
Na+ transport inward diffusion, inward diffusion, Na+ -K+ pump
equals the rate of water diffuses out water diffuses in Diffusion of K+
Diffusion of Na+
inward diffusion. and the cell shrinks. and the cell swells. Diffusion of H2O

H2O
H2O Na+ Na+ Na+
H2O

b) The rate of transport by the Na+-K+ pumps determines cell volume.

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Active transport requires energy
(e.g. sodium-potassium pump)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6_NCdV7YO8&t=17s
 Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell
volume
• Tonicity: relative concentration of solutes in two
fluids

• Isotonic

• Extracellular and intracellular solute

concentrations are equal

• Cells maintain a normal volume in isotonic

extracellular fluids

• Regulatory mechanisms maintain extracellular fluid

that is isotonic with intracellular fluid
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 Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell
volume
• Variations in tonicity
• Hypertonic
• Extracellular solute concentration higher than
intracellular solute concentration
• Water will diffuse out of cell
• Cell may shrink and die
• Hypotonic
• Extracellular solute concentration lower than
intracellular solute concentration
• Water will diffuse into cell
• Cell may swell and burst
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Figure 3.21
a) Isotonic. b) Hypertonic. c) Hypotonic.
9 grams of 18 grams of Pure water
salt in 1 liter salt in 1 liter
of solution of solution

Scanning electron micrographs of red blood cells placed in

isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solutions.
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 Cells use and transform matter and energy

• Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in an

organism
• Two types of metabolic pathways
• Anabolism
• Larger molecules are assembled from smaller ones
• Requires energy (ATP input)
• Catabolism
• Larger molecules are broken down
• Releases energy (ATP output)
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 Cells use and transform matter and energy

• Every chemical reaction requires a specific

enzyme

• Metabolic activities of a living cell require a lot of

energy

• Energy is often provided by the catabolism of

ATP (energy “cash”)
• ATP ↔ ADP + Pi + energy

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RECAP THIS LECTURE (L2) …

❑ How does the cell create its internal environment discrete

from its surroundings but still retains the ability to
communicate with it?

• Describe the structure of a eukaryotic cell membrane?

• Explain the different ways in which molecules are

transported across the cell membrane?

• Explain how information is transferred across the cell

membrane and provide an example?

• Explain two ways in which cell volume is maintained?

• How does the cell use and transform matter & energy?
 LECTURE 2: HOMEWORK
❑ Animation: membrane structure

❑ Animation: passive and active transport

❑ Animation: endocytosis and exocytosis

❑ Active transport requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump)

NEXT: Water as the basis of all life.

CHAPTER TWO (primarily 2.3)

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