Chapter 0

Fundamentals of Circuit Analysis

Dang Nguyen Chau Click to edit Master subtitle style
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: chaudn@hcmut.edu.vn
Content
Circuit Elements.

Fundamental Laws.

Thevemin & Norton Equivalents.

Two port Network.

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Circuit Elements
Independent and Dependent Sources:
An Independent source (voltage or current) may be DC
(constant) or time-varying, but does not depend on other
voltages or currents in the circuit.
A Dependent sources value depends on another voltage or
current in the circuit.

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Circuit Elements (1)
Independent Voltage Source:
Two-terminal elements maintains a specified voltage
between its terminals regardless of the rest of the circuit.
The voltage is completely independent of the current through
the element.
Circuit symbols:

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Circuit Elements (2)
Independent Current Source:
Two-terminal elements through which a specified current
flows.
Circuit symbols:

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Circuit Elements (3)
Remark:
We do not know the current through the voltage source:

Circuit analysis has to be applied on the circuit to determine the

current.
We do not know the voltage across the current source:
Circuit analysis has to be applied on the circuit to determine the
voltage.

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Circuit Elements (4)
Dependent Voltage Source:
A dependent or controlled voltage source is a voltage

source whose terminal voltage depends on, or is controlled by,

a voltage or current defined at some other locations in the
circuit.
Circuit symbols:

There are two types of the dependent voltage source:

Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
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Circuit Elements (5)
Dependent Current Source:
A dependent or controlled current source is a current

source whose current depends on, or is controlled by, a voltage

or current defined at some other locations in the circuit.
Circuit symbols:

There are two types of the dependent voltage source:

Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
Current controlled current source (CCCS)

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Circuit Elements (6)
Linear Dependent Sources:
VCVS

: voltage gain
dimensionless

CCVS
r : trans-resistance
ohms

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Circuit Elements (7)
VCCS
g : trans-conductance
seimens (1/ohms)

CCCS
: current gain

dimensionless

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Circuit Elements (8)
Example:
Find i.

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Fundamental Laws
Ohms Law:
The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through a resistor.

v iR, R 0

Linear resistor:
The resistor obeys Ohms law
The resistance is a constant

Nonlinear resistor: The resistance

is varies

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Fundamental Laws (1)
Equivalent Sub-circuits
Sub-circuit: any part of a circuit:
Two-terminal sub-circuit
Terminal law describes the behavior of a two-terminal sub-
circuit. It is a function described by v = f (i) or i = g (v), where
i, v are terminal variables.
Two-terminal sub-circuit are said to be equivalent if they
have the same terminal law. Equivalent sub-circuits may be
freely interchanged without altering any external current or
voltage.

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Fundamental Laws (2)
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero.
The algebraic sum of the currents leaving any node is zero.
The sum of the currents entering any node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.
Example:

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 Fundamental Laws (3)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of voltage drops around any closed path is
zero.
The algebraic sum of voltage rises along any closed path is
zero.
The sum of voltage drops equal to the sum of voltage rises
along any closed path.
Example:

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Fundamental Laws (4)
Remark:
The voltage encountered + to is positive.
The voltage encountered to + is negative.

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Fundamental Laws (4)
Example:

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Fundamental Laws (5)
Example:

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (1)
From Norton sub-circuit:

v RN i RNiN
Comparing the terminal law, we have:

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (2)
Remark:
A circuit with many elements will have Thevenin and Norton
equivalents with only two elements.
Replacing the original by its two-elements equivalent has the
desired effect of simplifying the circuit.
Given the terminal law for a circuit, it is straightforward to
find its Thevenin and Norton equivalents.

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (3)
Open Circuit Voltage:
From Thevenin form f (i) RT i vT
Let i = 0, we have
f (0) vT
With terminal law, f(0) must be terminal voltage when terminal
current is zero, f(0) is called open-circuit voltage v = vOC

Thevenin equivalent voltage

is equal to the open-circuit
voltage vT = vOC

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (4)
Short Circuit Current:
If short circuiting the terminals, then we have short-circuit
current i = iSC
Since no voltage across short-circuit

0 RT iSC vT
Thus,

vT vOC
RT
iSC iSC

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (5)
Conclusion:
Given a sub-circuit with open-circuit voltage vOC and short-
circuit current iSC
Its Thevenin equivalents may be found from:

Its Norton equivalens may be found from:

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (6)
Remark:
RT or RN can be computed as the resistance looking into the
terminals of sub-network when all internal independent
sources have been killed:
Independent voltage sources are killed by replacing them
with short circuit.
Independent current sources are killed by replacing them
with open circuit.

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (6)
Remark:
Circuits contain both independent and dependent sources:
Both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current have
to be calculated to find the Thevenin resistance.
Dependent sources and its controlled variables cannot be
split when breaking the network.

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Thevenin & Norton Equivalents (7)
Example:

Find Thevenin and Norton equivalent

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Two port Network

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Two port Network (1)
Y - parameter

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Two port Network (2)
Y - parameter

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Two port Network (3)
Z - parameter

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Two port Network (4)
Z - parameter

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Two port Network (5)
H - parameter

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Two port Network (6)
H - parameter

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Two port Network (7)
G - parameter

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Two port Network (8)
G - parameter

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