CHNG 4: TN HAO IN MI

I. KHI NIM TN HAO IN MI

Tn hao in mi l phn nng lng pht sinh ra trong in
mi, trong mt n v thi gian lm cho in mi nng ln khi
c in trng bn ngoi tc ng
Cc Nguyn nhn gy tn hao in mi
Do phn cc:
Dng tn hao in mi ny thy r cc cht c phn cc
chm: trong cc in mi c cu to lng cc v in mi c
cu to ion rng buc khng cht ch
Tn hao in mi do phn cc c gy nn bi s ph hy
chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t di tc ng ca cng
in trng
Do in dn r:
Trong in mi k thut bao gi cng cha cc in tch v in
t t do. Di tc ng ca in trng cc in tch trn s
tham gia vo dng in dn v to nn dng in r.
Trong in mi rn dng in dn r i trn b mt v trong
khi in mi, cn in mi kh v lng ch c dng in khi
Do ion ha:
Tn hao in mi do ion ha xy ra trong cc in mi trng
thi kh. Dng tn hao ny xut hin trong cc in trng
khng ng nht khi cng in trng cao hn tr s bt
u ion ha ca loi kh
VD: u cc ca cc thit b cao p, khng kh xung quanh
dy dn ca ng dy ti in trn khng in p cao,

Cu to khng ng nht:

Loi tn hao ny c rt nhiu ngha trong thc t. V vt liu

cch in ca cc thit b thng c cu trc khng ng nht.
Do tnh a dng v cu trc v thnh phn ca vt liu cch
in nn trn l thuyt khng th c mt cng thc chung
tnh ton tn hao ny
II. in Mi Di in p DC
-in mi l nhng cht khng dn in (cch in). Trong phn t
ca cc cht in mi, s lng cc in tch t do l rt t.
-Khi nim mt chiu trong k thut in l ni n dng chuyn
di ng hng ca cc ht mang in trong mi trng dn in
-Dng in mt chiu c to ra t cc ngun nh pin,t bo ,nng
lng mt tri.
-Dng in mt chiu c th di chuyn trong vt dn nh dy in
hoc trong cc vt liu bn dn, vt liu cch in hoc trong chn
khng.
-Tn hao nng lng trong in mi xy ra di tc ng ca in p
xoay chiu cng nh mt chiu bi v trong vt liu c dng in r
do in dn gy ra.
-Khi in p mt chiu trong in mi khng c s phn cc theo
chu k,do nng lng tiu hao ch do dng in r gy nn,do
ta phi dng cc c tnh khc xc nh cht lng vt liu cch
in
-Dng in dch l dng in xut hin gia 2 bn t khi c in
trng bin thin ( in trng bin thin-t trng xoy ging
nh 1 dng in trong dy dn)
-Dng in dn l dng in trong dy dn c s dch chuyn ca cc
electron

-C th xc nh tr s tn hao in mi trong vt liu cch in bng

gi tr cng sut tn trong 1 n v th tch hoc sut tn hao in
mi.
-Tn hao cng sut trong vt mu hay trong bt k khi vt liu no
c tr s t l vi bnh phng in p t vo vt th.
U2
-Cng sut tn tht in mi: P= R

Trong R o bng m; I-ampe(A);

U-vn (V).

III. in Mi Di in p DC

Tn hao nng lng trong in mi xy ra di tc ng

ca in p xoay chiu cng nh mt chiu bi v trong vt liu c
dng in r do in dn gy ra.
Khi in p mt chiu trong in mi khng c s phn
cc theo chu k,do nng lng tiu hao ch do dng in r gy
nn,do ta phi dng cc c tnh khc xc nh cht lng vt
liu cch in

 Dng in dch l dng in xut hin gia 2 bn t khi c

in trng bin thin ( in trng bin thin-t trng xoy
ging nh 1 dng in trong dy dn)
-Dng in dn l dng in trong dy dn c s dch
chuyn ca cc electron

-C th xc nh tr s tn hao in mi trong vt liu cch in bng

gi tr cng sut tn trong 1 n v th tch hoc sut tn hao in
mi.
-Tn hao cng sut trong vt mu hay trong bt k khi vt liu no
c tr s t l vi bnh phng in p t vo vt th.

-Cng sut tn tht in mi:

Trong R o bng m; I-ampe(A);
U-vn (V).

i vi in mi bt k di tc dng ca in trng u c
c trng bi 2 i lng c bn
C : in dung ca in mi
R : in tr ca in mi
IV. CU O SCHERING
Cu schering c 4 nhnh c bn, mch cu xoay chiu, thng qua
phep o ph thuc vo vic cn bng ti trn cc nhnh ca n
Schering l mt trong nhng phng php rt quan trng v hu ch
o in dung, yu t h s ,o lng ca hng s in mi mt
cch tng i, cng nh c s dng cho cu o cao p v phn ln
in p xoay chiu c a n tng tr v t cao p mu

y, C1 l in dung khng r c gi tr c xc nh bng lot

in khng R1
.C2 l mt t in tiu chun.
.C4 l mt t in bin
.R3 l mt in tr thun ty (tc l khng quy np trong t nhin).
.V R4 l mt in tr cm bin khng kt ni song song vi t in
bin C4. By gi cung cp c trao cho cc cu ni gia cc im a
v c. Cc my d c kt ni gia b v d.

T a v c suy ra c:
Z1. Z2= Z3. Z4
Thay cc gi tr ca Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4
Tch cc phn thc v o ra ta c

Cht lng ca mt t in thng c th hin trong chu k ca

gc pha gc nhn hoc gc tn hao in mi c nh ngha l gc
m xut pht t gc vung chnh xc th t cc in p, tc l phn b
ca gc pha

Nu l gc thc t giai on v gc gc nhn

=> + = 90.
i vi gi tr nh hn ca , tan = sin = cos .
Tan thng c gi l cc yu t h s ca mch RC. i vi h
s cng sut thp, do yu t h s l xp x bng vi h s cng
sut.
Chng ta hy xem xet cc s ca mch trn v nh du nhng
in p trn ab, bc, cd v nh l e1, e3, e4 v e2 tng ng. T s
trn cu Schering, chng ta c th tnh ton gi tr ca tan m cng
c gi l cc yu t h s
V. TN HAO IN MI TRONG CC MI TRNG
1. Tn hao in mi trong cht rn:
Gm c:
in mi c cu trc phn t
in mi c cu trc ion
in mi xenhit nhit
in mi c cu to khng ng nht
Khi nim:
Tn hao in mi c cu trc phn t
Nu trong iu kin c cc phn t trung tnh v khng c
tp cht th tn hao in mi nh khng ng k, ch yu do dng
in r gy nn.
 Cc in mi c cu trc phn t ch yu l cc cht hu
c c s dng rng ri trong k thut, loi ny gm cc vt liu
da trn c s xenlul nh: giy, ba ctng v cc cht khc. Tt c
cc cht ny c tn hao ln do phn cc lng cc, nht l tn s
v tuyn, nn khng c dng tn s cao
Trong cc cht c cu to tinh th ion cht ch khi khng
c tp cht, tn hao in mi c tr s rt nh. nhit tng cao,
trong cc cht ny xut hin tn tht do in dn gy ra.
Loi ny bao gm nhiu hp cht tinh th v c c
ngha rt ln trong sn xut gm k thut in hin nay, nh:
corunum (bt mi) nm trong thnh phn s cao tn.
Cc in mi c cu trc ion rng buc khng cht
ch bao gm mt lot cht kt tinh, c c trng bi cc loi
phn cc chm lm tng tn tht in mi. Trong cc cht ny
c mullit l mt thnh phn ca s cch in.
in mi xenhit in
Tn hao in mi trong xenhit in ln hn tn hao trong
cc in mi khc. nhit cao hn nhit Tc phn cc t pht b
tiu dit v vy tn hao in mi ca xenhit in t b thay i vng
nhit nh hn nhit Tc v vy gim nhanh nhit ln hn Tc
in mi c cu to khng ng nht
in mi c cu to khng ng nht l do in mi c t
nht 2 cht pha trn ln nhau v mt c hc m khng c tc dng
ha hc.
V d: gm s, thy tinh.
Tn hao in mi trong cht lng:
ph thuc ch yu vo nht. in dn ca in
mi rt nh khong 104

nht ln phn t khng kp nh

hng tn hao bin mt tn hao nh
- nht nh nh hng t ma st tn hao
cng nh.
- nht trung bnh tn hao lng cc l ng k.
-Mt nht no tn hao cc i
Cht lng c cc tnh bao gi cng c dn in
ln hn cht lng khng c cc tnh
Khi hng s in mi tng th dn in cng tng.
Khi kh c cc tp cht c trong in mi th s
lm tng in tr sut ca n
in dn sut ca mt cht lng ph thuc vo nhit

3. Tn hao in mi trong cht kh

Dng in trong cht kh ch c khi trong
c cc ion hay in t t do. S dn in trong cht
kh do 2 nguyn nhn a n s ion ho cc phn t
kh l:
-in dn t duy tr: Khi in trng t n gi tr
 ln lm cho cc ht mang in chuyn ng va
chm vi phn t kh s to ra cc ion to nn s dn
in trong cht kh. Loi ny gi l in dn t duy
tr.
- in dn khng t duy tr: Do cc yu t bn ngoi
gy nn hin tng ion ho v d nh tia cc tm, s
bc x hay tc dng nhit. Di tc dng ca in p
cc ion ny s dch chuyn v bn trong s xut hin
dng in. y gi l in dn khng t duy tr.