Chapter3

TransmissionLinesand
Waveguides

1
3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

Assumetimeharmonicfieldsandwavepropagationalongthezaxis.
Electromagneticfieldscanthenbewrittenas

Ifconductorordielectriclossispresent,thepropagationconstant
willbecomplex;j shouldthenbereplacedwith=+j.
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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

ForMaxwellsequationsinthesourcefreeregion:

Withtheexp(jz)zdependence,wecanget6equations:

Thesesixequationscanbesolvedforthefourtransversefieldcomponents
intermsofEz andHz.

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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

cutoffwavenumber

where

Ifdielectriclossispresent, canbemadecomplexbyusing =0r (1jtan),

wheretanisthelosstangentofthematerial.

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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

(1)TEMwave
ForEz=Hz=0,wecaneliminateHx toobtain

Thecutoffwavenumber,
iszeroforTEMwaves.

TheHelmholtzwaveequationforEx

andforexp(j z)dependence

AsimilarresultalsoappliestoEy
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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

Usingtheformof

TEMwavescanexist
TheLaplacianoperatorinthetwotransversedimensions whentwoormore
conductorsarepresent.
Theelectricfieldcanbeexpressedasthegradientofa
scalarpotential,(x,y):
Transversegradientoperator

Q:Waveimpedancevs.characteristicimpedance?

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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

1.SolveLaplacesequationfor.Thesolutionwill
containseveralunknownconstants.

2.Findtheseconstantsbyapplyingtheboundaryconditionsforthe
knownvoltagesontheconductors.

3.Computeandfrom

and

Computeandfrom

and

4.ComputeVfromandIfrom.

5.Thepropagationconstantisgivenby,andthe
characteristicimpedanceisgivenbyZo =V/I.
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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

(2)TEwave
forEz=0andHz0
Thegeneralformcanbereducedas

Theandwavepropagationconstant

(isseentobefrequencydependent)
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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

(3)TMwave
forEz0andHz=0
Thegeneralformcanbereducedas

Theandpropagationconstantisafunctionof
frequencyandthegeometryofthelineorguide

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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

(4)AttenuationDuetoDielectricLoss

Mostdielectricmaterialshaveaverysmallloss,theaboveexpressioncanbe
reducedas

()

(ForTEM,k=)
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3.1GENERALSOLUTIONSFORTEM,TE,ANDTMWAVES

1.SolvethereducedHelmholtzequation,

orforhz orez. Thesolutionwillcontainseveral

unknownconstantsandtheunknowncutoffwavenumber,kc.

2.UseTEwavegeneralfieldform orTMwavegeneralfieldform
tofindthetransversefieldsfromhz orez.

3.Applytheboundaryconditionstotheappropriatefieldcomponents
tofindtheunknownconstantsandkc.

4.Thepropagationconstantisgivenbyandthewave

impedanceby

or

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

(1)TEMmode

Boundarycondition:
assumethatW>>d

(=kforTEMwave)

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Thetotalcurrentonthetopplate(useAmpereslaw):

Thevoltagedifference(betweentheplate):

Thecharacteristicimpedance:

Thephasevelocity:

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

(2)TMmode

forHz=0andanonzeroEzfield,with/x=0

BCs:

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Forthefieldscanbefound:

Kc =0
Forn=0,andEz =0.TheEy andHx fieldsarethenconstantinyso
thattheTM0 modeisactuallyidenticaltotheTEMmode.

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Poyntingvector ofTMn wave:

P0 isnonzeroandpositivewhen isreal.If isimaginary(modesbelowcutoff),

P0 =0.

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Forexample,considerthedominantTM1 mode

Thisresultisintheformoftwoplanewavestravelingobliquelyinthe(y,+z)
and (+y,+z)directions

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Conductorlosscanbetreatedusingtheperturbationmethod:
Po isthepowerflowdowntheguide
Pl isthepowerdissipatedperunitlengthinthetwolossy
conductors

(Rs isthesurfaceresistanceoftheconductors)

n=0,TM0 (identicaltoTEMwave)

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

(3)TEmode
forEz=0andanonzeroHzfield,with/x=0:

BCs:
Ex=0aty=0,d

TheboundaryconditionsshowsthatA=0,and

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

For,thefieldscanbefound:

Thepropagationconstant: Thecutofffrequency:

Thewaveimpedance:

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

ThepowerflowdowntheguideforaTEn modecanbecalculatedas

ifn=0,thenEx=Hy =0,thereisnoTE0 mode.

conductorloss:

Attenuationduetoconductorlossforthe
TEM,TM1,andTE1 modesofaparallelplate
waveguide.

c ascutoisapproached
fortheTMandTEmodes.

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

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3.2PARALLELPLATEWAVEGUIDE

Fieldlinesforthe(a)TEM,(b)TM1,and(c)TE1 modesofaparallelplate
waveguide.Thereisnovariationacrossthewidthofthewaveguide.
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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

(1)TEModes (Ez =0)

UsethemethodofSeparationofVariables:

Defineseparationconstantskx andky suchthat:

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

B.C. use

1)D=0andky =n/bforn=0,1,2....2)B=0andkx =m/aform=0,1,2....

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

ThefieldofTEmn modes:

TE10 mode

Thepropagationconstant:

Propagatingmode/wave:

Thecutofffrequency:

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

Assuminga>b,thelowestcutofffrequency
occursfortheTE10 (m=1,n=0)mode:

f <fc willleadtoimaginary,meaningthatthefieldwill
decayexponentially.Suchmodesarereferredtoascutoff
modesorevanescentmodes.

ThewaveImpedance:

Foracutoffmode,thewaveimpedancebecomesimaginary(because isimaginary)

Theguidewavelengthandphasevelocity:

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

(1)TMModes (Hz=0)

B.C.
1)A=0andkx =m/aform=1,2,3....

2)C=0andky =n/bforn=1,2,3....

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

ThefieldofTMmn modes:

Thepropagationconstant:

Thewaveimpedance:
(ThelowestorderTMmodeisTM11)

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3.3RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE

Attenuationofvariousmodesinarectangularbrasswaveguidewitha =2.0cm.

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32
3.5COAXIALLINE Innerconductorvoltage
TEMmode
Applyingtheboundaryconditions

HigherOrderModes
Thecoaxialline,liketheparallelplatewaveguide,canalsosupportTEandTM
waveguidemodesinadditiontotheTEMmode.Thesemodesareusuallycutoff
(evanescent),andsohaveonlyareactiveeffectneardiscontinuitiesorsources where
theymaybeexcited.

Undesirableeffectscanoccuriftwoormoremodes
withdifferentpropagationconstantsarepropagating
atthesametime.Avoidingpropagationofhigher
ordermodessetsanupperlimitonthesizeoran
upperlimitonthefrequencyofoperation.

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3.5COAXIALLINE
TEMModes

Fieldscanbederivedfromascalarpotentialfunction(,)
forcoaxialline,whichisasolutiontoLaplacesequation

B.C.
innerconductorpotential:V0
outerconductorpotential: 0

Bythemethodofseparationofvariables:

Thegeneralsolutionforthisformulasis

becausetheboundaryconditionsdonotvarywith,
nmustbezero.sowecanget

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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

Surfacewaves:
1.Surfacewavescanexistinavarietyofgeometriesinvolvingdielectricinterfaces.
2.Theyaretypifiedbyafieldthatdecaysexponentiallyawayfromthedielectricsurface,
withmostofthefieldcontainedinornearthedielectric.
3. Theymaybeexcitedonsometypesofplanartransmissionlines,suchasmicrostrip
lineandslotline.

TMModes

Assume:
1.propagationinthe+z
directionwithanexp(jz)
propagationfactor
2.novariationinthey
direction(/y=0).
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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

Definethecutoffwavenumbersforthetworegionsas

h2 hasbeenselectedinanticipationofanexponentially
decayingresultforx>d.

Theboundaryconditionsthatmustbesatisfiedare
B=0
C=0forfinitefields

noyvariation
andforTMwave
Hz=0
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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

A setofsimultaneoustranscendentalequationsthatmustbesolvedforthepropagation
constantskc andh,givenk0 andr .

Thegraphicalrepresentationofthesolutions

theequationofacircleinthekcd,hdplane

Theintersectionofthesecurvesimpliesasolutiontoboth

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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

1.As 1 becomeslarger,thecirclemayintersectmorethanonebranchofthe
tangentfunction,implyingthatmorethanoneTMmodecanpropagate.
2.Solutionsfornegativeh mustbeexcludedbecauseweassumedhwaspositivereal.
3.Foranynonzerothicknesssheetwitharelativepermittivitygreaterthanunity,
thereisatleastonepropagatingTMmode,whichwewillcalltheTM0 mode. Thisis
thedominantmodeofthedielectricslabwaveguide,andithasazerocutoff
frequency.(Althoughfork0 =0,kc =h=0,andallfieldsvanish.)

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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

ThecutofffrequencyoftheTMn modecanthenbederivedas

Oncekc andhhavebeenfoundforaparticularsurfacewavemode,thefield
expressionscanbefoundas

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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

TEModes
TEmodescanalsobesupportedbythegroundeddielectricsheet.TheHz field
satisfiesthewaveequations

Radiationcondition ContinuityofEy atx=d

use
andA=C=0

ContinuityofHzatx=d

plottedasafamilyofcurvesinthekcd,hdplane40
3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

Becausenegativevaluesofhmustbeexcluded,thefirstTEmodedoesnotstartto
propagateuntiltheradiusofthecircle, ,becomesgreaterthan/2.

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3.6SURFACEWAVESONAGROUNDEDDIELECTRICSHEET

ThecutofffrequencyoftheTEn modescanthenbefoundas

ComparingwiththecutofffrequencyoftheTMn mode showsthattheorder

ofpropagationfortheTMn andTEn modesisTM0,TE1,TM1,TE2,TM2,....

Afterfindingtheconstantskc andh,thefieldexpressionscanbederivedas

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3.7STRIPLINE

Twoconductorsandahomogeneousdielectric
Fundamentalmode:TEMmode
cansupportshigherorderTM&TEmodes

Characteristicimpedance:

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3.8MICROSTRIPLINE

1. Mostpopulartypesofplanartransmissionstructures
2. Themodeofpropagationinamicrostrip lineisquasiTEM
3.Easyfabricationandintegrationwithbothpassiveandactivemicrowavedevices

istheeffectivedielectricconstantofthemicrostrip line.

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Thecharacteristicimpedance:

45
3.11OTHERTYPESOFLINESANDGUIDES

(1)Ridgewaveguide:
1.Lowerthecutofffrequencyofthedominant
mode
2.Increasedbandwidthandbetter(more
constant)impedancecharacteristics
3.Oftenusedforimpedancematchingpurposes
(lettheridgebetaperedalongthelengthofguide)

(2)Dielectricwaveguide:
1.ThistypeofguidesupportsTMandTEmodes
2.Convenientforminiaturizationandintegration
withactivedevices
3.Smallsizeisusefulformillimeterwave
toopticalfrequencies
4.Itcanbeverylossy atbendsorjunctionsin
theridgeline 46
3.11OtherTypesofLinesandGuides

(3)Slotline:
1.Planartransmissionline
2.Likemicrostrip line,thetwoconductorsof
slotline leadtoaquasiTEMtypeofmode
3.Thewidthoftheslotcontrolsthecharacteristic
impedance

(4)Coplanarwaveguide:
1.Thistypeoflinecansupportevenorodd
quasiTEMmodes
2.Particularlyusefulforfabricatingactive
circuitry

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