Correlation Properties of W-CDMA Synchronisation Codes
Igor S. Simi}, Ericsson d.o.o, V. Popovi}a 6, Beograd
Igor.Simic@eyu.ericsson.se
I INTODUCTION
Third generation (3G) mobile systems are currently being
standardised in different standardisation associations. Higher
data rate with improved quality of service and capacity has
been main objectives. Among considered 3G air interface
technologies CDMA 2000 and Wideband CDMA
(W-CDMA) has been approved. In these systems, in the
downlink, each base station uses a pseudonoise (PN)
sequence (scrambling code) to separate different transmitters.
The physical channels are distinguished by using orthogonal
channelisation codes (spreading codes). Before any
communication with base station (BS) takes place mobile
station (MS) has to time synchronise to the scrambling code
used in the serving cell.
In the CDMA 2000 each BS (cell) employ the same
scrambling code but shifted in time (synchronous system).
Cell is unique identified by phase shift of the scrambling
code. A global positioning system (GPS) is usually applied to
achieve synchronism between BSs. On the other hand, in
W-CDMA neighbouring BSs use distinct downlink
scrambling code from a set of possible codes. Acquisition
problem in this (asynchronous) system consists not only in
determining the timing of received code but also in
identifying the particular scrambling code. Since there can be
512 scrambling codes in the system, the acquisition time
could be very large. The process of searching for a cell and
synchronising to its PN code is referred to as cell search. In
the paper [1] three steps fast cell search algorithm is
proposed and later is accepted in 3rd Generation Partnership
Project 3GPP [2]. There are three circumstances when cell
search has to be performed: initial cell search after MS is
switched on, idle mode cell search for finding suitable cell to
camp on and active cell search to identify handover
candidates.
This paper discusses choice of synchronisation codes in
W-CDMA system and its correlation properties.
II SYNCHRONISATION CHANNELS AND CELL
SEARCH IN W-CDMA
In order to ease MS cell search all BS transmit three
downlink channels: Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-
SCH), Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) and
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH). The P-SCH together with
the S-SCH are also referred as Synchronisation Channel
(SCH).
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH
are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips. Figure 1
illustrates the structure of the SCH radio frame.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
P-SCH cp cp cp
i,0 i,1 i,14
S-SCH cs cs cs
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Fig. 1: Structure of Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
The Primary SCH consists of a 256 chips long code, denoted
as cp in Figure 1, and transmitted once every slot. The PSC is
the same for every cell in the system. The Secondary SCH
contains a code with 256 chips. The Secondary SCH is
transmitted in parallel with the Primary SCH and consists of
16 sequences used to generate a total of 64 different code
words that identify 64 code groups. The secondary
synchronisation code (SSC) is denoted csi,k in Figure 1, where
i = 0, 1, , 63 is the number of the scrambling code group,
and k = 0, 1, , 14 is the slot number. Each SSC is chosen
from a set of 16 different codes of length 256. This sequence
on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the 64 code groups
the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
The common pilot channel (CPICH) is scrambled with the
cell-specific scrambling code. Spreading sequence of CPICH
is taken from the set of orthogonal channelisation codes (all
ones), maintaining mutual orthogonality with other downlink
channels.
Initial cell search
During the initial cell search, the mobile station searches for
the base station to which it has the lowest path loss.
Following this, the MS determines the code group of the BS,
a frame synchronisation, and finally acquires the scrambling
code. The initial cell search is carried out in three steps:
1) Slot synchronisation;
2) Frame synchronisation and code-group identification;
3) Scrambling-code identification.
During the first step of the cell search procedure the mobile
station uses the primary SCH to acquire slot synchronisation
to the strongest base station. This is done with a single
matched filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary
synchronisation code cp which is common to all base stations.
The output of the matched filter will have peaks for each
base station signal path within a range of the mobile station,
see Figure 2. Detecting the position of the strongest peak
gives the timing of the strongest base station. For better
reliability, the matched filter output could be accumulated
over a number of slots. This step of the acquisition algorithm
forms searcher, which is always active and searches new
paths or BSs irrespective of whether the receiver is in initial
cell search or in idle and active mode.
Matched Slot-wise Find
maximum
filter (cp) accumulation
Tslot
Two paths from BSi One path from BSj
Fig. 2: Matched filter P-SCH sequence search for
slot synchronisation
During the second step of the cell search procedure, the
mobile station uses the secondary SCH to find frame
synchronisation and identify the code group of the base
station found in the first step. There are 16 S-SCH sequences.
In frame of 15 slots 15 S-SCH sequences create a code-word
taken from code-book of 64 code-words. In each frame same
code-word is transmitted in the cell. Code-group can be
detected by identifying code-word. All 64 code-words are
chosen to have distinct phase shift. To maximise the
minimum code distance of the code-book, between different
cyclic shifts of the same code-word or between different
code-words, in [3] use of comma free Reed Solomon code
was proposed and later accepted in 3GPP [2].
During the third step of the cell search procedure the mobile
station determines the exact scrambling code used by the
found base station. From previous step, the frame boundary
and consequently the start of the scrambling code is known.
The scrambling code is identified through correlation over
the CPICH with all scrambling codes within the code group
identified in the second step. For initial cell search number of
scrambling codes in identified code group is Nc=8.
Idle mode cell search
When in idle mode, the mobile station continuously searches
for new base stations on the current and other carrier
frequencies. The cell search is done in basically the same
way as the initial cell search. The main difference compared
to the initial cell search is that an idle mobile station has
received a neighbouring cell list from the network. This cell
list describes in which order the downlink scrambling codes
should be searched for and does this significantly reduce the
time and effort needed for the scrambling-code search (3rd
step). Also the complexity in the 2nd and 3rd step may be
reduced if the cell list only includes scrambling codes
belonging to a subset of the total set of code groups. The cell
list is continuously updated to reflect the changing
neighbourhood of a moving mobile station.
Active mode cell search
When in active mode, the mobile station continuously
searches for new base stations on the current carrier
frequency. This cell search is carried out in basically the
same way as the idle mode cell search. The mobile station
may also search for new base stations on other carrier
frequencies using the slotted mode. For idle and active mode
search, a detected scrambling code in the third step is time-
tracked and signal to interference ratio (SIR) is measured and
reported back to the BS.
Tslot III SYNCHRONISATION CODES
Since P-SCH sequence is common to all base stations in the
network, there is a possibility that sequences from different
BS overlap. The probability of this happening increases
during handover, since the mobile is equidistant from more
than one BSs. To assess the probability of collision of the
primary SCH sequences, assume reception of single path
from three BS. The probability that sequences from two of
three BS collide is 3/2560, where a time slot contains 2560
chips. This probability is significant and it will increase for
more BS and multipaths. Also, the less strong paths from
handover candidates base stations (cells) can be masked with
autocorrelation sidelobes (Figure 3). The sidelobes are
generated in process of correlation PSC with received P-SCH
of the serving cell. Considering this it is important to choose
primary synchronisation code (PSC) with good
autocorrelation properties.
Path from BS1
Path from BS2
Matched
filter (cp) sidelobes
Fig. 3: A matched filter output and problem with
sidelobes that can mask paths from
neighbouring BSs.
The best PSC would be sequence without any autocorrelation
sidelobes. Unfortunately such sequence does not exist. To
minimise self interference caused by sidelobes it is
desirable to select PSC with smaller maximum absolute
autocorrelation sidelobes (MAS). PSC and SSC are
transmitted in parallel and by definition are mutually
orthogonal. Hence, secondary synchronisation codes (SSC)
must have very small cross-correlation with each other and
with the PSC.
Standardisation of synchronisation codes started in the
European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI) and
Associations of radio industries and business (ARIB)
continued in 3GPP. Initially in ETSI document [4] for
primary SCH an orthogonal Gold code of length 256 chips
and for secondary SCH 16 sequences of orthogonal Gold
codes of length 256 chips was proposed. PSC with
orthogonal Gold code has low MAS (23.1 dB) but
implementation complexity of code acquisition hardware is
too high. The major part of overall complexity of this scheme
is assigned to the first step. A hierarchical sequence approach
in [5] for PSC and Hadamard sequences for SSC with Fast
Hadamard Transform correlation method in [6] is proposed
to reduce the first and the second synchronisation step.
Hierarchical sequence CP of length n = n1 * n2 where length
of the sequences are n1 and n2 respectively is defined as:
C p (i ) = X 2 (i mod n 2 ) X 1 (i div n 2 ) , for i = 0 ... n-1 (1)
with two constituent sequences X1 and X2. H 0 = (1)
This sequence allows a very efficient calculation of the H H k 1 (6)
H k = k 1 , k 1
correlation sum: H
k 1 H k 1
n 1
Denote the mth Hadamard sequence as a row of H8 numbered
R( k ) = C p ( i ) * r( i + k ) =
i =0
from the top, m = 0, 1, 2, , 255, in the sequel. Let hm(i) and
n 1 n 1
1 z(i) denote the ith symbol of the sequence hm and z,
i =0
X 2 ( i mod n 2 ) * X 1 ( i div n 2 ) * r( i + k ) = X 1 ( i ) * Rs( i * n 2 + k ) respectively where i = 0, 1, 2, , 255 and i = 0 corresponds
i =0
to the leftmost symbol.
(2)
The kth SSC, Cssc,k, k = 1, 2, 3, , 16 is then defined as:
Here r(k) is the received signal, R(k) the desired correlation
sum starting at sampling time k and Rs are sub correlation Cssc,k = [hm (0 ) z (0 ), hm (1) z (1), , hm (255 )z (255 )] (7)
sums defined as:
where m=16(k1) and the leftmost chip in the sequence
n2
(3) corresponds to the chip transmitted first in time.

Rs( k' ) =
j =0
X ( j ) * r( j + k' )
2

In this approach complexity of the 1st step is lowered by IV CORRELATION PROPERTIES

factor 8 and with sequences X1 = X2 = {1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1,
-1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1} MES is -18.2 dB.
Further in 3GPP paper [7] hierarchical Golay sequence
approach is proposed for additional complexity reduction.
Proposal is based on Budisins paper [8] where efficient
correlator for Golay sequences is proposed. And finally, in
latest technical specification for 3GPP PSC [2], it is
constructed as a so-called generalised hierarchical Golay
sequence. The sequence CPSC is constructed from two
constituent sequences X1 and X2 of length n1 and n2
respectively using the equation (1). The constituent
sequences X1 and X2 are chosen to be of length n1 = n2 =16.
X1 is defined to be the length 16 (N(1)=4) Golay
complementary sequence obtained by the delay matrix D(1) =
[8, 4, 1,2] and weight matrix W(1) = [1, -1, 1, 1].
X2 is a generalised hierarchical sequence using the following
formula, selecting s=2 and using the two Golay
complementary sequences X3 and X4 as constituent
sequences. The length of the sequence X3 and X4 is n3 and n4
respectively.
In order to provide reliable slot synchronisation and minimise
cross-channel interference PSC and the SSCs should be
orthogonal to it and to themselves. Also these sequences
should exhibit small cross-correlation picks.
To examine synchronisation channel characteristic auto-
correlation of PSC and cross-correlation between PSC and
PSC + SSCi is determined. Figure 4 shows the auto
correlation of the primary synchronisation code. The
sidelobes of the auto correlation function of the PSC are
equals 64 (-12.04 dB) when main correlation peak is equal to
256.
300
mainlobe
256 (0 dB)
250
200
150
sidelobe
64 (-12.04 dB)

X 2 (i) = X 4 [i mod s + s (i div sn3 )] X 3 [(i div s) mod n3 ] , 100

i = 0 ... (n3 n4) - 1. (4)
X3 and X4 are defined to be identical and the length 4 50
(N(3)=N(4)=2) Golay complementary sequence obtained by the
delay matrix D(3) = D(4) = [1,2] and weight matrix W(3) = W(4)
= [1,1]. 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
The Golay complementary sequences X1, X3 and X4 are Fig. 4: Autocorrelation of the PSC accepted by
defined using the following recursive relation: 3GPP.
X0(k) = (k) and b0(k) = (k); By definition, the PSC and SSCs are mutually orthogonal.
(j) (j) However, the cross-correlation properties between the PSC
Xn(k) = Xn-1(k) + W nbn-1(k-D n); (5)
and the SSCs are not very good. In some cases, the cross-
(j) (j)
bn(k) = Xn-1(k) - W nbn-1(k-D n); correlation values between PSC and SSCs can be up to 43%
of the main peak of the PSC autocorrelation function. Table 1
k = 0, 1, 2, , 2**N(j) -1;
shows the maximum absolute cross-correlation values of the
n = 1, 2, , N(j). PSC with SSCs. We can see from table that maximum of the
cross-correlation values is 111 (-7.26 dB) for cross-
The is Kronecker delta function.
correlation with SCC #3 and 109 (-7.42 dB) for cross-
The Hadamard sequences are obtained as the rows in a correlation with SSC #10. It has consequence on the level of
matrix H8 constructed recursively by: maximum absolute correlation sidelobes of the PSC and
PSC+SSCi (Table 2). In slot boundary detection the sidelobes
interfere with main-lobes from other BSs.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 While poor cross-correlation properties between the PSC and
81 67 111 75 89 67 79 99 83 109 77 99 79 79 77 83 SSCs are not fatal, it might have a negative impact on the
performance of the cell acquisition depending on the
Tab. 1: Maximum absolute crosscorrelation of the integration period.
PSC and SSCi. The first row is SSC number i.
References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 [1] C. stberg, Y. E. Wang and F. Janecke, Performance and
82 70 116 92 90 64 80 96 94 110 78 104 78 66 78 82 Complexity of Techniques for Achieving Fast Sector
Identification in an Asynchronous CDMA System, Proc. of
Tab. 2: Maximum absolute correlation sidelobes of
Personal Multimedia Communications Conference, Yukosuka,
the PSC and PSC+SSCi. The first row is SSC November, 1998
number i. [2] 3GPP Tech. Spec, Spreading and modulation (FDD), 3G TS
Maximum values of the correlation sidelobes of the distinct 25.213 V5.2.0 (2002-09)
SSCs are shown in Table 3. The cross-correlation of the [3] S. Sriram, S. Hosur, Cyclically Permutable Codes for Rapid
SSCs is also high (up to 144). The normalised maximum Acquisition in DS-CDMA Systems with Asynchronous Base
correlation is 256, indicating that the cross-correlation could Stations, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications,
Vol.19, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 83-94
be only 5.0 dB below the main peak in the worst case. This
[4] ETSI STC SMG2 UMTS-L1, Tdoc SMG2 221/98 UTRA
would mean that if there is a second base station whose
Physical Layer Description FDD parts (v0.4)
synchronisation channel (SCH) is received apart from the
[5] ETSI STC SMG2 UMTS L1, Tdoc SMG2 427/98 A new
first base station, then depending the relative powers, base
correlation sequence for the Primary Synchronisation Code with
station two could interfere the stage 2 of acquisition for the good correlation properties and low detector complexity
first base station. [6] ETSI SMG2 UMTS L1, Tdoc SMG2 323/98,An orthogonal set
SSCi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 of codes for SCH with good correlation properties and low
1 64 96 96 96 80 112 80 80 96 80 96 96 80 112 112 80 detector complexity
2 96 64 96 96 112 80 80 80 80 96 96 96 112 80 80 112
[7] 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1-554/99, Generalised Hierarchical Golay
3 96 96 80 96 80 80 112 96 96 96 96 64 80 112 80 128
4 96 96 96 80 80 80 96 112 96 96 64 96 112 80 128 80
Sequence for PSC with low complexity correlation using pruned
5 80 112 80 80 112 96 96 96 80 80 80 144 96 80 96 96 efficient Golay correlators
6 112 80 80 80 96 112 96 96 80 80 144 80 80 96 96 96 [8] S.Z.Budisin, "Efficient pulse compressor for Golay
7 80 80 112 96 96 96 96 112 144 96 80 80 96 112 96 80 complementary sequences", Electronics Letters, Vol.27, No.3,
8 80 80 96 112 96 96 112 96 96 144 80 80 112 96 80 96
pp.219-220, Jan. 1991.
9 96 80 96 96 80 80 144 96 96 112 96 64 112 96 80 96
10 80 96 96 96 80 80 96 144 112 96 64 96 96 112 96 80 [9] Y.P.E.Wang, T.Ottosson, Cell Search in W-CDMA, IEEE
11 96 96 96 64 80 144 80 80 96 64 112 96 80 96 80 112 Journal on selected areas in communications, Vol.18, No. 8,
12 96 96 64 96 144 80 80 80 64 96 96 112 96 80 112 80 August 2000, pp. 1470-1482
13 80 112 80 112 96 80 96 112 112 96 80 96 80 96 96 80
14 112 80 112 80 80 96 112 96 96 112 96 80 96 80 80 96
15 112 80 80 128 96 96 96 80 80 96 80 112 96 80 64 96
16 80 112 128 80 96 96 80 96 96 80 112 80 80 96 96 64 ABSTRACT:

In asynchronous system such as W-CDMA neighbouring base

Tab. 3: Maximum absolute correlation sidelobes of
the SSC and SSCi. The first row and column is SSC
number i. The main peak of an SSC correlation with
itself is 256.
V CONCLUSION
In the cell search scheme previously proposed for W-CDMA,
where Gold codes were used for the PSC, the cross-
correlation peaks between the PSC and the SSCs were
relatively small [6]. However, the hierarchical Golay
sequences suggested in [7] significantly reduce the
complexity of implementation for the Primary SCH and are
therefore seen as highly desirable. The feature of the
complementary Golay sequences that sum of their
autocorrelation functions is equal to zero for all shifts except
zero [8] is not used in PSC sequences design. Only focus in
sequence choice was on correlator complexity.
Our analysis of the existing Synchronisation Channel has
revealed that the MAS of the PSC and cross correlation
values of the SSCs are not as low as desired.
stations use different spreading codes and mobile station first have
to determine the spreading code used by BSs to which it has the
lowest path loss. The acquisition process is conducted in three-step
search procedure. To facilitate that, BS transmit synchronisation
channel. Two synchronisation codes are used in synchronisation
channel. It is important to select primary synchronisation code
(PSC) with good autocorrelation properties and secondary
synchronisation codes (SSC) to have very small cross-correlation
with each other and with the PSC. The less strong paths from
handover candidates base stations (cells) can be masked with
autocorrelation sidelobes.
In this paper correlation properties of the PSC and SSCs are
investigated. Current 3GPP technical specification for
synchronisation sequences mostly takes care of the acquisition
hardware complexity on the MS side while MAS of the PSC and
cross correlation values of the SSCs are not as low as desired.
KORELACIONA SVOJSTVA KODOVA ZA
SINHRONIZACIJU U W-CDMA
Igor S. Simi}