INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

BITH 65

NAME: SHAIRA L. RAMOS DATE: OCTOBER 3, 2017

YR/SEC/COURSE: BIT-ET-1 INSTRUCTOR:

INSTRUMENTATION
A collective term for measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring and
recording physical quantities, and has its origins in the art and science of scientific
instrument-making.
The term instrumentation may refer to something as simple as direct
reading thermometers or, when using many sensors, may become part of a
complex system in such as manufacturing industry, vehicles and transportation.
Instrumentation can be found in the household as well; a smoke detector or
heating thermostat are examples.

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity. In

the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity
of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events.
Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of
measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of
measurement. Measuring instruments, and formal test methods which define the
instrument's use, are the means by which these relations of numbers are obtained. All
measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument
error and measurement uncertainty.

Scientists, engineers and other humans use a vast range of instruments to

perform their measurements. These instruments may range from simple objects such
as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual
instrumentation is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments.
AUTOMATION

In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Can

be defined as the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without
human assistance.

In other words Automation or automatic control, is the use of various control

systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and
heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of
ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human
intervention, with some processes have been completely automated.

Automation has been achieved by various means including

mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually
in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern
factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit
of automation includes labor savings, savings in electricity costs, savings in material
costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy and precision.

The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming

from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when Ford established an
automation department. It was during this time that industry was rapidly
adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the 1930s.

CONTROL SYSTEM

Is a device or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the

behavior of other devices or systems. A control mechanism is a process used by a
control system. It manages commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other
devices or systems using control loops. It can range from a single home heating
controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large Industrial control
systems which are used for controlling processes or machines.

For continuously modulated control the feedback control system is used to automatically
control a process or operation. The control system compares the value or status of the
process variable (PV) being controlled with the desired value or set-point (SP), and
applies the difference as a control signal to bring the process variable output of the plant
to the same value as the control signal.

PNEUMATICS
(From Greek: ) is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or air.
Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or
compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically
powered compressor powers cylinders, air motors, and other pneumatic devices. A
pneumatic system controlled through manual or automatic solenoid valves is selected
when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative to electric
motors and actuators.

Pneumatic systems in fixed installations, such as factories, use compressed air

because a sustainable supply can be made by compressing atmospheric air. The air
usually has moisture removed, and a small quantity of oil is added at the compressor to
prevent corrosion and lubricate mechanical components.

Factory-plumbed pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous leakage, as

the gas is usually just air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed
gases that present an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogenoften referred to as OFN
(oxygen-free nitrogen) when supplied in cylinders.

Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazardincluding nitrogen,

which makes up 78% of air. Compressed oxygen (approx. 21% of air) would not
asphyxiate, but is not used in pneumatically-powered devices because it is a fire
hazard, more expensive, and offers no performance advantage over air.

Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles, such as Robot Wars machines and other
hobbyist applications are often powered by compressed carbon dioxide, because
containers designed to hold it such as soda stream canisters and fire extinguishers are
readily available, and the phase change between liquid and gas makes it possible to
obtain a larger volume of compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air
requires. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiate and can be a freezing hazard if vented
improperly.

ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS

Simplicity of design and controlMachines are easily designed using standard

cylinders and other components, and operate via simple on-off control.
ReliabilityPneumatic systems generally have long operating lives and require
little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, equipment is less subject to
shock damage. Gas absorbs excessive force, whereas fluid in hydraulics directly
transfers force. Compressed gas can be stored, so machines still run for a while
if electrical power is lost.
Safetythere is a very low chance of fire compared to hydraulic oil. Newer
machines are usually overloading safe.
HYDRAULICS

(From Greek: ) is a technology and applied

science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical
properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart
of pneumatics, which concerns gases. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical
foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the applied engineering using the properties
of fluids. In its fluid power applications, hydraulics is used for the generation, control,
and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids.

Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering
modules, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control
circuitry, pumps. The principles of hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body
within the heart and the penile erection. Free surface hydraulics is the branch of
hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring
in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the
flow in open channels.