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AASHTO Pavement Design PDF
AASHTO Pavement Design PDF
Whendesigningpavementthicknessforflexibleandrigidpavements,thefollowingconsiderations
shouldbeused.
1. Performancecriteria(serviceabilityindexes).Conditionofpavementsareratedwithapresent
serviceabilityindex(PSI)rangingfrom5(perfectcondition)to0(impossibletotravel).
a. Initialserviceabilityindex(Po)PoisconsideredtobethatPSIimmediatelyafterthe
pavementisopen.AASHTOvaluesare4.5forrigidpavementand4.2forflexiblepavement.
b. Terminalserviceabilityindex(Pt)PtisconsideredtobethatPSIthatrepresentsthelowest
acceptablelevelbeforeresurfacingorreconstructionbecomesnecessary.
Pt=2.00forSecondaryRoads,LocalResidentialStreets.
Pt=2.25forMinorCollectors,IndustrialandCommercialStreets.
Pt=2.50forMajorCollectorsandallArterials.
c. Serviceabilityloss(dPSI)dPSIisthedifferencebetweenPoandPt(PoPt).ThedPSIisthe
basisforthepavementdesign.
2. Designvariables
a. Analysisperiod(n)nistheperiodoftimeforwhichtheanalysisistobeconducted.
Normally50yearsforconcreteand30yearsforasphalt.
b. DesignTraffic(ESALs)ESALsistheestimateofnumberofEquivalent18kipSingleAxle
Loads(ESALs)duringtheanalysisperiodisrequired.Thisvaluecanbeestimatedbasedon:
TheAverageAnnualDailyTraffic(AADT)inthebaseyear
Theaveragepercentageoftrucksexpectedtousetheroad
Theaverageannualtrafficgrowthrate,and
Theanalysisperiod
ToestimatethedesignESALs,thefollowingproceduremaybeused.
1.) ObtainanestimateofthedesignAADTforthebeginning,orbaseyearofthe
analysisperiod.
2.) ObtainanestimateoftheaveragepercentageoftheAADTthatwillbetrucks.
3.) CalculatetheESALsforthebaseyear.
4.) Calculatethegrowthfactorbasedontheannualtrafficgrowthrate(r%)andthe
analysisperiod(n).GrowthFactor=(((1+r)^n)1)/r
5.) MultiplythebaseyearESALsbytheGrowthFactortoobtainthetotalESALsforthe
analysisperiod.
c. Reliability(R%)/NormalDeviation(ZR)Ristheprobabilitythatthedesignwillsuccedfor
thelifeofthepavement.Thefollowingreliabilityandnormaldeviation(ZR)valuesare
recommended.
LocalStreets: R=80%,ZR=0.841
CollectorStreets: R=88%,ZR=1.270
ArterialStreets: R=95%,ZR=1.645
d. Overallstandarddeviation(So)SoisthecoefficientwhichdescribeshowwelltheAASHTO
RoadTestdatafitstheAASHTODesignEquations.Thelowertheoveralldeviation,the
bettertheequationsmodelthedata.Thefollowingrangesarerecommended.
RigidPavements: 0.30to0.40
FlexiblePavements: 0.40to0.50
3. Materialpropertiesforstructuraldesign
a. Roadbedsoilresilientmodulus(MR)MRisthepropertyofthesoilwhichindicatesthe
stiffnessorelasticityofthesoilunderdynamicloading.MRisalsoadjustedforseasonal
fluctuationfromtemperatureetc.
b. Modulusofsubgradereaction(kandkc)kisthemodulusofthesubgradesoil.
c. ApproximaterelationshipofktoMR: k=MR/19.4
d. Compositemodulusofsubgradereaction(kc)kcisthecompositemodulusofthesubbase
materials,whichwilltakeintoaccountanybaseplacedontopofthesubgrade.Ifabaseis
usedkcisinputintotheequationratherthank.
TypeofSoil Subgrade KValueRange Resilient CBR
Strength (pci) Modulus
(Rigid MR,(psi)
Pavement) (Flexible
Pavement
Siltsandclaysofhighcompressibility(liquid VeryLow 50 100 10002700 3or
limit>=50),naturaldensity(notrecommended less
forsubgradeswithouttreatment)
Finegrainsoilsinwhichsiltandclaysize Low 100 150 27004000 3to
particlespredominate(lowcompressibility, 5.5
liquidlimit<50)
Poorlygradessandsandsoilsthatare Medium 150 220 40005700 5.5
predominatelysandywithmoderateamountsof to12
siltsandclays(welldrained)
Gravelysoils,wellgradedsands,andsandgravel High 220 250+ >5700 >12
mixturesrelativelyfreeofplasticfines
Approximatecompositemodulusofsubgradereaction(kc)forvariouspavementconditions.
SubgradekValue UntreatedSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=1)
4in 6in 8in 10in
50 27 31 34 37
100 43 47 51 56
150 57 62 66 71
200 70 74 78 85
Crushedstoneusek=100andkc=150for6to12inofthickness.
SubgradekValue BituminousSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=0)
4in 6in 8in 10in
50 84 112 141 170
100 144 198 243 288
150 221 277 334 392
200 284 351 419 487
SubgradekValue CementTreatedSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=0)
4in 6in 8in 10in
50 101 145 193 245
100 185 258 334 414
150 265 360 460 563
200 341 457 577 700
SubgradekValue LeanConcreteSubbaseDepthvskc,pci,(LS=1)
4in 6in 8in 10in
50 104 156 205 262
100 192 271 354 443
150 274 378 488 603
200 353 480 612 750
e. ConcretepropertiesModulusofElasticity(Ec)andModulusofRupture(Sc).Scisthe28
dayFlexuralStrengthoftheconcrete.EccanbederivedfromScasfollowsEc=5700(Sc).
FlexuralStrength(Sc)canalsobeapproximatedfromcompressivestrength(fc)asfollows:
Sc=2.3fc^0.667(psi).
f. Layercoefficients.Structurallayercoefficients(ai)arerequiredforflexiblepavement
design.Avalueforthesecoefficientsisassignedtoeachlayermaterialinthepavement
structureinordertoconvertactuallayerthicknessintostructuralnumber(SN).
Component Coefficient Minimum
Thickness
Surface/IntermediateCourse
HotMixAsphaltwithTypeAAggregate 0.44 2
HotMixAsphaltwithTypeBAggregate 0.40 2
BaseCourse
TypeBHotMixAsphalt 0.40 2
AsphaltTreatedBaseClassI 0.34 4
BituminousTreatedAggregateBase 0.23 6
AsphaltTreatedBaseClassII 0.26 4
ColdLaidBituminousConcreteBase 0.23 6
CementTreatedGranular(Aggregate)Base 0.20 6
SoilCementBase 0.15 6
Crushed(Graded)StoneBase 0.14 6
MacadamStoneBase 0.12 6
PortlandCementConcreteBase(New) 0.50
OldPortlandCementConcrete 0.40
CrackandSeatedPCC 0.250.30
RubblizedPCC 0.20
ColdinPlaceRecycled 0.220.27
SubbaseCourse
SoilCementSubbase 0.10 6
SoilLimeSubbase 0.10 6
GranularSubbase 0.10 4
SoilAggregateSubbase 0.05 4
4. Pavementstructuralcharacteristics
a. Coefficientofdrainage(CdorMi)Cdisthecoefficientofdrainageforrigidpavement
designusedtoaccountforimprovedordecreasedqualityofdrainage.Miisthecoefficient
ofdrainageforflexiblepavementdesignusedtomodifylayercoefficients.Waterunder
pavementisoneoftheprimarycausesofpavementfailure.Thiswillcontributeto
pavementpumpingunderlargenumbersofheavyloads.
Thefollowingdefinitionsareusedasaguide:
ExcellentdrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin2hours.
GooddrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin1day.
FairdrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin7days.
PoordrainageMaterialdrainedto50%ofsaturationin1month.
VerypoordrainageMaterialdoesnotdrain.
BasedonthesedefinitionstheCdorMivalueforFairdrainagewouldbe1.00.Avalueof
1.00wouldhavenoimpactonpavementthickness.Lowervaluesincreasetherequired
pavementthickness;highervaluesdecreasetherequiredpavementthickness.
RecommendedvaluesofCdforrigidpavement
PercentofTimePavementstructureisexposedtomoisturelevelsapproachingsaturation
Qualityof <1% 1 5% 5 25% >25%
Drainage
Excellent 1.251.20 1.20 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.10
(E=500,000to1,000,000psi)
AsphaltTreatedBase 0.0 1.0
(E=350,000to1,000,000psi)
BituminousStabilizedMixtures 0.0 1.0
(E=40,000to300,000psi)
LimeStabilized 1.0 3.0
(E=20,000to70,000psi)
UnboundGranularMaterials 1.0 3.0
(E=15,000to45,000psi)
FineGrainedorNaturalSubgradeMaterials 2.0 3.0
(E=3,000to40,000psi)
5. PavementReinforcement
a. General.Therearetwotypesofreinforcedrigidpavements.JointedReinforcedConcrete
Pavement(JRCP)andContinuouslyReinforcedConcretePavement(CRCP).Themajor
differenceisthatJRCPhasjointsandCRCPdoesnot.
b. JRCP
1) Slablength(L)distancebetweentransversejoints.
2) Steelworkingstress(fc)typicallyavalueequivalentto75%ofthesteelyieldstrength
isusedforworkingstress.ForGrade40andGrade60steel,thefcwouldbe30,000psi
and45,000psi,respectively.
3) Frictionfactor(F)Faccountsforthefrictionalresistancebetweenthebottomofthe
slabandthetopoftheunderlyingsubbaseorsubgradelayerandisbasicallyequivalent
toacoefficientoffriction.
Recommendedfrictionfactors(F)
TypeofMaterialBeneathSlab FrictionFactor(F)
SurfaceTreatment 2.2
LimeStabilization 1.8
AsphaltStabilization 1.8
CementStabilization 1.8
RiverGravel 1.5
CrushedStone 1.5
Sandstone 1.2
NaturalSubgradeMaterials 0.9