GROUP 2: INDONESIA

(MAPEH 106) Philippine & Asian Music

SUBMITTED BY:

Castillo, Daniel
Dalog, Raymart
Kingad, Danny
Lazaro, Shamir
Sannadan, Regine
Tindaan, Ortiz
Utang, Melody

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Paul Louie Serrano
ANCIENT INDONESIA
- The first people in Indonesia arrived about 40,000 years ago when sea
level was lower and it was joined to Asia by a land bridge. Then at the
end of the last ice age about 10,000 BC a new wave of people came. At
first they hunted animals, collected shellfish and gathered plants for
food. By about 2,500 BC they learned to grow crops such as taro,
bananas, millet and rice. The early farmers also made pottery but all
their tools were made of stone.
- In 700 BC the Indonesians had learned to make bronze and iron.
Furthermore at that time wet rice cultivation was introduced. Indonesian
villages were forced to co-operate to regulate the supply of water to their
fields. In time organized kingdoms emerged.
- By the 8th century AD Indonesian civilization was flourishing. Among
the kingdoms was a Hindu kingdom in central Java called Sailandra.
There was also the great Buddhist kingdom of Sriwijaya in south
Sumatra. From the 7th century to the 13th century Sriwijaya prospered
and it became a maritime empire controlling western Java and part of the
Malay Peninsula. It was also a center of Buddhist learning.
- Meanwhile Islam was brought to Indonesia by Indian merchants. It
first gained a toehold in Aceh in north Sumatra and in following
centuries it spread through the rest of Indonesia.

- However in the 13th and 14th centuries a Hindu kingdom flourished. It

was called the Majapahit Empire. It was founded in 1292 and soon rose
to dominate most of Indonesia. However in the early 15th century the
Majapahit Empire went into a rapid decline.
COLONIAL INDONESIA
- In the early 16th century the Portuguese arrived in Indonesia at that
time there was a huge demand in Europe for spices such as nutmeg,
ginger, cinnamon, cloves and mace. Huge profits could be made by
transporting them to Europe and selling them. The Portuguese therefore
decided to seize the Moluccas, the chief source of spices. In 1511 they
captured Melaka, an important port. They also captured the Moluccas.
- 17th century the Portuguese lost their position to the Dutch. The first
Dutch fleet sailed from Holland in 1595 under Cornelis de Houtman.

- In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was formed to control trade
with Indonesia. In 1605 they took Tidore and Ambon from the Dutch. In
1619 the company captured Batavia. In 1641 they took Melaka. During
the 17th century the Dutch gradually extended their power of Java and
the Moluccas. However they had little influence in the rest of Indonesia.

- 1806 the British and Dutch went to war. In 1811 the British under Lord
Minto sailed to Batavia. The British soon captured all the Dutch
possessions in Indonesia. The British abolished slavery and they also
divided the country into areas called residencies for administration.
However in 1816 the British handed Indonesia back to the Dutch.
- However in 1825 the Javanese War, in central Java, began. It was led
by Prince Disponegoro. However the war ended with Dutch victory in
1830. Disponegoro went into exile and died in 1855.

- In 1825 they took Palembang in Sumatra. They also fought wars with
the Balinese in 1848, 1849, 1858 and 1868. However Bali was not
finally conquered until 1906.

- In 1873 the Dutch went to war with Aceh. The war went on until 1908.
Meanwhile in 1894 the Dutch captured Lombok and in 1905 they
captured the whole of Sulawesi.
Meanwhile the Dutch shamelessly exploited the Indonesians. In 1830
the Dutch introduced the Kultuurstelsel (cultural system). Indonesian
farmers were forced to put aside 20% of their land to grow crops for
export. They were paid only a nominal sum by the Dutch government
for them. Indonesians were forced to grow coffee, indigo, tea, pepper,
cinnamon and sugar. As a result of this measure rice production was
reduced.

However in 1870 the Dutch switched to a free market system. The Dutch
governments monopoly on sugar and other commodities was ended.
Private plantations were created. However the Indonesians were not
necessarily better off.
In the early 20th century the Dutch decided to treat the Indonesians more
fairly. They introduced what they called the ethical policy. This meant
building schools and spending money on health care, sanitation and
irrigation. However the new policy had little effect on the lives of most
Indonesians.
- Then in 1940 the Germans occupied Holland. In 1942 the Japanese
invaded Indonesia. The last Dutch troops surrendered on 8 March 1942.
At first the Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators.

- Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Young Indonesian nationalists

were determined to assert the countries independence before the Dutch
could return. A group of them kidnapped two nationalist leaders Sukarno
and Hatta. On 17 August Sukarno declared Indonesian independence. He
became the first president and Hatta became vice-president.

- However by November 1946 the British were gone and the Dutch had
landed many men in Indonesia. In November the Indonesians and Dutch
signed the Linggajati agreement. The Dutch recognized the new
republic, but only in Java and Sumatra. They still claimed the rest of
Indonesia. Furthermore the agreement stated that the republic would join
a federal union with Holland in 1949.

MODERN INDONESIA
- At first independent Indonesia was a parliamentary democracy.
However in February 1957 President Sukarno introduced a new political
system, which he called 'Guided Democracy'. The power of parliament
was reduced and his own power was greatly increased. His opponents
formed a separate 'parliament' called the PRRC (the Revolutionary
Government of the Republic of Indonesia). However the army remained
loyal to Sukarno and he stayed in power.
Meanwhile in October 1957 the army took over the remaining Dutch
companies in Indonesia. As a result the army grew wealthy.
In September 1965 the Communists attempted a coup in Indonesia. They
murdered a number of generals. They also seized strategic points in
Jakarta. However General Suharto quickly took action. The coup was
crushed. Suharto was granted powers by President Sukarno to restore
order. After the coup Suharto arrested and executed a large number of
communists.

However Sukarno lost support and on 11 March 1966 he signed over his
presidential powers to Suharto. From 1966 Suharto ruled as a dictator
(although there were elections held every five years democracy was a
facade). However Suharto brought stability and under him the economy
of Indonesia recovered.

From the 1960s reserves of oil in Indonesia were exploited. After 1973
Indonesians benefited from the high price of oil. Agriculture also
became far more productive.
However many Indonesians remained poor and in 1997 Indonesia was
hit by a financial crisis. As a result the economy contracted. Indonesia
was hit by riots and Suharto resigned in May 1998. Democracy returned
to Indonesia with elections, which were held in 1999.
At the beginning of the 21st century the Indonesian economy began to
recover. Today the economy of Indonesia is growing steadily. Today the
population of Indonesia is 258 million.

MUSIC HISTORY
-Gamelan is the traditional music from central and east Java and Bali.
-Dangdut is very popular style of pop music is which is accompanied
with by a dance style.
- Indonesian music can be found in Javanese and Balinese gong-chime
orchestras (gamelan) and shadow plays (wayang). Sundanese bamboo
orchestras (angklung), Muslim orchestral music at family events or
Muslim holiday celebrations, trance dances (reog) from east Java, the
dramatic barong dance or the monkey dances for tourists on Bali, Batak
puppet dances, horse puppet dances of south Sumatra, Rotinese singers
with lontar leaf mandolins, and the dances for ritual and life-cycle events
performed by Indonesia's many outer island ethnic groups.
Siteran groups are small street ensembles that play the same
musical pieces played by gamelans. They usually include a zither,
 singers, drum and a large end-blown bamboo tube that is used like
a gong.
Tandak Gerok is a style of performance practiced in eastern
Lombok that combines music, dance and theater.

GAMELAN- is the national instrument of Indonesia. A miniature

orchestra, it is an ensemble of 50 to 80 instruments, including tuned
percussion comprised of bells, gongs, drums and metallophones
(xylophone-like instruments with bars made from metal instead of
wood).

Gamelans are unique to Java, Bali and Lombok. They are associated
with court music and often accompany Indonesia's favorite traditional
form of entertainment such as shadow puppet plays and they are also
played at special ceremonies, weddings and other major events.
- Gamelan music used for dance performances emphasize rhythm while
music for wayang kulit is more dramatic and features music linked with
different characters and parts of the play, with the musicians usually
responded to cues by the puppeteer. Gamelan music also sometimes
accompanies the reading of poetry and folk stories.
Highly stylized in movement and costume, dances and the wayang
drama are accompanied by a full gamelan orchestra comprising
xylophones, drums, gongs, and in some cases string instruments and
flutes.

Bamboo xylophones are used in North Sulawesi and the bamboo

angklung instruments of West Java are well- known for their unique
tinkling notes which can be adapted to any melody.
Large gamelans are usually made of bronze. Wood and brass are
also used, especially in villages in Java.
Individual gamelans often have distinct sounds and some even
have names like "The Venerable Invitation to Beauty" in
Yogyakarta.
 A complete gamelan is made of two sets of instruments that play
in the two Javanese scales: the five-notelaras slendro and the
seven-note laras pelog.

HISTORY OF INDONESIAN FLAG

"Indonesia Raya" has been the national anthem of Indonesia since the
proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia on the 17
August 1945. The song was introduced by its composer, Wage Rudolf
Supratman, on 28

The song marked the birth of the all-archipelago nationalist movement

in Indonesia that supported the idea of one single "Indonesia" as
successor to the Dutch East Indies, rather than split into several colonies.

The first newspaper to openly publish the musical notation and lyrics of
"Indonesia Raya" an act of defiance towards the Dutch authorities
was the Chinese Indonesian weekly Sin Po.
The first stanza of "Indonesia Raya" was chosen as the national
anthem when Indonesia proclaimed its independence at August
17,1945. Jozef Cleber, a Dutch composer, created an arrangement of the
tune for philharmonic orchestra in 1950. This arrangement is widely
used.
"Indonesia Raya" is played in flag raising ceremonies (student
assemblies) in schools across Indonesia every Monday. The flag is raised
in a solemn and timed motion so that it reaches the top of the flagpole as
the anthem ends.

Indonesia Raya is the national anthem of Indonesia. The term Indonesia

Raya can also refer to one of the following:
Greater Indonesia- a political concept known as Indonesia Raya in
Indonesian

Indonesia Raya (newspaper)- a defunct Indonesian newspaper

Berkibarlah Benderaku
The song was created by Ibu Sud with title Berkibarlah Benderaku
(Flutter-on, O My Flag). She made it after seeing the persistence of Jusuf
Ronodipuro, the head of RRI (Radio Republik Indonesia), ahead of the
Operation Product in 1947, in which he refused to lowering the Red-
and-White in the office of RRI.
Indonesias flag was officially adopted on August 17,1945 after
Indonesia became independent from the Netherlands. The horizontal flag
is a horizontal bicolor with two equal horizontal bars(red and white).
- Red and White colors were sacred in Austronesian mythology. It
symbolizes mother earth and Father sky. Red and white colors features
on the flag of the 13th century Majapahit Empire of Java.
August 17, 1945- it was adopted as a National flag on the day it was
proclaimed its independence from Netherlands.
- In Indonesia, this flag is called Sang Saka Merah Putih meaning lofty
bicolor red and white refers to the historical flag called Bendera
Pusaka(heirbloom flag) and its replica.
The flag must be displayed everyday at the Presidential Palace , all
of government and private office buildings, border posts and outer
islands in the territory of Indonesia and National Hereos Cemetery.
The flag should displayed everywhere on special days given below.
Day Significance

May 2 National Education Day.

May 20 National Awakening Day
August 17 Indonesia Independence Day
October 1 Day of the Birth of Pancasila
October 28 Youth Pledge Day
November 10 Heroes Day
The design of this flag is based on the 13th century

RED- symbolizes human blood.

WHITE- represents the human spirit.

INDONESIAN COMPOSERS
Wage Rudolf Supratman- an indonesian songwriter who wrote both
lyrics and melody of the National Anthem of Indonesia
Monty Tiwa- an Indonesian screenwriter, composer, film editor, film
producer and film director.
Ismail Marzuki- Indonesian composer, songwriter and musician who
wrote between 202 and 240 songs between 1931 and 1958, including
numerous popular patriotic songs. Among his best-known works are
"Gugur Bunga" and "Rayuan Pulau Kelapa".
Ananda Sukarlan- is an indonesian composer and pianist.
He is the son of Sukarlan and Poppy Kumudastuti. He started his music
lessons at the age of 5 from his older sister, Martani Widjajanti. After
graduating from kolese kanisius(Canisius College, Jakarta) in 1986, he
then went to Europe when he was 17, graduated with summa cum
laude in 1993 from the Royal Conservatory of Den Haag under the
guidance of Naum Grubert
Honours and awards
1988, Amsterdam, Eduard Elipse Award in Netherlands National
Music Competition.
1993 First Prize "Nadia Boulanger" Concours International
dOrleans (Orleans, France, 1993).
1993 First Prize "Xavier Montsalvatge" Concurso de Musica
del Siglo XX Xavier Montsalvatge, Ginora, Spain
1994 First Prize "Blanquefort Piano Competition", Bordeaux,
France
1995 First Prize and Special Prize for The Best Interpreter of
Spanish Music "City of Ferrol Piano Competition", Galicia, Spain
1995 Second Prize "Sweelinck-Postbank", Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
1995 Third Prize "Fundacion Guerrero Competition", Madrid,
Spain
1996 Second Prize "Vienna Modern Master Performers Recording
Award"
2000 Outstanding Musicians on the 20th Century.
2001 Nominee Unesco Prize
2003 Mont Blanc Asia for his contribution for classical music
industry in Indonesia
The first Indonesian pianist who be written in The International
Who's Who in Music book.
 Compositions
OPERA
PRO PATRIA (for 6 soloists, male choir, dancers and chamber orchestra)
MENGAPA KAU CULIK ANAK KAMI (for soprano & baritone
soloists, 3 dancers & 9 instrumentalists)
IBUyang anaknya diculik itu (a "pocket opera" for soprano solo
accompanied by piano + flute doubl. piccolo, both also playing small
percussions instruments)
CANTATA
-No. 1 ARS AMATORIA (for soprano & baritone soloists, children
choir, male choir, 2 dancers and 4 instrumentalists, conducted by the
pianist) based on poems
-No. 2 LIBERTAS (for baritone soloist & mixed choir, accompanied by
8 instrumentalists) based on poems
CHOIR(A CAPELLA)
-JOKPINIANA no. 1, for SSAATTBB 4'
-KITA CIPTAKAN KEMERDEKAAN, for SSATBarB (from the cantata
LIBERTAS) 3'30
-PARA PAPA MOZART, for SSAATTBB 3'
-PSALM 148, for SSAATTBB 4'
-PARALLEL MADRIGALS (very short pieces for a cappella chamber
choirs, each could be performed separately)
-HEI ! JANGAN KAUPATAHKAN, for 4-part children choir
-A HYMN FOR THE OLYMPIC SPORTSMEN, for 4-part female
choir

ORCHESTRA & CHOIR

- STANZA SUARA, for 6-part choir, orchestra and angklung
REQUIESCAT, for English horn & string quartet (Intermezzo from the
cantata LIBERTAS) 5

CHAMBER AND MUSIC

LONTANO, for string quartet (choreographic interlude from the opera

"Mengapa Kau Culik Anak Kami") 5'
RESCUING ARIADNE, for flute & piano 6'30"
PRELUDE AND INTERMEZZO from the opera "IBU", for flute &
piano 6'
PIANO
- THE HUMILIATION OF DRUPADI, for 2 pianos 6'
- SCHUMANN'S PSYCHOSIS, for 3 pianos 6 pianists 5'30"
5 ETUDES for piano solo
- RAPSODIA NUSANTARA no. 1 - 10 (number still growing) for piano
solo
- JUST A MINUTE !, 13 pieces for left hand alone
37 easy to moderately difficult pieces in "Alicia's First Piano Book
VOCAL WORKS(accompanied by piano otherwise indicated)
- SENYAP DALAM DERAI , 6 songs for soprano
- GEMURUHNYA MALAM, 4 songs for baritone
- CANDA EMPAT PENJURU, 4 short songs for baritone
- A untuk AKIS, ALAM DAN ANGKASA, 5 songs for baritone
- ILHAM DI PENJARA, 3 songs for high voice
- NYANYIAN MALAM, 12 songs for medium voice
- LOVE AND VARIATIONS, 8 songs for soprano & baritone duet
- SAJAK 3 BAGIAN, for tenor and guitar
3 duets (soprano & baritone
- Haikus (soprano, clarinet & cello)
- Bibirku Bersujud di bibirmu (soprano, fl/alt fl, violin, piano
SOLO INSTRUMENTS
SATRIA SENDIRI- for bassoon solo
YOU HAD ME AT HELLO- 3 pieces for flute solo THE 5 LOVERS OF
DRUPADI, for guitar solo
3 STAR SIGNS, for oboe solo (one of them is for circular breathing

Trie Utami Sari- Trie Utami Sari or also known as Trie Utami or Iie is
an Indonesian singer, composer and pianist
Gesang Martohartono- - was an Indonesian singer-songwriter from
central Java
- He is the composer of the "Bengawan Solo," famous song
throughout Indonesia, Japan, part of Asia, and some other
countries.

INSTRUMENTS
ANGKLUNG- is a musical instrument from Indonesia made of a
varying number of bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame
DEBUG- is one of the drums used in the gamelan. It is also used
among Muslims in Java in religious purposes.
CAK- is a stringed musical instrument from Indonesia. It has 4 strings in
3 courses.
CALUNG- is a Sundanese musical instrument which is
the prototype(prototype) of angklung.
CEKUNTRUNG- is a stringed musical instrument from Indonesia.
It has 4 or 2 strings in single courses. The strings are often made of
metal, but sometimes of nylon or fishing line.
GENGGONG- is a kind of Jew's harp used in the music of Bali. It
consists of a wooden frame and tongue cut from a single piece of the
leaf stem of the sugar palm.
HASAPI- also written as kacapi, hapitan, and kulcapi, is a two-
stringed lute played by the Batak people of the Indonesian island
of Sumatra.
KACAPI- is a resonance box with an uncovered underside to allow the
sound out.

The sides of this kind of kacapi are tapered inward from top to bottom,
which gives the instrument a boat-like shape.The Kacapi leads the
accompaniment by providing intros, bridges, and interludes, as well as
determining the tempo. For this purpose, a large kacapi with 18 or 20
strings is used.
KARINDING- is Sundanese traditional musical instrument from West
Java and Banten, Indonesia.
- usually made from bamboo and midribs of palm trees.
- Karindings made of palm tree midribs are traditionally used by male
players, and bamboo instruments are used by female players.
KECER- are a pair of small cymbals set inside a rack (rancak) used in
the gamelan of Indonesia.
KEMANAK- is a banana-shaped idiophone used in Javanese gamelan,
made of bronze. They are actually metal slit drums.
KONGAHYAN- is an Indonesian musical instrument played by
drawing a bow across one or more strings.
- This musical instrument is played for shows on those islands. The
kongahyan is smaller than two other Indonesian instruments, the tehyan
and sukong.
KRONCONG- is the name of a ukulele-like instrument and
an Indonesian musical style that typically makes use of the kroncong
(the sound chrong-chrong-chrong comes from this instrument, so the
music is called keronchong)
MIRWAS OR MARWAS- is a small double-sided hand drum originally
from the Middle East.
MOKO- are bronze kettledrums from Alor Island, Indonesia,While they
have been found in several different locations in Indonesia, they are
most famously associated with the island of Alor, where they have long
been prized in ceremonial exchanges.
GANBUS OR GAMBUS- is a short-necked lute that originated
in Yemen and spread throughout the Arabian peninsula.
It has twelve nylon strings that are plucked with a plastic plectrum to
generate sound, much like a guitar.
REBANA OR TERBANGAN- is a Malay tambourine that is used in
Islamic devotional music in Southeast Asia, particularly
in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore.
The sound of Rebana often accompany Islamic ritual such as the zikir.
The name Rebana came from the Arabic word Robbana meaning "our
Lord".
SALUANG- is a traditional musical instrument.
- It is made of thin bamboo or "talang" with 4 hole.