7.

-
- , , X,
-

- , ,
(wavelength, )
- ,
(frequency, )
- 1 (cycle)
-
- .

: ( ), : ( : (Hz)),
c : 2.9979 x 108 m/s


7.2
.
7.2

1900 /
.

Planck: hv .
(1900) E = nhv
n : (1, 2, 3, ), h : planck (6.626 x 10-34Js)
v : /
(quantized) .
hv (quantum)
.
.
 (Einstein, 1905)
-
- ,
0
.
-


- E0 = h0

Einstein: (photon) .

Einstein

!

.

de Broglie

v
 .
,
.
7.3

H2 H-H



.
 ?

- .
.
-

Planck :
7.4 Bohr

Bohr (1913 )
- (quantum model)
-
-

Bohr
Bohr

n : ( )
Z :

Bohr
(n ) (n = )
 (n = 6) (n = 1)

( 1: Z = 1)

 Bohr

1.
.
2. ( n ) (n
= ) ( ) .
.
 Bohr
- Bohr .
- Bohr .

.
Bohr

7.5

Erwin Schrdinger (1887-1961)

- (standing wave) ,
(wave mechanics) , (quantum mechanics)

(standing wave)
-
- .
-

1/2 1 3/2

, ( ) (node)
 Schrdinger ( )
(
) .
Schrdinger

: , (x, y, z)
: (operator),
.
E : (
)
, E
(orbital) .
 1s .

1s ?

??

( )

Heisenberg (uncertainty principle)

Heisenberg

- ()
.

: ()

: () ()

h : Planck

, ()
.

Bohr
.


()
.
ex) x1, y1, z1 x2, y2, z2

:
 (radial probability distribution)
-

- 5.29x10-2 nm (0.529 )
( Bohr )
- 90%
.
7.6 (Quantum number)

Schrdinger ,

() .
(quantum number)

(principal quantum number, n)

(angular momentum quantum number, l)
(magnetic quantum number, ml)
(electron spin quantum number, ms)
 (principal quantum number, n)
- 1, 2, 3,
-
- n , , .
-
- n , .

(angular momentum quantum number, l)

- n 0 ~ (n-1)
-
- l .
 (magnetic quantum number, ml)
- 0 l l
-
 ( : 5)

7.7

s ,
( ) = n 1
 , n .
n .
(degenerate) .
( , ground state) 1s
, ( , excited state)
7.8 Pauli

(electron spin quantum number : ms)

- .
-
.
- +1/2 -1/2 .
Pauli (Paulis exclusion principle)

(n, l, ml, ms)

.

n, l, ml .
ms .
,
.
7.9 (Polyelectronic atom)

?
ex) He ( )
(1)
(2)
(3)

.
(electron correlation problem)

.
?
-

 (11 ) ,

, 10
.

: (screened) (shielded) .
(hydrogen-like orbital) .

, .

: () .
: .
 2s 2p
,

2s 2p .
2s 2p
. ( )
E2s < E2p
7.10

Mendeleev (1834-1907)
- 1872
-
* Mendeleev :
* :
7.11 Aufbau

(Aufbau principle)
- , ,

1s .
1s1 , .

Pauli

.
 Hund
-
Pauli (unpaired electron)
- up .

F:
 Na:

Mg:
 (valence electron)
-
- .
: 2s 2p ( 5)
3s (1)
(core electron) .

.
.

K 3p 3d
4s .
 Sc, (transition metal) 3d
.

Cr
(4s 3d )
 7.28
.
nd (n+1)s .
(ns np) .
 7.29
, ,
.
 7.29 !

1. (n+1)s nd .
( ) 4d
5s .

4s , 3d
. 5s 4d, 6s 5d, 7s 6d .

2. (): [Xe]6s 2 5d 1 14
4f .
4f 5d 4f 5d

3. (): [Rn]7s26d1 14
5f .
5f 6d 5f 6d

4. 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A

(ns np) .
5A ns2 np3
(d , )

5. 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A (main-group)

(representative elements) .
S ( 16) :

Cd ( 48) :

Hf ( 72) :

Ra ( 88) :
7.12

(Ionization energy)
-

(I1)
-
ex) Al 3p , Al:
Al+ 3s , Al+:
.


1+
.
I3 > I2
 I2 > I1
Al 3p .
Al+ 3s .
I4 >> I3
Al3+
I4


- ( )

- n ,

 Be B .
2s 2p .
N O .
2p
1s22s22p6 () I1 .
2
3s I1 .
I2 1s22s22p63s2 (Mg)
Mg I1, I2 .
1s22s22p63s1 ()
.
7.12

(Electron Affinity)
-
-
- .

X- .
 C-(g) , N-(g) .
N(1s22s22p3) N-(g)(1s22s22p4)
2p . N-(g) !
, C(1s22s22p2) C-(g)(1s22s22p3) .

N , O O-(g) .
O N 2p
.
7.12

(Atomic radii)
-
- 90% .

.

( )

.

 2A .
Be Sr

7.13 :

( )

1. .
.
.

2. .

3. .
- : ( )
- :
( , )
 (Li, Na, K, Rb, Ce, Fr)
- .
- ,

- Fr
- , .

- .

Li+ K+ . Li+ .
Li+ K+ .