Quadratic Formula

Given: ax 2 bx c 0
b b 2 4ac
Solve for x: x
2a

Square of a Sum
(a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2 and
(a b c) 2 a b c 2ab 2bc 2ac

Series Formulas

Geometric Series: a, ar, ar2, ar3, a + ar + ar2+ ar3 +

Sum of first n terms (note: First n terms starts at r0 and goes to rn-1)
1 rn
a + ar + ar2+ ar3 + + arn-1= a(1 + r + r2+ r3 + + rn-1)= a
1 r
Infinite Convergent Series (-1 < r < 1)
1
a + ar + ar2+ ar3 + = a(1 + r + r2+ r3 + )= a
1 r
Arithmetic Series: a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d3, a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + (a+3d) +

Sum of first n terms (note: First n terms starts at 0d and goes to (n-1)d)
n(n 1)
a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + (a+3d) + + (a+(n-1)d) = na d
2
Special Case for first n integers
n( n 1)
1+2+3++n=
2
Definition of ea

an

n 0 n!
ea

Also dividing both sides by ea gives

an
e a
n0 n!
1 (This is the pdf for the Poisson distribution)
Limit Theorems: Let n be a positive integer, k be a constant, and f and g be functions
which have limits at c then:
lim k k
x c

lim x c
xc

lim kf ( x) k lim f ( x )
x c xc

lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x c x c x c

lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x) Provided lim g ( x ) 0

x c x c x c x c

lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
n n
x c x c

lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x) Provided lim f ( x) 0 when n is even

x c x c x c

Substitution Theorem: if f is a polynomial or rational function, and if rational

denominator at c 0
lim f ( x ) f (c)
xc
Derivative
f (c h ) f (c )
f ' (c) lim Provided this limit exists
h 0
h
Alternate Form
f ( x ) f (c )
f ' (c ) lim
x c
xc

Rules of Differentiation
f (x ) f ' ( x)
c (a constant) 0
Power Rule cx n n cnx n 1
g ( x ) h( x ) g ' ( x) h' ( x)

Product Rule g ( x ) h( x ) g ' ( x ) h( x ) g ( x ) h ' ( x )

u ( x )v ( x ) w( x ) u ' vw uv' w uvw'

g ( x) h( x ) g ' ( x ) g ( x ) h' ( x )
Quotient Rule
h( x ) h( x ) 2
Chain Rule g ( h( x )) g ' ( h( x )) h' ( x)

e g ( x) g ' ( x) e g ( x )
g ' ( x)
ln( g ( x ))
g ( x)
a x a 0 a x ln(a )

ex ex
1
ln x
x
1
log b x
x ln(b)
sin x cos x
cos x sin x

cf ( x ) cf (x )

BPP Power Rule f ( x )

p
p f ( x)
p 1
f ( x )

LHopitals Rule

If lim f ( x) 0 & lim g ( x) 0 or lim f ( x) & lim g ( x)

x c x c x c x c
 Then
f ( x) f ( x)
lim lim Provided lim g ' ( x) 0
x c g ( x ) x c g ( x ) x c

Note: Can be applied multiple times.

Antiderivatives (Integrals) of Some Frequently Used Functions

f (x ) f ( x ) dx

g ( x ) h( x ) g ( x)dx h( x)dx c
x n 1
x n n 1 c
n 1
1
ln( x ) c
x
ex ex c
ax
a x a 0 c
ln a
xe ax e ax
xe ax 2 c
a a
1 1 ax 1
e ax or e or ax
e ax a ae
sin x cos x c
cos x sin x c
Additional integration rules:
n!
For integer n 0 and real number c 0 0
x n e cx dx
c n 1
Integration by Substitution
To find f(x)dx substitute u=g(x), g being differentiable then du =g(x)dx then we
can rewrite f(x)dx as an integral with respect to the variable u. So if this changes
f(x)dx to h(u)du and H is the antiderivative of h, then
f ( x)dx h(u )du H (u ) c H ( g ( x)) c
Example: Find (x3-1)4/3x2dx Substitue u= x3-1, so that du=3x2dx or du= x2dx
7 7
1 u 3 1 3
now the integral can be written as u du = u du = 4/3
u (c ) now
4/3

3 73 7
substitute back the u= x3-1 gives the final result (x3-1)4/3x2dx = 1/7(x3-1)7/3(+c)

Integration by Parts
If you have an integral of the form f ( x ) g ( x )dx then do integration by parts

f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x) g ( x) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx

Use when f ( x ) g ( x) dx is easier than f ( x) g ( x) dx

For a definite integral
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x ) g ( x ) a f ( x) g ( x) dx
b b

b
a a