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    IRC-SP-42 (Road Drainage) PDF

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    L V Laxmipathi Rao

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Indian Roads Congress Special Publication 42 GUIDELINES ON ROAD DRAINAGE Prblished by ‘The Indian Roads Congress Copies ca be had from The Seta, Indian Roads Congr, Jamnagar Huse, Shaaban Road, Now Deh 1017 Published in September 1994 Reprinted Ape, 2001 MEMBERS OF THE HIGHWAYS SPECIFICATIONS Reprinted : December, 2004 AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE 4. Fama Chandon Cet Eagi 8), Goto Kea | 5. De Rapa Os at Tempting Rap / 78 Do Dacor, Gj Fann Rech Ie (Rights of Pubicaton onl of Tensei ne reserved) 1 U.Gen MS Gomi. intr Gen Boer Rai Reh) BK Gum Coie Enger 010) UP, PD 4 bn owe = Che Eager (ning. MOST Gaps See Bonen Manat Iain 03 Carin Ua mae He De AK Kate Sent SD. Mini of Eat & Fr 1 MK en ~ Bini Chie BAN), At Prat 2a Px Lain Set te Govt of Rajan PWD. * ya Pia Dept Di CARL NSee apie Rash MOST M0 Sind Gerla ena The Che Poet Mar. al i Ted & some Se ta. fea The Discoe iene Rosana Sun, Mada, Tee EageerinChet Hagan POD. BAR (Rand Dope) A Sat tie Gon Te ey nin Rone Conse Poe) CConesponing Members Ma ewan spear Mab Re ae Gen ors) Reh COND ar Pa (Cama & Maing Die, Apa Far INTRODUCTION SCOPE GENERAL CRITERIA ROAD GEOMETRICS SHOULDER DRAINAGE MEDIAN DRAINAGE DRAINAGE OF HIGH EMBANKMENT DRAINAGE AT CULVERTS AND BRIDGES OPEN DRAINS, HYDROLOGIC DESIGN HYDRAULIC DESIGN SUB-SURFACE DRAINS INTERNAL DRAINAGE OF PAVEMENT ‘STRUCTURE GUIDELINES ON ROAD DRAINAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1, Adequate drainage is «primary requirement for maataining ea Gondness and funcional ecieney of road Pavement the src ang subgrade must be protected from any ingress of st acon a psi of ze it may weaken the subgrade bY cae cine un cause cites inthe pavement struct Tat Wy aa tof wate rm paverent and subgrade t= Baie cm aa ret ron design, Also, quick drainage takes away he Wale sieaton Nene race un reduces chances of skidding of webct from pevePmadaquete surface draiaage. the strvctaral sbi, of pavement is undermined by pig orn a ne i 12, Theol of proper drainage to ensure longevity of pavement has en re lscd In PRE-37- 1044 “Gutdelnes forthe Deian of Flex: bees mpaem Among the measures meationed therein to guard Ie Pe pony dined conditions are maintenance of UNEVEN Se rea posed sap to tetsnale cross all <0 as facilitate quick tom Fearace water aad provision of appropriate surface and sub ear Grains where nscesary Some other meanses, such 48 eX, acs tas base ver the ene Formation with rovsion of Fane adequate ight of formation level abow HFLferoend tna ioe mentioned. fation of water unde the pavement (erg ajoningenrth shoulders (verges) is aso a majot cause of {heoah ieigepeverent Road design must whe this into 1.3, Despite measures for quik drainage of pavement surface swabs pebiion of faity watertight surface, water enters from 108 cee tno vsrious pavemeat layers and gets aocumlated at the interface of sub-basebase coune and subgrade specially in a boxed type pavement section causing considerable funcional prot blems. While in new toad constuction. his aspect cou be taken Cae of by providing a drainage ager a thie evel. athe existing boned Spe pavement construction, this iam acute problem and special menses feed to Be thought of ad ken 85 per acta ste requirements for Sraning out the locked wate, 14. clear idea about internal drsnage of 4 pavernent stractre including “permeability reversal conditons obiaining where an itpersous/ess pervious course is overlaid by persousimore pet- ‘oos course, for example, stabilized soil er overiid by Water bound macadam. i essential because many” pavement srtures ‘malfunction on” account of inadequntedrinage provisions Mechanism of faire on account of inadequate drinage fest Pavement ssstem should he vaderood. and. suitable. remedial Ieasores taken agus tw ensure desired peformence Ging the Service lie of the pavement 1.5 Considering the importance of deainage the Drainage Conn tee of IRC in one of is meetings decided that separate guidelines covering specie requirements for diflesnt situations such as ral (plain and roling hilly and urban sections of roads sn sified Pavements shoul be prepared. These guidelines on oad daiaage ate the firs such guidelines on this subject in this country. They are applicable in sos-usban (rua) road secioas im plain nd roling 16, Intal draft of these guidelines was propared by S/She Sajendra Kumar Senena, Comvenor and Inés Prakaso, Member= Secretary as per the decision ofthe Daisage Commie at is meting ‘02810 1988 Earlier /She RP. Sikhs and J Mathur ad prepared {wo chapers on Deisg of Surface Drain forthe daft acumen on Drainage for the consideration of the Drainage Commitee The imitenal of these wo chapters have been appropitly ulzed i the Preparation of the ital da of he present gunelines Contbution Sas also made by Shi RD. Mehta in preparation ofthe final deat Which was discussed by te Drainage Commits (petoane given alow) ats meeting on 287.1989 and was approved seh fo some ‘odiicauons. The Commitee also authored S/Shit Rojendea 3 Kamar Saxena, Convenor and Indu Prakash, Member Secretary 10 Ini ovt the final dal version incorporating the approved modi Teatons. Coen ter oe Noor (ev Mera (Ck Sen 7. The Highways Specications & Standards Commitoe dis- cused the guidelines im their meting held on 30.1090 and group onsting of Convenor, S/Shs RK Sauena & 8 Mathur was const tuted to finalise the document based on the comments of members ‘The Member Seeraary Highways Specifications & Standards Com- tines has forwarded modified puidelies to IRC Sect. on 19593. The Spproval of Execuive Commitee onthe modified drat was obiained rough creulaton Theteaer modified guidelines were approved by Council i hei meeting he on 19h Jone 1998 at Pondicherry. 50 ject wo certain modifications to be caraed oat by the Convenor Highways $ & § Commits onthe basis of comments of members [According the Convenor HSKS Commitee bad forwarded mode 4 auidelines on 22-1986 for printing as one of the publications of ire 2. SCOPE, ‘These guidelines deat with drainage of non-uaa (ruc section) roads running trough plain and roling areas. The aspects covered ave influence of alignment ait geometies ot the oad drainage of Shoulders verges and median (ental vere) internal drinage of pavement sruetore, drainage of subgrade, drainage of high eoibank ‘ment and sisface and subsorfae drains. Examples of imation of rok run olf and hydeaulie design of surface din ase also given, foweveritmay be ote that desnage ofan roa hl ade i field pavements and cross drainage stactres have not been covered under thee guidlines since separate gelines on these subjects are proposed to be Browgit ou later om 3. GENERAL CRITERIA 1, Algnmeat ofthe oud ea havea ital bearing on dhe problem of drainage Therefore. ia case of new roads rrface drainage should be one of the enteria in fixing proper alignment. For"example, Iecations paral to fang steam and runing lose othe ae ily to ge sine to constant tbl hesidessxeal converging tutes ‘Wold he needed tobe crossed An ea lgnaent sould eed seep {nd heavy cutis as these situations have the potenti of throwing {ip piquant problem of drsinsge and erosion tonto. Problems of {ise types ate often prominent i rlling tera siace allerate eats land ils, unless designed with an eye onthe smooth dispersal of sar face wate, could play havoc withthe natural drainage ofthe ace ad sive nse among other dificuice to subterranean Now under and ‘cost the road Im each cise where cutis avoved meticulous cae ‘Seeded right at stro anipate the teagth of te drainage cour ‘50 that necessary design measures to avoid inability of the tod ‘an be taken No dub surface drainages justone mong many other is a0 fixed thatthe siferene hetmeen foemation level (op of sub bride) and highest water abe/bgh Hood level snot ess han 0.6101 Ieie and between formation leel and ground level not es than 1 frets. However. in sandy areas and dese twill be preferable tha the oa is taen on natal proun surace om slight eating oR tng. if that fe necessry to sats the ling pradieat ofthe rad 19 Soeh a tera, high cinbaskiest is hiky to be eroded easy, whe ‘cuts altel ote blocked by sand storms. In cutend il sections and Fill rads where K my be dAiul to satsty the said 06 0 Lil m Shite, drine may be provided to lower down the Naer table 313, Tra consolidated view taken there ae thee aspects of surface rsnage design i which the oad eaginec sparsculary interested Fist ofall hei concerned with fast diaper of pespttion om the ond surface 20 to minimise danger to moving vebile. Tis is Schived by proper gometic design ofthe road. eg. by crowning the amagenay or one ge cross fal. ving proper crm lope 10 the houlder and verges. providing requisite longitudinal pradient et Second requirments that wate rom road and te sounding area ‘all be suo ftecepted and Led aay Yo natural otal. This isaecompshed by asjsem of suitable surface dais shallow diches bite side ofthe rnd or doop catch war drsins onthe hl slopes. “Thirdly the enginecr mont bul adequate eos drainage sutures at 34. Survey and investigations isa basic necessity for designing & system fling the ahove objectives. The work may involve ip Spal wy sch a ina on {a epee ag (ty poate Recourse 10 remote sensing methods such as serial photography and satelite remot sensing can be made if necessary faites ae Sllable. The factors which may have bering on oad drainage Suc ‘rainfall, topography and natural drvinsge ofthe are, crosfall and Tongitadinal pro, exsting drains and internal drainage of pavement lager ete should he recorded 44 ROAD GEOMETRICS 41, Longiane Grade 4.1, Wide madways increase dhe surfie aen to be drained and onsegucrly the quarts of ain water that must be renova. ater Sones hth longitudinal & rasserse slow down the Now a ia water ‘over the roadway and decrease the draining capacity, This throws shuhans on carl seleion of ge Gencal lon radient i governed by factors Uke the cost of constuction ype of ehicle and tansvere slope by the quality of pavement surface However sinimim gradients ate governed by dina: comideton On uncurded pavements near level longtutnal gadis may not he hestonab wen the pve! fiat erate fo run i water laterally. Bu for ter itera dainage of pesca layer especially of granular mater» longtodal praiens Preferable. Also, in cut sections and mtian aight grades de able to faite the removal of water” A minim: longitadiog radient of 05 percent i considered adcuuat in most condita cure satisfactory desinage, 4112. Doc wo rion the drainage problems ssally ge acco fused at verte cures. This happens bec othe rato a Sones pavement cnet ke point oie tae fa some Ge the engin of the cave ay have to beamed aa ‘aingerequiemen In genera dices af dsinage se za ly nes cp thse ae sate sn Pradence willie in valcycurve eingavlledt sch oestons 88 practicable. * " E 42. Pavement Cross Slope/Camber 421. Pavement cross slopeicamber is of clcamber is often 2 compromise between {he eauivemen of drainage and those ofvciclar ac From com leraon of comior tothe vac ep cos slopes av objectionable but fom drinage stand poit of view reasonably sep eros lope amber wil be hepa in minimising ponding of tera ft wrndes Fat slopes are major contributor to the condition which prec 7 Iydroplaning condition where one or moce tyres of | moving vehicle are separated by a thin film of water) ond accidents on highspeed Foads And therefore higher than minimum crosfalleumber value fan be adopted where feasble and/or neveaay, Morsone. should be bome in mind thatthe emssalicamber fort paris pavement oure should atch to ts deaning requirement otherwise lar one Would result in slugish drainage coaitons fn tht course 422 In geometric design pavement crossfulcamber could be ‘ade slope ether on one side oF on both sides thm crow i the Iiddle ofthe toad pavement. Unidiretional erst slope is #0 be favoured where the ads ate povided with caapeways which are Separated bya nartow median without the cental drainage or the road isin lly section wth corvilinene ligament so that ts inpraccable to provide two shes croaallcamber though ithe sgh eng is mote than I30 mate a crowned section cou sil be resorted to. On ‘ivded roads crosfallicamber is usually made to slope away tom Iodian except sper clevatedcetons where that woul ot be poss ible On hill rods prlerone generally isto drain the carriageway ‘water wards the hil side parculary where the rons banking ‘eplile to erosion so thatthe dru onthe roadway could ere way the dlacharge sfely to proper oul. 423, When the rad ison gradient. the water ves on «path pe pendiclar to contour on the soul surface nd takes longer time 12 Feach shoulder fom the crova. la these eases the camber sold not beless than oneal the gradient. eg. gradient 61 iM, eamber ‘hotld not he es thn |i 4, Thus i seen tht in he case ol ep aradiente on Jong length of the road, there i need To increase Saber 424 IRCT%1960 “Geometne Design Standards for Rar (non urban) Highways” recommends the camber or eros slope on sight Seton of roads as given in Table 1 For sven surface ype the seeer values may he adopt i the areas having high intensity of nfl nd lowersalea where ners of rina Is to roma Ven ft Rn Sat Ty See Tag op bon 425. The Indian practice for Nation Hi is The for National Highways 2S wn 20 poe cet for amino canis oun nl son a eon cm respectively. pe cent fo pain and reinor! cenent co ose 278 and 25 ere orth prem carta irae dose Tan snl nen reese 40 sd po et fe shoud macadam and gravel simi per cent for ante Gan sour Gee and Sper et for Mel ean shoule 5 SHOULDER DRAINAGE, si dunes a rus shold is ene nse by ecg he facet shouler prope oped and seat Tra watered he renin on atic eu he sof athe pence ino the oud solver and we ihren thn ea rate a of varios pee ter Teron proper maitcunc of holes ine eae Shon shal eps elt sy ore ding the monsoon oer aed dma the ad ncn and te ee Kec ences intr of a nly imchod of mantsining the shoulders isto have paved 'ndlor hard shoulder instead ofeach shoulders (ergs) 52, Avommon defect some ofthe roid is ascuerence of shoulders ° eves higher than pavement sorface Tn su siteatons daring rai weeseter nro! sure docs aot Gnd a re ole and ecules ae Apart rom finding Hs wy though cracks and wows in oer ot sarac the pavement ole is shouler provides 2 PORE ave oun i the te. Tereore. such defect where shoulder Docks the desinage shall be recited 453, Drainage of pavement ayers across the earth shoulders veBes) meets at pening on the performance ofthe pavement. This ta thas ben stressed to some length in TRC.S7196. Leal eaten Feit iy ae shoulder are oF imperious ype would bea extend rari eetase course wth dainape material across the side eave he side dains and ive a generous cro slope 0 Per shoe ow Akernatiey. a continuous drainage yer. mm to Ti abet bet under the shoulder atthe brtom lve of eb toa ee om pranlar suas ayer TS cm in thickness may be aaa emi formation wiih ug the edge af the formation serge aT wher extension of base or subbase oo expensive reaneyaete hes filed with permeable material could be cut ari icant to depth of SO mm below the uhh at 310 $ ae ech Width of suc tenohes could be fom 05 107 met ae eae road ison geist such shoulder deans may be ees aceinghone pater fo sferept the water quickly and ‘Meirepocing may not exceed with of pavement ‘SA. The cconfal ofthe shoulder should be as per IRCT-1980 which Hipulstes hat on earth shoulders (verges) the eos should PeslelMil porcenstesper tha theslope ofthe pavement subject aaa ee percent For pve shoulders the rosfal appropriate rar Gr aefae should Ys pot Table . When bath paved a ee a oulders are provided combination the paved shoulder wee teats por vat tsp than the cross loess carriageway rae a only may beat ast further Os percent sep. Earth are rae (pootn) where pomidel il hae dpe cent slope sea Roel ancB paved ad hac sae shoukers are shown in Fg er Shoulders could vary. Hed gtamoan/eatd sil bs ay petra to cath shoulders ferges ftom overall con Scations of improved pavement performance 5.5. Supuelvation creates certain problems forthe shoulder slope on uonizontal curves In such reaches,shdler onthe inner sie ofthe ‘curve should have a somewhat sleeper slope thaa the. pavement. Shoulder the outer side shouldbe mae fo drain stay from the pavement with lw eats of superelevaton and nw aes of shoulder Slope: With higher aes of superelevatio, th ouside shoulder should be ept level or rounded appropriate) that part of the shoulder rains onto the pavement and par avy fom the pavement ae 6 MEDIAN DRAINAGE, a 461. Generally iis undesirable to drain the median (centr verge) sea ionards the pavement surface bul wher the medians are martow fess than 5 metres in width) these could be crowned fr drainage cross the pavement. Very mano’ medians 12 to 18m wide ae ‘oul provided with Kerbs and are necesany paved. Medians 18 10 metre wide are usualy tured nd crowned so thatthe surace water ‘ould run towards the oad pavement ‘These medians may be wih oF sithot Kerbs. On the other hand medians wider than 3 mite ae {rncrally not bull wih any ker lhe sige. im ther eae and specially ithe eariapeway is ao sloping towards the mesian proviion of 3 ‘earl swale becomes ust for siistastorydevinage of median area ‘Theswal should not be deper than just necessary to cae the FUN OE Unaly the sie slopes should nt be seeper than lf ede hazard tothe ou of conta vehicles. For he median dain lt prefabicted concrete guter sections cold be used to advantage AL intra the fain water could be removed fromthe median by ial and eared throygh a crain to an tet channel Inst spacing i determined by the design disctarg,longitadinal slope, capacity ofthe median chan nol and allowable velo) in the medion chase, See yy St renee es i i 62. Ean surfaced meta should not be crowned or cross sloped to drain onthe rnd pavement becnuse washed away soil may deposit fon road pavement making i slippery and accident prone 1. DRAINAGE OF HIGH EMBANKMENT LL “The prablem of erosion of slopes and shoulders s mos severe in high embankments (asl more than i) having seep sloe i longitudinal direction such asin approaches to brides, when the temibankeent has een ull th am erie soil thou Hopitdnat ‘and cross dians and has no vegetation Worth the name or pitching (nis slopes and earth shoulders (verges) In these cases the water ‘sins veloc” and eventually when i aves the Yoodway at an Undefined spot It may cause serious erosion of slopes manifesting ometine inthe form of deep gules exensing ht upto carriage) Sod at tine undermining the pavement courses Therefore in such ‘es where high embankment are on longitudinal slopes, lon: ‘Btodinal and cross drains maybe provide. Te longitudinal rains Imay beat the edges of roadvay. Once ae is channelsed in these Side deans i Jed dow the slopes by means of stepped outlls ot Hed chtes aboot 10 metre interval imately lscharging ino se channel at the botlom. Fig. shows a piel drainage arangerent such situation, Fig. 3 gives pial chte sections. 72. There are various methods sch a vegetative uring by seeding. seansportation of torts sa dst mulching anhalt meng te and Cir nating which coal he deployed Io poet embankment slopes Share covered in IRCS6-1974 and ae not the det subject ater of ‘hse guidelines. Geoghdsgooells ean abo be used to suppor tie rowth of vegetation. 7 Longitudinal and cross dais ogeter wih teated slopes pro: ‘de beter answer foe erosion problem of high embankment slopes ‘han common mthod of sonerbrick pitching which may he cost 8 ‘well as mot very elective in many sitions. DRAINAGE AT CULVERTS AND BRIDGES Forculverts and bridges provision of stable xo slopeleamber and pies ner the kerbs a regular seta covered wih gratings st the fle points, are necessary aid for achicvng effet drainage Drainage especialy portant i the case of earh-filed ch spans se inadequate drinage would sare the cath filing ad decent the lal Bearing capacity ofthe sicure. Special dra wil sso be ‘necessity at_maturl low spots of prs of arch bridges 10 tp ccumblated Water and. allow jt to flow oul Other” geoea 2: cm ee prt ene oe SNE es fie Sy it ten 18 requirements are Iai! dawn ia Clause 17 of IRC'-1955 “Standart Sposieasons aad Code of Practice for Road Bridges ~ Section L 9, OPEN DRAINS 91. Depending on thie laation and fonction open drains are now onside Gaia. catch water drains, intercepting dns or ute {ets The cach water desin and intereeping dias are not being i= ‘ned in thee guidlines Open side rts ase somal provided 8 fone orb the sdes ofthe onda inorder to inereept trace water fn ol fom he carigcway and shoulers/verges Ta the cut sections these may be fated om the roadway ise Where the roads in bene side drs could he grog level as dicate in sub Sxjent par 3 Sometimes the ese of high embankment these are Siw provided on the edges of roadway in onder tm protect the ‘embankment 92, Type of rod tlic and rainfl intensity are some ofthe min facior whic influence the shape, locaton and capucity of open rains. Widih and depth of arsine should be adequate for he water ‘raining iat them. That fs say that drain should have sificent spac to cary natural peak runoff witout water overfiowing the toed surface Some ofthe hydaulic design aspect ofthe open druins fie escused inthe subsoqent port 91 193, The choice of rose section of open drains is generally limited 0 ‘pes tango, apezbidal and retangulr. Each ofthe ers sx tion ope has ts own advantages and dindvaniags, for example the {angi section may be mos svlable fom trai consideration. Is [ral slope in contnoaton ofthe road shoulder allows greater sable Fed with, Bat this form of eros section has the disadvantage of lemer How capacity. Rectangular secon i wel suited for roadside frins when lage echage i required. Bu ales these are covered tor ke allen aay from te tlie, dey may prove tobe greater {tafe hazard. Trapesoidal section is a compromise. between ‘ongular snd rectangular ston, 94, Base ean surface inthe drain can withstand only 9 Limited amount of low witout eosin problem. The problem wil be severe 6 in itand sand where permis ow vel is between 0310 LO 2 Ta sfty hs ws mny be 13 mine but el eae {he able Now ety a be ceed igniieont oy ing the chenne Ab, by ining ic dt he de dopes can neopicd Forevampl the unlined scion iy seqie 41 0 2 se Spe bt ‘econ wh bn tng ean cten be vera The follonag ings is fete onthe dnt soe ‘git roger mse sta nnd ft eres aah st Tesi an wer a of nbs wens geen thet wilibe eps by ol Frome cnet of maltenene nay Ire ter agar de het ses cre ‘ena dot ace neem ee tite eae {Alte sce bc aoe noe esas we pe °° oar cen be wd ISK ply ei in, eis roy ma fgets ate ty erm mr come 8. The ope drains i provided at grou level shold be Kep su Seienlyavay rom the te ofembanlement When the dri sualied {should be beyond 4HE1V imaginary line drawn fom the edge of| Shoulder ay shown in IRC-IOU96I. When dc to Ink of space the “rains are located neu thet, they shoul he proved with erosion ‘eatin ining such as concrete, sone sab ees s0 tht erosion docs ‘ot cause any iasabity ofthe embankment 86 The drains should be connected to some natural water 10, HYDROLOGIC DESIGN 101. Hydrologic analysis i very important step prior tothe byd= ‘ule design of road drainage spsem. Such seal necear 10 etemine the magnitude offlow and the duration for Which it would lass Hydroogial data requte for design include drainage aea map, watershed dsineation, aerow indicating direction of Mos, tall Aches. ober surtice drainage Talis, ground surface conditions ‘infall and ead frequencies Factors which affect rom-off are size Sad shape of drainage ate, slope of ground, loud use characterises ology. sol ype. turface ination and storage 102. Highway drainage facilities range frm very sell roadside channels and culverts to lage drain systems and bridges The ete ind depth of hydrological analysis equred depend onthe importa tnd vale of stroctures interns of ial costa welt eee ‘ost The most importeat facor in sling the Jeign vale ae ost land suey. The optimum design return ero can be determined By Simple economic analysis the probability ofa hpdtlogieal ctemt fand the dumge that wil result ft coeur, are both known, As the design return period increases the capital cot of structure incresses, butte expected damage decreases Because ofbter protection ellet cd, Figs 4 lusvates the method of slcting the optimam retrs peo 103. To estimate the amount of run-off eqiting disposal ata given instant, the engineer must have information epaing afl ee ‘ies wihin the catchment ages and the tequsney ith which this pe ‘ipiation would ring peak ramet. However, all the methods \ogue for eximating thir peak ruroft are based on lane Pro- babilty and predict future runoff on the basis of esumlated eco ‘Thetelore, knowlege must be coupled with experienc, if data are be corel interpreted: One method wily wed due to simpli is the “Rational Method” Other methods include anit kydopraph ‘pirical forme and runt from seu flow records 104, The rational method is an universally scepted empirical for ‘mula relating rainfall o rug and is applicable to sal catchment reas not exceeding 3) kim The formulae is = ome Pa, gn. Where Q = Discharge Peak rams) in cum/see = Covfcient of rum for the ealshment characterises A = Area of catchmeat in hectares ‘c= Critical ntensig of raifall nem per hour forthe selected fr ‘quency and for duration equal to he tte of concentration. 10S. Coeficient of runoff (P) fora given are is not constant but 1° secunnence srrensat(veansl 16 deeming of optim diner ea boca mi Table 2 Seid Ve of Cnt of Rant © Lon ie nd ond od mon wy © Sy tot pvt an pm em kt 106. The primary component in designing soma wate sin storm inal ae of specie duration and rene, As the exe of drainage stem fronds in sal cot [al of short durations may cause heay ottoman ‘sinfl of various shor dutaons retest, equi enon 107. The storm duttion eb "ime of concentation” tnd is smurn discharge at ny point sen for design purposes is equal to based onthe assumption tha the man. ia drainage gem occur when the a cviecachment scone Do: Tein cone non iprany washed the ine ee fra gen drop of wate om {hemos rere parto te wae to ech te po of ext They may han oo components: Gentry ime nd (i ime of fw. 1 he rings pot unde considrson isthe eyo the deanage H {Gm thn the entry hme eg fo the time of concentration eer te Saag ottawa he he tie con envouon sum ofthe ent time and the ine equied by the an Sop to wverc the fenghh of the deninage tem To the pols cer sly. 108 Time of concentation can te estimated with reasonable accuracy by anjone lar with the is of hydraulics and expeien- ed in drainage design. All hat ites for s.arecomnassance ofthe ‘Saterhed to tac the lw path abd estimate the veloiy of wate in Yasous sections: For urban eras, an ent) me of 30 5 minues is Tommally sed, but ia the ease of grassy plows say take 10 1 20, Iminues forthe water flow over a distance of 30m. Table 3 shows ity tne values for peal agricultural catchment areas in ling ‘Gpowapty fr guidance These are meant lobe apped fo catchment tens posesting about 05 m of fll er 10 m and having length about {wo times the average width Fig. 5 ves grap for estimating ine of Sncentration for catchment of diferent lengths, character and ope: ‘Table 3 omni Vas Type Apa Catena in allo Coy 2 BVERLAND FLOW IN NETRES 2 109, Once the time of concentration has een fixed the wes one ae geist of afl om the appropri in Sa caste duration equa othe He of concentration and Fal mat oe epequency, Uatortnatey antl aps of ti fr smite Je sr T nour ag nol yet available, Since on bighway duration Wsplems theme af cmezrzaon generally of he oder arg es or 4 mines would be neessary to ly cestain ors Facts to hour aaa values in order w obtain he canon eal forthe desir period. The conven [ators intern gis and 5 onlating the to nfl! wath shore syn in aR amin for lower Gangetic Basin (comping of aration weak and Bar) he ves for oter areas might Be ‘itecen ‘Tabie 4 ‘none ———— 10 Because of lak of data relevant Fran condions. judge ees ergned im choosing conversion Facts based om the en a eu cmvet 1 not afl ro ster duration for shone panto of therm aA penera equation given in TRC Spe~ a gp ma also be used for devinginensiy Pa shoner duration. The Eqn Fee, icone hour rainfall maps of lai for ruin peods of 2,5 10,25 and 50 years ae gven in Fgh and Gh 101 The ope of highway and aff ated ae he prinepa tora he conse in determining the dein fequecy. tn oonay estos where a din provided a the endo shou ee, Sonoma select a design fegucncy tal wil Leo the se of ater on he aeled way within lerablelimie andlor eeetce water wihin 2 hours ofthe cession ofthe sen Fey act {outs ike Nana an Ste Highway we cold comsices Mensa 2 years Feguency withthe stpuation hat for undepnes aan ‘sed roads i maybe increase o 50 yer Ie eek ey saerory rons the design fequenyselaed suid Osea donk, Sheth of dng rm shuld bad oe en al ality drainage structure capable of hancling the oncot iae lafreqvent storm, with the cos of damage, which would enced ot doing so If this approach is adopt itis quis ponic ther soa ach as motorways. storms of latvely tre choy wo oe considered for design 1012. To highlight the liferent issues involved in roadside (ssign, pica design sections have been worked eae at Annecwred. The example illustrates the elect of shang design feguency on the section ofthe drain and ol helt ot eo rainage scheme, However the ime oh oneznuaton and the catchment aren ate interdependent and in "xed for panicular site conditions a 1018. More accurate 24 howr nfl data for various parts of the county 8 now avaiable from’ Dirsconte of Hydrology teal fatchients) Cental Water Commission, New Delhi. This datacam be converted to shorter duration data using Table § or equation men: toned above. Fig? gives map of fia showing the Zones for which ‘inal maps ae avilable. Conversion factors for converiag ota {all tenis for shorter periods in cach aren a also given in this publication. 1. HYDRAULIC DESIG! 11, Genera ‘Once the quantity af rune hasbeen determined the sae is set forthe next step of hydraulic design ofthe drain I is convenient to discuss the design of side dzas” for urban and rte aseae separately. Side drain sections in urban areas are generally ett to ight, triangular sections de 1 the provision a a verteal Keo atte end of the errageway os the shoulder. The gue action x normally 0.3 01 mide having coss ope steeper than thataf the adjacent srfacing, sally 1:2 oF the ers slope of the pavement might continue fo the kerb, The Kerb contines the storm ran of tothe guter scion. The ‘overfiow spilt he adjacent paved surface, when the gtr capacity Jsexceeded, At ntrals the wate js removed from the gute section by inlets The spucng ofthe inlet fs determined bythe design dis charge, the carping capaci ofthe guter and the allowable speed of water on traveled way. A suggesed assumption that te flow should ‘ot encroach onthe outsie lene by more than 18 fora sor of 20 ‘minaes duration and one year return period Tis reasoned that sors Df shorter duration have such hgh intensities that vehicles most vel slowly since vision is obscured hy rain ping oo the windshields. The ‘capacity of puter depends upon is eoresction, grade and rough: ess Similar night wingle ditches are aso sometimes used om ra highway where Kerb is placed on the outer ede ofthe sutaced shoulder onal section when waterannot be pormited fo ron down the embankment slope 2 2 In ru highways. side ditches are normally placed alongside the roadway in order to intercept srface water running ihe coe fiageway and shoulders. Inca sections ty slo serve preven watee ‘unning down the cu slopes and invading the rondway. Side dies ‘are usually Vshaped or trapezoidal in crossection. On lowest roads the V-itch is very often favoured because it eat be mote sconomially formed. It equipment is walable, the seme ial amenable to quick and economic mainienace with the help of 8 ‘motor grader: V-shaped drains ace very popula in India ia Hl eee tons, On high type of roads the tapezohal seston is generally pe ‘eee ecause fis greater caring capacity. Normally dco lech of conomiejustiation small roadside ditches re not hydraulically Akiane. instead the dich side walls sre simply cut to the natural angi of repose ofthe soil and 6 a depth ‘aly 0.2 o 06 mor moe Inthe tater respect care should alwaps be taken to ensure tia the epi such that sustsined flow inthe boom ofthe ditch never ses shove the subgrade level. On impocnt roads, however, the hydric ‘eapacity of dies shouldbe checked ta "sore tat they ae ale to handle the expected ows without danger citer otic the embank ‘meat othe vad sinctre. Tiss especialy important ofthe ditches arrying wate rom adjacent Back slopes a¢ Welle tm the oad, Vehicle safety considerations usually povem the ditch seston 08 important roads, preference being gven to the use of rltvey fat slopes, especially onthe side closet othe carnageway. Capacity of sch can heer be increased by widening than by deepening the hate ‘te so that velocity and erosion ae aso reduced. 112. Open Chanel Delsgn For uoiform flow in open channel ‘expressed by the Maaing’s Formula Q =n ag sia yn. 3 ant Vo = ain ROD st ‘tre. = daca in cami the basic reltonships are 1 Nig aps ot 4 = boi din nih ater Dowco cn diel by 8 = Sage ome iho hentia 0 Indesign of vodside channels. the Now of water is assumed a ub gfitcal flow. The slope and velocity are kept hslow the cieal aticat depth of low ‘im open channel is that dept st which Specific coety is minimum. On mild slope Dow is scbeniet eet ‘otal dpe of ow dn is more than ental depth Fr resets shanna de = (Q'g} where B's acceleration dc pres as ‘sid ofchanael.-dn

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