Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
A Publication by Andrea V. @ Palaber
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
The Present Tenses.........4
The Past Tenses....23
The Future Tenses...37
The Conditional Sentences....... 49
The Passive Sentences........69
Gerund or Infinitive? .....84
Modal Verbs .........97
Reported Speech ...113
Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs ..124
The Sentence Structure ..156
Irregular Verbs ....179
Spelling ......184
Pronouns and Determiners ...194
Prepositions .....214
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The Present Tenses
Speaking about the present
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
I work in a bank.
Peter lives in London.
She likes cats.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
I get up at 7am.
She works from 9am to 5pm.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
7. Instructions
We can use the present simple to give instructions.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
5. Repeated actions
We use the present continuous to talk about repeated
actions, especially if we are irritated or want to
criticise.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. With adverbials
We use the present perfect with adverbials which show a
connection between the past and the present:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
Ive travelled a lot. (in my life and can do it again)
I have taken two exams this week. (the week is not
finished)
She has written three emails this morning. (the
morning is not finished)
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
6. With superlatives
We can use the present perfect simple with superlatives
to say that something we experience is the best/worst,
first, etc that has happened to us so far.
For example:
7. For or since?
We use for to say how long an activity is (period of time).
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
Simple Continuous
To focus on the result of To focus on the activity:
an activity:
Ive read the book. (finished Ive been reading this book
reading it) since the morning. (still
reading it)
She has worked for three Shes been working here for
companies. five years.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
State Verbs
1. General description
Most verbs in English are dynamic. They can describe
habits or actions in progress. Dynamic verbs have
simple and continuous forms.
For example:
Habit: I often travel abroad.
Action in progress: I am watching television at the
moment.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. Wants
Wants and needs: want, need, wish, depend on, weigh,
come from, cost
She is tall.
Who does this pen belong to?
It appears to be difficult.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
Other examples:
She doesnt understand your words.
I know Peter well.
I doubt he would like your idea.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
7. Change in meaning
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The Past Tenses
Speaking about the past
VISUAL HERE
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
2. Past habits
We use the past simple to talk about habits or repeated
actions in the past.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
I got up at 7am.
She worked from 9am to 5pm.
We met in 1995.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
5. With when
We use the past simple to ask questions with when or
what time.
For example:
6. With adverbials
We can use the past simple with adverbials which refer to
the past.
We use:
last week/month/year
yesterday, earlier today, this week
a year/three days/ a few months ago
at two oclock, in 2003
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
We often use the following words: when, as, just as, while.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
When she was young, she was always playing music at
night.
He was talking all the time.
Jack was always wearing a scarf.
5. Unfulfilled plans
We use the past continuous to talk about unfulfilled
plans.
For example:
I was hoping to meet my friends at the weekend but
they were too busy.
She was planning to go on holiday but she didnt have
money.
Peter was wanting to phone his mum but he didnt have
time.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
6. Polite questions
We can use the past continuous for polite questions.
For example:
7. Background information
We can use the past continuous to give background
information.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
When I arrived at the station, the train had left. (the train
left before I arrived)
2. With when
If we want to emphasize that one action happened
before another, we can use when + past simple.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
When I had finished the project, I called my boss.
As soon as they had arrived to the hotel, they went to
bed.
She didnt know how funny he was, until she had met
him.
4. With adverbs
We can use the past perfect with the following adverbs:
just, already, never and ever .
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
I wish you had told me about the problem.
If you had told me about the problem, I could have
helped you.
If only she had sent me an email.
I would rather we had gone home on time.
For example:
After I finished work, I went home. = After I had
finished work, I went home.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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The Future Tenses
Speaking about the future
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
Peter will be 28 years old in December.
The elections will take place next year.
For example:
It will rain tomorrow. (weather forecast)
Real Madrid will win the match again. (I think)
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
3. Threats
We can use the future simple to express threats.
For example:
4. Requests
The future simple can also express requests.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
6. Weather forecasts
We use the future simple in weather forecasts to predict
the weather.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
8. Use of shall
We dont use shall very often in modern English.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. Routine actions
We can describe routine actions and repeated, regular
events.
For example:
Ill be working Friday evening. (as normal)
Ill be seeing him tomorrow so I can tell him the news.
4. Polite questions
We can use the future continuous in polite questions
instead of the future simple (will).
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. With for
We often use for with the future continuous to talk about
the duration of a future activity.
For example:
3. Assumptions
We can use the future perfect to express assumptions
about the past or the present.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. With for
We usually use for to express the duration of a future
activity.
For example:
She will have been living abroad for 3 years by the end
of next months.
For example:
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The Conditionals
Hypothising
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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2. Meaning
We use the zero conditional to talk about general truth
and facts.
For example:
3. Other forms
The zero conditional can also be formed with when
instead of if.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
The modal verb can be: may, might, can, could, should,
ought to, must.
For example:
If you eat your sandwich, you can play with your friends.
If you want a pet, you should be more responsible.
If you can talk to him today, will you give him my
regards?
For example:
If you are coming to the party, you will have to wear a
suit.
If she has received your letter, she will reply soon.
If Jim has been cleaning the house, he will be very tired
tonight. 53
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For example:
Negative sentences:
If you dont stop shouting, Ill call the police.
Stop shouting or Ill call the police.
7. If + should
We can use should in the if clause to make the meaning
more polite or less likely to happen.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. Meaning
We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary or
improbable situations.
For example:
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
He to the party if he
4. If clause + could
We can use in the if-clause of the conditional
sentence.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
1st 2nd
2nd 3rd
3rd 2nd
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. Conjunctions
We can use the following conjunctions instead of if:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. Inversions
In conditional sentences, we can use an inverted structure
instead of if.
1st conditionals
2nd conditionals
3rd conditionals
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
I am sure youd enjoy dancing. Why dont you try it?
= If you tried dancing, you would enjoy it.
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by the time
2. Use
If time clauses refer to the future, we usually use the
present simple or the present perfect after the
conjunction.
For example:
When I arrive home, I will phone you.
As soon as I have arrived, I will phone you.
I will phone you before I leave the office.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
When I see her, I will tell her the news. (at the same
time)
As soon as I hear something, I will let you know.
(immediately I will inform you)
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
Wish, if only
1. Meaning
We use sentences starting with wish or if only if we
want to express a wish. If only is not so common and
more emphatic than wish.
the present:
I wish you were here. (but you are here now)
the future:
I wish he would help me with my project
tomorrow.
the past:
I wish I had travelled the world when I was
younger
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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The Passive sentences
Emphasizing action
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Complete Grammar for FCE
Active: Passive:
I write the letter. The letter is written.
She brought the cake. The cake was brought.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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6. The agent
Usually we omit the subject of the active sentence from
the passive sentence. However, if it is important for the
meaning of the sentence, we can include the agent at
the end of the passive sentence:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
Reporting Verbs
The structure
When we want to report what people say, believe, think,
report, etc., we use an impersonal passive construction.
centre.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. Reporting verbs
Examples of reporting verbs we can use:
assume, calculate, claim, consider, discover, estimate,
expect, feel, hope, know, prove, report, say, show,
think, understand, etc.
For example:
Dinosaurs are believed to have died out millions of years
ago.
Mr Smith is expected to arrive shortly.
The costs were calculated to be over the budget.
3. Continuous events
Look at the examples:
The family believed that Frank was working for the CIA.
4. Earlier events
Study these examples:
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Double passive
Look at the example:
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The Causative
1. Form
When we ask or force somebody to do something for us,
we can use the following structures:
For example:
2. Use
Sometimes, the structure suggests difficulty or bad luck.
Have is more common in these situations
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. Use
Get is more common in spoken English and have is
more common in formal English.
For example:
4. Needs doing
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
To get married/divorced/dressed/hurt/done
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
1. Gerund or infinitive?
When we want to use two verbs one after the other, or a
verb after an adjective, we can connect them in
different ways:
with a to infinitive
with a gerund (-ing)
with a bare infinitive (infinitive without to)
with a that clause
with a preposition + to infinitive
with an object + to infinitive
adjective + to infinitive
2. Verb + to infinitive
The following verbs are followed by a to infinitive:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
4. Adjectives + to infinitive
Adjectives are usually followed by a to infinitive verb.
(For exceptions, look at part 2.)
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
Jack apologised for breaking the vase.
Phil succeeded in swimming across the channel.
For example:
I began to read the newspaper.
I began reading the newspaper.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
1. Verb + gerund
2. Verb + object + to infinitive
For example:
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13. Expressions
There are some expressions which always use the gerund.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
I want to go home. I want you to go home.
I would like to leave. I would like you to leave.
The verbs with a star (*) always follow the verb + object +
infinitive pattern.
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The Modal Verbs
Adding extra ideas
VISUAL HERE
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Complete Grammar for FCE
Obligation No obligation
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Complete Grammar for FCE
We prefer must:
to give orders and instructions
to show the speaker feels strongly about something
in public notices
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
6. Need (to)
In the present, we can use need as a main verb or as a
model verb. It means necessary.
For example:
I need to call mum. (main verb) - I need call mum.
(model)
I dont need to call her. - I neednt call her.
Do you need to call? - Need you call?
In the past tense we use the main verb form with to:
I needed to call. I didnt need to call.
For example:
I had to work last weekend. = I needed to work last
weekend.
(It was necessary and I did it.)
I didnt have to work yesterday. (It was not necessary.)
For example:
Im angry with Peter. He should have told me the truth!
(Although it was important, he didnt tell me the truth)
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Deductions
1. Certainty - present
To express that we are very sure about something in the
present, we can use must .
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2. Certainty - past
To express that we are very sure about something in the
past, we can use must have .
3. Possibility - present
To express uncertainty or possibility in the present, we can
use may, might or could.
4. Possibility - past
To express possibility in the past, we can use may have,
might have or could have.
For example:
5. Probability - present
To express probability or expectation, we can use will,
should (ought to) or to be bound to.
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
6. Probability - past
To express probability in the past, we can use should
have or shouldnt have.
For example:
7. Ability - present
To talk about ability in the present, we use can and to be
able to.
For example:
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8. Ability - past
To talk about ability in the past, we can use could and
was/were able to.
For example:
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Communication
1. Permission
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2. Requests
We can make requests using the following modal verbs:
3. Offers
We can make offers in different ways:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
4. Suggestions
Ways of making suggestions:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
6. Advice
We can ask for advice the following ways:
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Reported Speech
Adding extra ideas
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Complete Grammar for FCE
1. What is it?
Reported speech is when we report or repeat
somebodys words or sentences.
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Complete Grammar for FCE
For example:
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5. Wh-questions
When we report somebodys question, we have to pay
attention to the following changes:
Tense change
Pronoun change
Changing words of time and place
Word order change from question to statement
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6. Yes/no questions
When we report somebodys question, we have to pay
attention to the following changes:
Tense change
Pronoun change
Changing words of time and place
Word order change from question to statement
Add if/whether in reported speech
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Complete Grammar for FCE
8. Suggestions
When we report suggestions and recommendations with
the word suggest, we can use four constructions:
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9. Tense changes
When we report somebodys speech and the reporting verb
is in the past, we have to move the tense one step back
in time:
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Nouns, Adjectives,
Adverbs
Spea
VISUAL HERE
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Countable and
Uncountable
1. Countable nouns:
can be counted:
1 apple 2 apples 3 apples
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are usually abstract ideas, liquid or
mass forms.
cannot be counted:
3 rices but: some rice/a bowl of rice
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Complete Grammar for FCE
3. Nouns ending in -s
Plural nouns are nouns which only have plural forms.
They are followed by a plural verb.
Examples:
Examples:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
4. Group nouns
Group nouns or collective nouns are nouns which refer to a
group of people or things together. They can take either
a singular or a plural verb.
Examples:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
5. Irregular plurals
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6. Change of meaning
Countable: Uncountable:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
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Adjectives
1. What are adjectives?
Adjectives are words that describe nouns (objects,
people).
For example:
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Complete Grammar for FCE
2. Order of adjectives
Sometimes we need to use more than one adjectives. An
opinion normally goes before the fact:
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3. Adding suffixes
Adjectives can be individual, unique words (nice, small) or
can be formed from other words by using suffixes or
prefixes.
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4. Adding prefixes
We can form new adjectives by adding prefixes to words.
These prefixes create a negative meaning.
5. Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives are created by using two words.
They are usually written with a hyphen.
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6. Adjectives of measurement
We can combine numbers with nouns to make compound
adjectives. They are used to measure different things,
ie. age, distance, etc.
For example:
a five-minute song (time)
a two year-old girl (age)
a ten-euro ticket (price)
a one-litre bottle (volume)
a three-kilo parcel (weight)
a fifty square metre house (area)
an hour-long meeting (duration)
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7. Adjectives as nouns
Some adjectives can be used with the to refer to a group
of people. They function like a noun.
For example:
the blind the homeless the young
the accused the old the famous
the bizarre the deceased the poor
For example:
English, Italian, German, Chinese, American, etc.
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For example:
Have you met anybody interesting lately?
Id like to go somewhere quiet this summer.
What would you like to have? Something nice and
sweet.
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For example:
I will employ the first candidate suitable for the position.
(=first suitable candidate)
The only solution possible is to find a new manager.
(=the only possible solution)
For example:
a proper city = a real city
the city proper = the main part of the city
the concerned parents = the parents who are concerned
the parents concerned = the parents involved
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Im tired.
He was interested in the idea.
She has always been terrified of spiders.
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For example:
disappointed / disappointed
amused / amusing
confused / confusing
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preposit
adjective
ion
nice, kind, cruel, intelligent, sensible, scared,
afraid, frightened, proud, ashamed, fond, full, of
short
nice, kind, good, polite, friendly, cruel,
to
accustomed, used, married, similar, possible,
angry, furious, annoyed, happy, pleased,
about
upset, nervous, certain, excited, worried, sorry
surprised, shocked, amazed, at/by
pleased, disappointed, satisfied, angry,
annoyed, busy, content, delighted, friendly, with
occupied, bored, fed up, crowded
famous, late, ready sorry, responsible, suitable for
good, angry, bad, hopeless, useless, at
keen, reliant on
interested, involved in
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Adverbs
1. Use of adverbs
Adverbs give us extra information about actions:
category examples
quickly, slowly, fast, rapidly, easily,
manner (how)
suddenly, badly
frequency (how always, frequently, often, sometimes,
often) never
degree (how very, a bit, rather, fairly, extremely,
much) quite, slightly
place (where) in London, here, there, far away
tomorrow, at 5 oclock, on Monday, in
time (when)
July, daily, late
linking adverbs as well, whereas, although, next
comment honestly, frankly, sadly
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2. Forming adverbs
On the one hand, adverbs can be single, independent
words or combination of words.
On the other hand, we can form adverbs from other words.
3. Spelling
Spelling of adjectives can change the following ways:
adjective adverb
ending in a vowel
calm changes to -ly calmly
or l
probabl
ending in -le changes to -ly probably
e
ending in y easy changes to -ily easily
changes to -
ending in -ic periodic periodically
ally
add extra friendly
ending in -ly friendly
word way
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4. Confusing adjectives
Adjectives and adverb which are often confused.
adjectives: adverbs:
Late/lately
The taxi arrived late. (not in time)
I met Jim lately. (recently)
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5. Position of adverbs
Adverbs can go into different positions in the sentence.
Study the following table carefully.
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6. Comparatives
Usually adverbs form their comparative and superlative
forms the same way as adjectives.
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Comparatives and
Superlatives
1. Forming the comparatives and superlatives
As a general rule, the comparative adjective is created by
adding er at the end of the adjective. The
superlative adjective is created by adding est at the
end.
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2. Irregular forms
Some comparative and superlative adjectives are irregular.
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3. Comparative sentence
When we compare two or more things, we can say:
X is bigger/better/safer/etc than Y
X is as (so) big/good/interesting as Y
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For examples:
James is the tallest in the class.
The McLaren F1 is the most expensive car in the
world.
For example:
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as.. as + clause
For example:
For example:
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7. Emphasis
We can add emphasis to comparative adjectives the
following ways:
For example:
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The Sentence Structure
Word order
VISUAL HERE
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Questions
1. Yes/no questions
Yes/no questions are those which can be answered with a
yes or a no. We put the auxiliary verb before the
subject.
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2. Short answers
We can give short answers to yes/no questions in two ways:
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For example:
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4. Prepositions
It is important to keep the preposition of the verb when
we ask a question. Prepositions can go to two places:
The two solutions are equal. Some people prefer the first
option, whereas some people prefer the second option.
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5. What or which?
What car would you like to buy? (out of all the existing
types)
What would you like to eat? (you can choose whatever
you want)
Which car would you like? (out of those you can see here)
Which would you like to eat? (out of those you can see
here)
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Question tags
We can turn a statement into a question by adding a
question tag at the end of the sentence.
a polite question
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Short agreements
To agree with positive statement, we use so + auxiliary
of the original statement.
I love ice-cream. So do I.
She is from the USA. So am I.
Peter failed his exams. So did Alex.
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Echo questions
Echo questions are short questions we use after we have
heard a statement. We use echo questions to confirm
what we have just heard and they do not need an
answer.
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Linking Words
1. What are they?
Linking words are words that join two or more words,
sentences or clauses. Linking words are also called
conjunctions.
For example:
For example:
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For example:
Although it was raining, we went out for a walk.
Even though he left the house late, he could catch the
train.
He went to the party although he was tired.
I like cats. (But) I also like dogs, though.
in spite of + noun
despite + -ing
+ the fact that + clause + comma
For example:
Despite his success, he remained a shy person.
In spite of his success, he lives a quiet life.
Despite the fact that he succeeded in life, he is a shy
person.
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For example:
I went to the shop to buy some fruits. (Why? To buy some
fruits.)
Peter studies hard to pass his exam.
She switched off the light not to waste electricity.
Note: The subject of the two verbs is the same: I went and
I bought.
Note: In the negative, we use not to.
For example:
in order to
He turned the radio on so as to listen to the news.
to
She closed the window in order not to hear the noise.
We wrote down the address so as not to forget it.
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For example:
For example:
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For example:
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b) so, therefore
So and therefore mean for this reason.
For example:
Compare:
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For example:
due to
as a result of his lottery win.
He bought a Ferrari owing to winning the lottery.
because of
on account of
thanks to
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For example:
b) Such
Such is used in the same meaning as so but in the
following construction:
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For example:
c) too
Too means more than needed. We can use it to express
cause and effect.
For example:
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d) Enough
Enough means sufficient. We can use it to express cause
and effect.
For example:
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Irregular Verbs
Actions in the making
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1. Regular verbs
Regular verbs form their past and past participle forms by
adding ed to the end of the verbs.
For example:
2. Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs form their past and past participle forms
differently from regular verbs. They usually do not use
the ed ending.
For example:
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5. Ending in en
Sometimes the past participle can end in en. The -en
can attach to the base form or to the past form:
VISUAL HERE
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1. Adding s to nouns
Most nouns simply add an s to form the plural
book books, computer computers, cat cats, edge
edges
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2. Adding s to verbs
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For example:
6. Adding ed to verbs
Most verbs simply add an ed to the verb
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Pronouns, Determiners
Replacing the noun
VISUAL HERE
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Pronouns
1. Pronouns
There are different pronouns in English depending on their
position in the sentence:
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3. Possessives
The possessive determiners always stand before the
noun. The possessive determiner + noun
combination can be either the subject or object of the
sentence.
4. Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns always refer back to the subject
and they usually stand in object position.
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6. There or it?
Both there and it can be used in several different ways.
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Determiners/pronouns
Some words can be used both as pronouns and
determines. We are going to look at these words.
1. Some/any + body/thing
The following indefinite pronoun combinations are
possible:
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2. One, ones
We use one and ones when we do not want to repeat a
countable noun.
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7. All, whole
Whole means the entire. All can also mean entire or the
total available. Note the difference in the constructions.
For example:
The whole day was a disaster. (=from beginning to end)
We were shopping all day.
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The Articles
1. The definite article
The definite article is: the. It has only one form, the,
which is used for both singular and plural nouns:
For example:
with of:
the colour of my skirt
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regions:
the Middle East, the Sahara, the Amazon
groups of islands:
the Solomon Islands, the Caribbean
some countries:
the USA, the Ukraine, The UK, the United Arab
Emirates, the Netherlands
other:
the sea, the coast, the hills, the mountains,
the countryside
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with expressions:
the traffic, in the morning, in the afternoon
the metro, the doctor, the dentist, the hospital
the supermarket, the bank
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For example:
I like travelling.
We bought bananas.
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Prepositions
Do we really need them?
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Prepositions of Time
1. Use of in
We use in with:
Months in September
in may
Years in 1996, in 1976
in 2004, in 2054
Seasons in summer, in winter
in spring, in autumn
Centuries in the 17th century
in the 21st century
in the Bronze Age
Main parts of the day in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
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2. Use of on
We use on with:
Days (especially with on Monday, on Friday
the word day) on weekdays
on Thursday morning
on a good day
on Christmas Day,
Dates on 16th September
on 30th October
on the fourth of May
3. Use of at
We use at with:
Times at 9am
at half past eleven
at 3 oclock
A point of time at the start
at the beginning/end
at midnight
at noon, at night
at lunch time
Special days at Christmas
(without the word at Easter
day) at the weekend
Expressions at first, at last, at once, ect.
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5. Use of by
By means no later than.
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6. Use of until
Until (or till) refers to the duration of an activity and
show how long something will continue. It means that
something continues until a moment in the future.
For example:
Examples:
7. Use of for, in
In shows how quickly something happens (how long it
takes to do something).
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For example:
8. Expressions
at In on
at midnight in the morning on Wednesday afternoon
at noon in the afternoon on Sunday evening
at lunch time in the evening on a fine day
at dusk/dawn in half an hour on my birthday
at the same in a few minutes on the day of the wedding
time in a moment on the day of something
at present in a second on time
at the time in time On New Years Day
at last in the present on his anniversary
at the end in the past
at night
on time = punctual, exact time
in time = ok time, not late but almost late
in the end = finally
at the end (of something) = when something finishes
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in at on
refers to an area refers to a point, refers to a
or volume place or event surface
in the building at the airport on the wall
in Europe / Asia at the bus stop on the screen
in London at the bank on the window
in new York at the library on the floor
in the garden at home on the door
in the park at church on a page
in the street at school on a sheet of
in the room at a concert paper
in bed at a dinner on the bed
in hospital at a meeting on the ceiling
in prison at a party on the ground
in church at (address) on the grass
on the beach
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in at on
in a queue at the top on the right
in a row at the bottom on the left
in a line at the end on the left-hand
in the sky at the back side
in the world at the front on the right-hand
in the country at the corner side
in the photograph at sea on a menu
in a book at work on a list
in a magazine at college on the ground
in a newspaper at university floor
in the world at a dance on the first floor
in the corner at a wedding on a river
on the river
Thames
on the way
on a bus/plane
on the train/ship
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except
He invited everyone to his birthday party
besides me!
next to
beside
Our house is beside /by the post office
by
using a vehicle
Jack commutes to work by car.
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Examples:
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not far
near I live near the airport.
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For example:
For example:
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2. Verb patterns
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4. About and of
Think about = consider, concentrate on something
Think of = have an idea or opinion
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6. The use of on
Here are some examples of common verbs which always
use the preposition on.
depend on
rely on
spend on
congratulate on
concentrate on
insist on
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noun adjective/verb
kindness of kind of
success in succeed in
successful in
decision on decide on
objection to object to
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A Publication by Andrea V. @ Palaber