Lch s pht trin

Cng ngh sinh hc

Cng ngh sinh hc (CNSH) thc s tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip vo cui nhng nm 1970
nhng n c cp v tin on tim nng pht trin t 60 nm trc [1]. CNSH l tp
hp cc khm ph khoa hc v k thut th nghim cho php cc nh khoa hc thao tc v s dng
cc h thng sinh hc trong nghin cu c bn v pht trin cc sn phm thng mi [2]. Vi nn
tng l cng ngh ti t hp, CNSH v ang c nhng bc tin thn k, vi ngy cng nhiu
ng dng mi.
CNSH hin i tp trung nghin cu cc qu trnh, c ch mc phn t. Sinh hc phn t cng
pht trin, cng cn cc cng c, vt liu mi nhm thm nhp su hn vo th gii hin vi ca
nhng qu trnh, cu trc sinh hc.

Cng ngh nano

Cc phn t DNA c kch thc khong 2,5 nm. 10 nguyn t H xp

lin nhau di 1nm (Theo www.cecs.ucf.edu).

Nano theo ting Latinh () ngha l nh xu. Vo th k th VII trc Cng nguyn,
Mimnermus, thi gia HyLp, sng tc bi th c tn n hong . n th k th II sau
Cng nguyn, l tn mt loi bnh b c du liu, sang th k th III sau Cng nguyn th n
li mang ngha bn ra bt a ln. Tin t nano xut hin trong ti liu khoa hc ln u tin vo
nm 1908, khi Lohmann s dng n ch cc sinh vt rt nh vi ng knh 200 nm [3]. Vo
nm 1974, Tanigushi ln u tin s dng thut ng cng ngh nano (nanotechnology) hm s
lin kt cc vt liu cho k thut chnh xc trong tng lai [3]. Hin ti trong khoa hc, tin t nano
biu th con s 10-9 tc kch thc 1 phn t m (hnh 1).
T chc Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) trc thuc chnh ph M nh ngha cng ngh nano
(CNNN) l bt c th g lin quan n cc cu trc c kch thc nh hn 100nm. nh ngha ny
loi b mt cch c on ch th ca cc nghin cu lin quan khc tp trung vo cc thit b vi
lng (microfluidic) v cc vt liu ang c tin hnh quy m m [4].
Trong cun Bionanotechnology: lessons from nature, Goodsell nh ngha CNNN l thao tc v
ch to quy m nano vi chnh xc nguyn t [5].
C th hn, CNNN l khoa hc, k thut v thao thc lin quan ti cc h thng c kch thc nano,
cc h thng ny thc hin nhim v in, c, sinh, ha hoc tnh ton c bit. Nn tng ca
cng ngh ny l hin tng cc cu trc, thit b v h thng c tnh cht v chc nng mi khi
kch thc siu nh. Cu trc c bn ca CNNN bao gm cc ht hay tinh th nano, lp nano v
ng nano. Cc cu trc nano ny khc nhau ch chng c to thnh nh th no v cc
nguyn t, phn t ca chng c sp xp ra sao [6]

Mi tng quan gia cc thit b my mc

(ng h) c kch thc m n mm v cu t sinh hc (ribosom, tin mao) c kch thc nano [Theo 5].

Cng ngh sinh hc nano

CNNN pht trin tt yu dn ti nhu cu tm kim cc mi lin kt gia nhng vt c kch thc
nano. iu t pht dn ti sinh hc (lnh vc khoa hc nng nht) (hnh 2). Cc nh khoa hc
mong mun s giao thoa gia CNSH v CNNN bi l CNNN mang li cho sinh hc nhng cng c
mi trong khi sinh hc cho php CNNN t c cc h thng c chc nng mi [7]. Cng ngh
ny to ra s hp tc cha tng c gia cc nh khoa hc vt liu, vt l hc v sinh hc [8]. CNSH
nano l tp con ca CNNN, n cng gn vi CNSH nhng thm kh nng thit k v bin i cc
chi tit sinh hc mc nguyn t [5]. Hin c nhiu cch nh ngha CNSH nano.
CNSH nano l bt c ng dng no ca CNNN trong nghin cu sinh hc bao gm: khm ph
thuc, thit b phn phi thuc, cng c chun on, liu php v vt liu sinh hc mi [9].
Theo NIH, CNSH nano l: 1. p dng cng c kch thc nano vo h thng sinh hc v 2. S
dng h thng sinh hc lm khun mu pht trin cc sn phm mi c nano.
y, cn phn bit gia Nano2Bio (s dng CNNN phn tch v to ra cc h thng sinh
hc), v Bio2Nano (s dng vt liu v cu trc sinh hc to cc h thng k thut) [10]. Hnh 3
th hin khi qut cc nh ngha CNSH nano nu trn.

Bc tranh ton
cnh CNSH nano. Trong , cc h thng, thit b ring l cng nh tch hp c to ra t nn tng l
s giao thoa gia CNSH v CNNN nhm ng dng trong y hc, sinh hc (Theo www.nano2life.org)

Hng nghin cu chnh

Cng vi s n r ca CNNN, CNSH nano cng ang c nhng bc tin thnh k. Mt s v d
ca CNSH nano trong nghin cu v pht trin [11]:
Chp nh v nghin cu tng tc gia cc n phn t sinh hc. Mng chc nng t lp rp
vi cc tnh cht nh xc tc, quang hot, dn in, in ha v lc nc, lc kh, vi sinh vt.
ng c DNA (DNA motor) da trn lc to ra khi lai cc trnh t b sung vi nhau. Chp nh qu
trnh vn ng ca virus, protein, prion v thuc trong t bo sng. Chuyn gene v t bin im
chnh xc. Cc b phn phn t mi hng ch v tng phn ng min dch Cng ngh phn
phi thuc hng ch Khai thc cc ng c sinh hc nh c v cc protein vn ng khc,
to nng lng in hoc c.
Hin ti trn th trng c nhng sn phm thng mi ca CNSH nano. Bng 1 lit k mt s
cng ty thnh cng trong lnh vc CNSH nano theo ba hng nghin cu chnh l (i) phn tch sinh
hc; (ii) phn phi thuc v liu php; (iii) thit b y hc v cm bin sinh hc. R rng, c s chng
lp gia cc lnh vc ny, v mt lnh vc pht trin s xc tc s pht trin ca lnh vc khc [12].
Nh mt tt yu trong cc lnh vc cng ngh cao v mi, M lun l nc dn u th hin s
cng ty vt tri. Tuy nhin, mt s nc khc nh c Nht, Canada, Nht, Anh cng c nhng
cng ty tham gia vo th trng y tim nng ny.

Tim nng
C th ni, trong thi im hin ti, c th thy tim nng pht trin ca mt cng ngh hay k thut
mi r nht qua ngun ngn sch nghin cu hng nm v doanh thu em li t cc sn phm
thng mi ca n.
c ton th gii nghin cu v u t pht trin, ngn sch u t cho CNNN ca cc t chc
thuc chnh ph tng khong 7 ln t 430 triu nm 1997 ln 3 t USD nm 2003[13]. T l u
t cho nghin cu v o to CNSH nano bng khong 6% ca cng ngh nano. Trong lnh vc t
nhn, cc cng ty ln hin tp trung ng dng CNNN cho vt liu, ha hc, in; u t trong dc
v cc h thng sinh hc nano khc c tnh khong 10%. Tuy nhin, cc cng ty nh v qu u
t mo him chi nhiu hn trong lnh vc ny (30-40%) [13]. T nm 1999, 52% trong s 900 triu
USD trong qu u t mo him chi cho CNNN tp trung vo thit lp CNSH nano (hnh 4a). Trn
thc t, trong khi trong khi vn u t mo him suy gim t nm 2001 n 2002, u t vo CNSH
nano li tng 313% (hnh 4b). S tng trng ny do hai yu t ch cht: cc u i ca chnh ph
v s khan him cc sng ch y dc hc [9]. Trn 50% vn u t mo him trong 4 nm gn y
c chi cho cc cng ty hot ng trong CNSH nano [8].

Sc cm d ngy cng tng ca CNNN vi cc nh u t. (a) Vn u t mo him chi cho CNSH

nano so vi cc lnh vc CNNN khc. (b) Qu u t mo him hng nm chi cho CNNN [9].

Mc d M chim gn 1/3 tng chi cho CNNN ton cu [9]. Cc quc gia khc cng khng ng
ngoi cuc, sau 3 nm k t khi cu tng thng M Bill Clinton thnh lp NNI, 35 quc gia khc
xy dng cc chng trnh trong cng ngh ny [8]. Nm 2004, chnh ph M chi 847 triu USD
cho CNNN trong khi Nht v lin minh Chu u cng chi khng km. Thi Lan ang giai on
gia ca chng trnh CNNN quc gia 6 nm vi tng ngn sch 620 triu USD [14]. Anh l quc
gia cui cng tng chi tiu trong cng ngh nano, c gii thiu vo thng 6 mt s gn nh gp
i cam kt ca n vi 90 ($141) triu cho qu MicroNanoTechnology Network [8]. Ngn sch u
t cho CNNN ca chnh ph mt s nc c th hin trong bng 2.
Theo National Science Foundation, th trng CNSH nano s t xp x 36 t USD vo nm 2006
[15].
Khng nm ngoi vng xoy chung, Vit Nam cng v ang ch trng vo cng ngh nano. Nm
2004, vn u t vo mi trng v CNNN tng hn 50% so vi nm 2003 [16].
Trong lnh vc o to, HQG - TP.HCM [17], HBK - TP.HCM [18], Trng H-KHTN [19] v i
hc Cng ngh trc thuc HQG-HN [20], HBK-HN v ang nghin cu, o to v cng ngh
nano.
Khu cng ngh cao TPHCM cng tp trung y mnh CNNN [21]. Trong trin khai thc tin, thnh
cng rc r nht ca CNNN ti Vit Nam l ch to thnh cng than nano "lng" [22] ng dng lm
pin nguyn liu, ch to vi mch [23]. Ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu v cu trc nano a lp, vt
liu t c cu trc nano [24] v ch to thnh cng cm bin nano dng xc nh nng kh
gas ho lng [25]. Khu cng ngh cao TP.HCM cng ang hp tc vi trung tm nhit i Vit Nga
ch to mt n sinh hc dng than nano [26], giy v mc nano [27].
Tuy nhin, CNSH nano vn l mt iu g mi l Vit Nam. Trong lnh vc o to, trng
HBK-HN mi c d tho chng trnh o to thc s v CNSH nano. Ti y cng bt u trin
khai ng dng CNNN trong ch to thuc hng ch. GS. Phm Th Trn Chu (Trung tm CNSH -
HQG HN), PGS. Nng Vn Hi (Vin Khoa hc v cng ngh Vit Nam) v GS. Nguyn Hu c
(Trng i hc Cng ngh - HQG - HN) ang tho lun khi ng kt hoch nghin cu ng
dng ca cc ht nano trong y - sinh hc chn on v cha bnh [24].
Ni chung, CNSH nano ti Vit Nam hin ch mi ang t nhng vin gch mng u tin.

Cng ngh sinh hc nano, trin vng v ng dng

Cng ngh sinh hc nano l s giao thoa ca cng ngh nano v sinh hc, v l s kt hp ca nhiu lnh
vc nghin cu cng ngh cao. Ni mt cch khc, Cng ngh sinh hc nano l cng ngh sinh hc mc
siu nh (mc nm) lin quan n phng php s dng vt liu v thit b cng ngh nano nghin
cu h sinh hc. ng dng ca cng ngh sinh hc nano gia tng rt nhanh, c bit trong lnh vc y hc.
Mt s thit b cng ngh sinh hc nano c ch to ti Vit Nam.

Nguyn Tin Thng

Vin Sinh hc nhit i
TM TT
Cng ngh sinh hc nano l s giao thoa ca cng ngh nano v sinh hc, v l s kt hp ca nhiu lnh vc
nghin cu cng ngh cao. Ni mt cch khc, cng ngh sinh hc nano l cng ngh sinh hc mc siu nh
(mc nm) lin quan n phng php s dng vt liu v thit b cng ngh nano nghin cu h sinh hc.
ng dng ca cng ngh sinh hc nano gia tng rt nhanh, c bit trong lnh vc y hc. Mt s thit b cng ngh
sinh hc nano c ch to ti Vit Nam.
KHI NIM V CNG NGH SINH HC NANO
Cng ngh sinh hc nano (CNSH nano) l phm tr khoa hc mi xut hin gn y da trn c s kt hp ca
cng ngh nano v sinh hc. Mt mt CNSH nano nghin cu s dng b my sinh hc han thin hoc sng
to cng ngh nano mi. Mt khc n nghin cu s dng cng c cng ngh nano nghin cu h sinh hc
[8][9]. Ni mt cch vn v hn, CNSH nano l mt s thu nh qu trnh v thit b CNSH v mc nano. Th d
cng ngh DNA nano hay b my hat ng ca t bo c th coi l CNSH nano, v c hai u da vo hat ng
ca cc phn t sinh hc mc nano. Mt khc, ht nano s dng lm phng tin vn chuyn thuc cha
bnh hng ch hoc lm cm bin sinh hc cng l th d CNSH nano, v trong trng hp ny, cng c ca cng
ngh nano c s dng cho mc ch sinh hc [10][11].
Hiu bit v ha sinh hc l c s khoa hc ca CNSH nano. V CNSH nano nghin cu cc qu trnh bin i sinh
hc mc t bo v m lin quan n: Bin i hnh dng, bm dnh...; S kch thch c-in, cha in,
cha nng lng, pin sinh hc...; S hp ph, pht hynh quang, hin tng quang-ha; gi nhit, iu bin
nhit...; Cch thc t bo tng tc vi vt liu nano, cc phn t khuyt tt, h c-sinh hc; Bnh di truyn, ung
th, khuyt tt m hoc tng, cng nh xy dng h my tnh DNA.
Cc hng nghin cu v ng dng ca Cng ngh Sinh hc Nano
Trc ht l cc ng dng trong lnh vc y hc.
l cc ht nanospheres c bc bi polymer pht quang c kh nng nhn bit c hiu cc phn t sinh hc
khc nhau, c s dng trong phn tch trao i cht Th d s dng trong c th ngi pht hin cc cht trao
i lin quan n ung th hay bnh nan y no khc.
S dng vi khun nano (nanobacteria) cha bnh vi kch thc khang 25-200 nm do NanoBiotech Pharma ch
to. Cng ngh DNA nano s dng tnh cht g si v lai bt cp tng h ca DNA trong thit k DNA array s
dng trong nghin cu biu hin gen v protein (genomics v proteomics). CNSH nano nghin cu ch to cng c
phn t sinh hc, CNSH nano trong sinh tin hc gip xc nh trnh t gen, tm kim v sng lc nhanh dc phm.
S dng mng nano sinh hc t phn hy trong bo qun thc phm, rong k thut siu lc...
CNSH nano ch yu s dng cc cng c nghin cu nh knh hin vi in t qut, m xuyn, knh hin vi nguyn
t, thit b nhiu x tia X, k thut DNA ti t hp, k thut siu my tnh.Tng doanh thu ca th trng sn phm
CNSH nano vo nm 2010 khang 19,3 t USD, gia tng hng nm khang 9% v d kin s t khang 29,7 t
USD vo nm 2015.

Fullerene (Bucky balls) hay C-Sixty c ng knh l khang 1 nm, cu to t 60 nguyn t C, thng gn khng
th. Dendrimer, mt dng polymer nhnh s dng lm phng tin vn chuyn vt liu di truyn, thuc cha bnh
vo t bo hoc khi u ch, khng gy phn ng min dch nh cu trc nh v c nhnh. Nanoshell (s nano) c
nhn l ht silic c bc mng vng gn thuc, c kh nng hp thu nh sng hng ngai. Khi ht tip cn t bo
hoc khi u ch, ngi ta dng hng ngai kch thch gii phng thuc.

C 3 lai vector s dng trong dn chuyn thuc hng ch. l liposome (phospholipid), nanocapsule ( dng
dch du bao bi polymer) v nanosphere (polymer c th phn hy).

Chip sinh hc (DNA chip, protein chip, t bo chip, lab chip, chip cy ghp...) l nhm sn phm CNSH nano hat
ng trn nguyn tc l chuyn i phn ng ha-sinh thnh tn hiu o c (thng l tn hin in t). Chip sinh
hc cu to gm 2 phn: Phn th th sinh hc (bioreceptor) v phn chuyn i (transducer). Trong phn ng
gia mu d v ch trn b mt chip (Th d lai bt cp DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, khng nguyn-khng th, th th-
hormone) s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu o c.

in hnh l DNA chip (DNA array, chip gen) c dng pht hin v nh gi hat ng ca gen. N c xem
l cng c hu hiu trong nghin cu tm kim dc phm, pht hin nhanh thay i mc phn t nh my
tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng. Th d, pht hin vi sinh vt gy bnh than, ngi ta a protein c trong
mu mu bnh nhn ln b mt protein chip cha cc bn sao khng th nhn bit c hiu khng nguyn ca vi
khun gy bnh than. Tip theo b sung khng th nh du hynh quang gn ln khng nguyn gn vi khng th
trn mt protein chip s nhn c kt qu.

u t cho nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh sinh hc nano

M t 1999, hn 50% u t cho cng ngh nano c s dng cho cng ngh sinh hc nano. Trong u t
ln nht cho lnh vc tm kim dc phm (54%) v chn an bnh (37%). Tip theo l u t sn xut thit b v
vt liu cng ngh sinh hc nano v phn mm iu khin.
Hin vn x hi ca CNSH nano lin quan n phm tr o c, nh hng tim nng ca CNSH nano i vi
con ngi v x hi, nh hng ca vt liu nano ln sc khe con ngi... cng bt u c ch .
Ngun lc cho nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh nano
Ly th d ch ring nc M, hin c khang 40.000 chuyn gia lm vic lin quan n cng ngh nano. p
ng nhn lc cho nghnh cng ngh tr gi khang 1 nghn t USD vo nm 2015 nc M cn t nht 800.000
chuyn gia cng ngh nano. V vy vic xy dng cc c s o to v cng ngh nano ni chung v cng ngh
sinh hc nano ni ring l vic cn lm ngay. Vit Nam t 1998 bt u u t cho lnh vc nghin cu cng
ngh nano, tuy cn mc kh khim tn.

KT QU BC U NGHIN CU V NG DNG CNG NGH SINH HC NANO VIT NAM

Hin cc nghin cu v ng dng trin khai cng ngh nano ni chung v CNSH nano ni ring ang c thc
hin mt s n v nghin cu v trin khai, ch yu tp trung ti TP HCM v H Ni. in hnh l Phng th
nghim cng ngh nano H quc gia TP HCM, Trung tm nghin cu trin khai k thut cao, Khu cng ngh cao TP
HCM, Vin Vt liu, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H KHTN H Ni v TP HCM, H bch khoa H Ni v
TP HCM... Bc u nghin cu ch to c mt s sn phm cng ngh sinh hc nano kh c o.
Xc nh trc tip glucose trong mu bnh nhn i tho ng s dng enzyme c nh trn si nano (Duy Phu
Tran 1, Tung Thanh Xuan Pham 1, Chien Thanh Nguyen1 , Binh Van Pham 1, Tuyen Thanh Le Thi 1, Khue Thy
Nguyen 3, Hien Le Thi 4, Thang Tien Nguyen 4, Chien Mau Dang 1, Hien Duy Tong 1,2). ch to thit b xc nh
trc tip glucose trong mu bnh nhn i tho ng da vo hat ng ca enzyme glucose oxidase c nh trn
mt si nano Pt cho php xc nh c nng glucose trong mu bin thin trong khang t 125 M ti 16,5 mM
vi sai s 3% [1].

Nhm inh Duy Hi (Phng th nghim cng ngh nano) nghin cu ch to mng lin kt 3-glycidoxypropyl
trimethoxysilane (GPTS) trn microarray s dng cho cm bin sinh hc [2].

Trung tm nghin cu v o to thit k vi mch HQG TPHCM hp tc vi Trung tm nghin cu trin khai Khu
cng ngh cao TP HCM c s u t ca S KHCN TP HCM ch to thnh cng chip sinh hc gi l vi cn
tinh th thch anh QCM (Quatzt Crystal Microbalance) c kh nng o phn b khi lng rt nh (ng) da vo thay
i tn s ca b dao ng cng hng thch anh. Biochip ny cho php pht hin nhanh phy khun t. Nano
Biopharmaceutical, mt trong nhng cng ty hng u nghin cu v pht trin sn phm sinh-dc t DNA ti t
hp n cng ngh protein khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng cng t tr s ti Khu cng ngh cao TP HCM
trong khu vc din tch 15.000 m2 t tiu chun WHO GMP (5/2011).

Nhm nghin cu ca Nguyn Cng Ho v cs (Vin Cng ngh ha ti TP HCM, Vin KH v Cng ngh Vit Nam)
to b-cyclodextrin-alginate lm vt liu vn chuyn thuc cha bnh [3].

Nguyn Anh Dng v cs (Trung tm CNSH, i hc Ty nguyn) ang thc hin nghin cu ch to ht nano-
chitosan lm cht mang kch thch p ng min dch cho vaccine cm A H5N1. Nhm tc gi s dng 3 phng
php to ht nano-chitosan l: to gel ionic trong TPP (tripolyphsphate), to huyn ph trong NaOH-methanol v
khu mch to lin kt trong glutaraldehyde. Sau s dng phng php c nh bng cch hp ph v nht
khng nguyn trn b mt ht nano-chitosan [4].

Bi Huy Du v Nguyn Quc Hin v nghin cu ch to keo bc nano bng bc x gamma-Co-60 c hiu lc dit
nm bnh o n (Piricularia oryzae Cavara) v bnh lem lt ht (Pseudomonas glumae Kurita et Tabei [5])
.
Nhm nghin cu Phng nh Tm (i hc bch khoa H Ni) c nh th t DNA trn cm bin xc nh
virus herpes [6].

Nguyn Th Phng Phong (i hc Lc Hng) Nghin cu ch to dung dch Cu nano bng phng php kh i
vi oxalate Cu, CuCl2, CuSO4 bng cc cht kh ethylene glycole, diethylene glycole, glycerin kt hp h tr ca vi
sng v s dng dung dch Cu nano lm nguyn liu ch to thuc bo v thc vt khng v dit bnh nm hng
Corticium salmonicolor, bnh phn trng Oidium Heveae trn cao su [7].

Vietnam, 2007.
wordiq.com/definition/Bionanotechnology