2

A = πr
(Area of a Circle)
C = πd
(Circumference of a Circle)
 1
A = ab sin C
2
(Area of a triangle)
A 1
= 2 bh
(Area of a triangle)
 1
A=2 (a+b)h
(Area of a trapezium)
V = lbd
(Volume of a cuboid)
 2
V = πr h
(Volume of a cylinder)
V 4
= 3 πr 3
(Volume of Sphere)
 2 2 2
a =b +c
“The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides”

(Pythagoras’ theorem)
 2
-b √ b – 4ac
+
x=
2a
when ax2 + bx + c = 0

(The Quadratic formula)

 V = AL
“Cross-sectional area  length”
(Volume of a prism)
 Opposite
Hypotenuse
Sin  =
(Trigonometry for right angled triangles)
 Adjacent
Hypotenuse
Cos  =
(Trigonometry for right angled triangles)
 Opposite
Adjacent
Tan  =
(Trigonometry for right angled triangles)
 a b c
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C
(Trigonometry for any triangle,
The Sine rule for lengths)
Sin A Sin B Sin C
= =
a b c
(Trigonometry for any triangle,
The Sine rule for angles)
 2 2 2
a = b + c – 2bc Cos A
(Trigonometry for any triangle,
The Cosine rule for lengths)
 2 2 2
b +c –a
Cos A =
2bc
(Trigonometry for any triangle,
The Cosine rule for angles)
 Σfx
x=
Σf
(Mean of a frequency distribution,
where x is the mid-interval value)
 2
2 Σ (x – x)
σ =
n
(Variance)
 2
Σ (x – x)
σ=
√ n
(Standard deviation of a set of numbers)
 2
Σf(x – x)
σ=
√ Σf
(Standard deviation of a
discrete frequency distribution)
 2 2
Σx Σx
σ=
√ n –
n
(Standard deviation of a set of numbers)
 2 2
σ= Σfx Σfx
–
√ Σf Σf
(Standard deviation of a discrete
frequency distribution)
 2
X ~ N(μ,σ )
 (Random normal variable X
with mean μ and standard deviation σ)
 2
Z ~ N(0,1 )
(Standard Random normal variable Z
with Mean 0 and standard deviation 1)
 X – μx
Z=
σx
(Standardised score)
n r n–r
C rp q
(The binomial expansion)
n P n
n!
Cr = r =
r! r!(n–r)!
(Number of combinations of n
different things taken r at a time)
 n n!
Pr =
(n–r)!
(Number of permutations of n
different things taken r at a time)
 2
ρ=1–
6Σd
2
n(n - 1)
(Spearman’s coefficient
of rank correlation)
 P(AB) =
P(A)+P(B)-P(AB)
(Probability Addition law
for independent events)
 P(AB) =
P(A) x P(B|A)

(Probability Multiplication
law
 P(A|B) =
P(B|A)P(A)
P(B|A)P(A)+P(B|Aʹ)P(Aʹ)
(Probability Multiplication law
for independent events)

(Bayes’ Theorem,
 2
2 (Σx )
Sxx = Σxi – n i

(Used in linear regression and

correlation)
 2
2 (Σy )
Syy = Σyi – n i

(Used in linear regression and

correlation)
 ΣxiΣyi
Sxy = Σxiyi – n
(Used in linear regression and
correlation)
 Sxy
r=
√Sxx Syy
(Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation
Coefficient)
(a+b)+c ≡ a+(b+c)

(Associative addition
a+b≡b+c
(a  b)  c ≡
a  (b  c)
(Associative
multiplication law)
ab≡ba
a(b+c) ≡ ab + bc

(Distributive law)
 2
(a+b) ≡
2 2
a +2ab+b
(Polynomial Identities:
Square of linear
expression)
 2 2
a –b ≡
(a + b)(a – b)
(Polynomial Identities:
Difference of two
squares)
(x+a)(x+b) ≡
2
x +(a+b)x+ab
(Polynomial Identities:
Quadratic factors)
 2
(x+p) + q ≡
2 2
X + 2px + (p +q)
(Polynomial
Identities:
‘Completing the
x x ≡x
a b (a+b)

(Exponential
Identities:
Multiplication law)
 a b ab
(x ) ≡ x
(Exponential
Identities:
Raising a power to a
power)
 -a1
x ≡ a
x
(Exponential
Identities:
Negative powers)
 a
x ≡ (√ x )
a b
b
(Exponential
Identities:
Fractional exponent)
It is important NOT
to try and memorise
these formulae, but to
UNDERSTAND
them.