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Maharashtra HSC Physics Paper 1 PDF
Maharashtra HSC Physics Paper 1 PDF
Perfect
Physics I
STD. XII Sci.
Salient Features
Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
Covers answers to all Textual Questions and Numericals.
Covers answers to all Board Questions till date.
Includes marking scheme for Board Questions from 2013 to 2016.
Covers relevant NCERT Questions.
Simple and Lucid language.
Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams.
Solved & Practice numericals.
10105_11131_JUP
Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
Std. XII Sci. : PERFECT PHYSICS - I is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book has been prepared as per the Maharashtra State
board syllabus.
While preparing the book, our main aim was to make a students journey of learning and understanding the
various concepts, an effortless and pleasant process.
Our Sub-topic wise classified Question and Answer format of the book will help the student to
understand each and every concept thoroughly. Neatly labelled diagrams have been added wherever required.
Answers to all textual and intext questions have been provided.
We have included National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT) questions and
problems based on Maharashtra State board syllabus along with their solutions which will help the students to
have a better grasp of the concept and prepare him/her on a competitive level.
For the students to have a crystal clear idea about the board paper pattern and the range of questions asked,
we have included Solved Board Questions and Numericals upto the latest year. Board Questions from old
syllabus which fall under the revised syllabus are also added. Solved Board Questions from 2013 to 2016 have
been included along with its marking scheme which is indicative and is subject to change as per Maharashtra
State Boards discretion.
To develop better understanding of concepts; we have discussed relevant points and questions in the form
of Additional Information. Any additional information about a concept is provided in the form of Note. We had
developed the concept of Brain Teasers, which are theory questions and numericals build within the frame work
of State Board syllabus to develop higher order thinking among students. Concept Builders are designed to
enable the students guage their grasp of a given concept and strengthen it further. A quick review of each chapter
is provided in the form of Summary. Definitions, statements and laws are specified with italic representation.
Formulae are provided in every chapter which are the main tools to tackle numericals. Ample amount of solved
problems are provided to understand the application of different concepts and formulae.
Practice Problems and Multiple Choice Questions will help the students to test their range of preparation
and the amount of knowledge of each topic. Selected multiple choice questions have been provided with hints to
help the students overcome conceptual or mathematical hinderances.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think weve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, wed love to hear from you.
Please write to us at : mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Yours faithfully,
Publisher
PAPER PATTERN
Question 1: (7 Marks)
This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.
There will be 7 MCQs, each carrying one mark.
One Question will be based on calculations.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.
Question 3: (9 Marks)
This Question will contain 4 Questions, each carrying 3 marks.
Students will have to answer any 3 out of the given 4 Questions.
2 questions will be theory-based and 2 will be numericals.
Question 4: (7 Marks)
This Question will contain 2 Questions, each carrying 7 marks.
Students will have to answer any 1 out of the given 2 Questions.
4/5 marks are allocated for theory-based question and 3/2 marks for numerical.
Contents
Sr. No. Unit Page No.
1 Circular Motion 1
2 Gravitation 47
3 Rotational Motion 81
4 Oscillations 121
5 Elasticity 160
6 Surface Tension 192
7 Wave Motion 221
8 Stationary Waves 254
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 292
Board Question Paper March 2015 345
Board Question Paper October 2015 347
Board Question Paper March 2016 349
Board Question Paper July 2016 351
01 CircularMotion
Subtopics
1.0 Introduction 1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal
forces
1.1 Angular displacement
1.7 Banking of roads
1.2 Angular velocity and angular
acceleration 1.8 Vertical circular motion due to
earths gravitation
1.3 Relation between linear
velocity and angular velocity 1.9 Equation for velocity and
energy at different positions in
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
vertical circular motion
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial 1.10 Kinematical equation for
acceleration) circular motion in analogy with
linear motion
1.0 Introduction where, s = small linear distance
Q.1. Define circular motion. Give its examples. = small angular displacement
Ans: Definition: iii. It is directed radially outwards.
Motion of a particle along the circumference
of a circle is called circular motion. iv. Unit: metre (m) in SI system and
Examples: centimetre (cm) in CGS system.
i. The motion of a cyclist along a circular path. v. Dimensions: [M0L1T0]
ii. Motion of the moon around the earth.
Q.3. *Define angular displacement. OR
iii. Motion of the earth around the sun.
iv. Motion of the tip of hands of a clock. What is angular displacement?
v. Motion of electrons around the nucleus Ans: i. Angle traced by a radius vector in a
in an atom. given time, at the centre of the circular
1.1 Angular displacement path is called as angular displacement.
Q.2. What is radius vector? ii. Consider a particle Y
Ans: i. A vector drawn from the centre of a performing B
circle to position of a particle on s
circular motion in
circumference of circle is called as anticlockwise
O r A
radius vector. sense as shown in
ii. It is given by, B
the figure.
s
s O A Let, A = initial
|r|= r Y
position of particle
at t = 0
1
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
B = final position of particle after time t
= angular displacement in time t d
r = radius of the circle B
s = length of arc AB
A
iii. Angular displacement is given by,
Length of arc Direction of angular displacement
=
radius of circle
*Q.5. Explain right handed screw rule to find the
s
= direction of angular displacement.
r
Ans: i. Imagine the right handed screw to be
iv. Unit: radian held in the place in which particle is
v. Direction of angular displacement is performing circular motion. If the right
given by right hand thumb rule or right handed screw is rotated in the direction
handed screw rule. of particle performing circular motion
Note: then the direction in which screw tip
advances, gives the direction of angular
1. If a particle performing circular motion
displacement.
describes an arc of length s, in short time
ii. The tip of the screw advances in
interval t then angular displacement is given downward direction, if sense of rotation
s of the object is clockwise whereas the
by = .
r tip of the screw advances in upward
direction, if sense of rotation of the
s = r
object is anticlockwise as shown in the
figure.
In vector form, s = r
Y
2. If a particle performing circular motion
completes one revolution then angular d
displacement is given by = 360 = 2c Tip of screw
O advancing
where, c represents angular displacement in B
in upward
radians. A direction
3. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre
Y
of a circle by an arc of length equal to radius Right handed screw rule
of the circle.
Additional Information
*Q.4. State right hand thumb rule to find the
direction of angular displacement. Characteristics of angular displacement:
i. Instantaneous angular displacement is a vector
Ans: Right hand thumb rule:
quantity (true vector), so it obeys commutative
Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in and associative laws of vector addition.
right hand with the fingers curled around it ii. Finite angular displacement is a pseudo
and thumb out-stretched. If the curled vector.
fingers give the direction of motion of a iii. Direction of infinitesimal angular
displacement is given by right hand thumb
particle performing circular motion then
rule or right handed screw rule.
the direction of out-stretched thumb gives iv. For anticlockwise sense, angular displacement
the direction of angular displacement is taken as positive while in clockwise sense,
vector. angular displacement is taken negative.
2
Chapter01:CircularMotion
#Q.6. Are the following motions same or different?
ii. If 0 and are the angular velocities
i. Motion of tip of second hand of a clock.
of a particle performing circular motion
ii. Motion of entire second hand of a clock. at instant t0 and t, then angular
Ans: Both the motions are different. acceleration is given by,
The tip of the second hand of a clock performs
0
uniform circular motion while the entire hand = =
t t0 t
performs rotational motion with the second
hand as a rigid body. iii. Direction: The direction of is given
by right hand thumb rule or right handed
1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration
screw rule.
Q.7. *Define angular velocity. iv. Unit: rad /s2 in SI system.
OR
v. Dimensions: [M0L0T2].
What is angular velocity? State its unit and
dimension. Q.9. Define the following terms.
Ans: i. Angular velocity of a particle i. Average angular acceleration
performing circular motion is defined as ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration
the time rate of change of limiting
Ans: i. Average angular acceleration:
angular displacement.
Average angular acceleration is defined
OR
as the time rate of change of angular
The ratio of angular displacement to
velocity.
time is called angular velocity.
ii. Instantaneous angular velocity is given 1
It is given by avg = 2 =
by, t 2 t1 t
d ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration:
= lim =
t 0 t dt Instantaneous angular acceleration is
Finite angular velocity is given by, defined as the limiting rate of change of
angular velocity.
=
t d
iii. It is a vector quantity. It is given by = lim =
t 0 t dt
iv. Direction: The direction of angular
velocity is given by right hand rule and
is in the direction of angular Concept Builder
displacement.
Positive angular acceleration:
v. Unit: rad s1 When an angular acceleration will have the same
vi. Dimensions: [M0L0T1] direction as angular velocity, it is termed as positive
Note:Magnitude of angular velocity is called angular angular acceleration.
speed. eg: When an electric fan is switched on, the angular
Q.8. *Define angular acceleration. velocity of the blades of the fan increases with time.
OR Negative angular acceleration:
What is angular acceleration? State its unit When an angular acceleration will have a direction
and dimension. opposite to that of angular velocity. It is termed as
Ans: i. The rate of change of angular velocity
negative angular acceleration.
with respect to time is called angular
acceleration. eg: When an electric fan is switched off, the angular
velocity of the blades of fan decreases with time.
It is denoted by .
3
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
Note:
Additional Information 1. When a body rotates with constant angular
Q.10. What happens to the direction of angular velocity its instantaneous angular velocity is
acceleration equal to its average angular velocity, whatever
i. if a particle is speeding up? may be the duration of the time interval. If the
ii. if a particle is slowing down? angular velocity is constant, we write
d
Ans: i. Direction of when the particle is = || =
dt
speeding up: 2. If a body completes one revolution in time
Consider a particle 2
moving along a interval T, then angular speed, = = 2n,
circular path in
T
where n = frequency of revolution.
anticlockwise direction d
and is speeding up. 3. d , and are called axial vectors, as they
Magnitude of keeps O are always taken to be along axis of rotation.
on increasing which 4. The direction of d and is always given by
increases
results in d to be right handed thumb rule.
Figure (a)
directed up the plane. 1.3 Relation between linear velocity and
Hence, direction of is upward. As angular velocity
and are ar to the plane, they are Q.12. *Show that linear speed of a particle
parallel to each other. [See figure (a)]. performing circular motion is the product
of radius of circle and angular speed of
ii. Direction of when the particle is particle.
slowing down: OR
Consider a particle is Define linear velocity. Derive the relation
moving along a between linear velocity and angular
circular path in velocity. [Mar 02, Mar 96, 08, 12, Oct 09]
anticlockwise direction Ans: Linear velocity:
and is slowing down. Distance travelled by a body per unit time in a
Magnitude of keeps given direction is called linear velocity.
on decreasing which d It is a vector quantity and is given by,
ds
results in d to be v =
decreases
directed down the dt
plane. Figure (b) Relation between linear velocity and
angular velocity:
Hence, direction of is downward. [See
i. Consider a particle moving with uniform
figure (b)].
circular motion along the circumference
Q.11. Write down the main characteristics of of a circle in anticlockwise direction
angular acceleration. with centre O and radius r as shown in
Ans: Characteristics of angular acceleration: the figure.
i. Angular acceleration is positive if
v
angular velocity increases with time. B
ii. Angular acceleration is negative if
s
angular velocity decreases with time. r v
iii. Angular acceleration is an axial vector.
O A
iv. In uniform circular motion, angular r
velocity is constant, so angular
acceleration is zero.
4
Chapter01:CircularMotion
ii. Let the particle cover small distance s iv. Taking limiting value in equation (1)
from A to B in small interval t.
s
In such case, small angular displacement lim = lim r
t 0 t t 0 t
is AOB = .
iii. Magnitude of instantaneous linear ds d
= r [ Mark]
velocity of particle is given by, dt dt
s
ds
v = lim But, = v = linear velocity,
t 0 t
dt
But s = r
d
= = angular velocity
v = r lim [ r = constant] dt
t 0 t
v = r
Also lim = [**Explanation Mark]
t 0 t
v = r Calculus method:
i. A particle is moving in XY plane with
In vector form, v = r position vector,
r = r i cos t + r jsin t
.(1)
Q.13. *Prove the relation v = r , where
symbols have their usual meaning. ii. Angular velocity is directed
perpendicular to plane, i.e., along
OR
In U.C.M. (Uniform Circular Motion), Z-axis. It is given by = k ,
prove the relation v r , where symbols where, k = unit vector along Z-axis.
have their usual meanings. [Mar 16] iii. r = k (r i cos t + r j sin t)
Ans: Analytical method:
[From equation (1)]
i. Consider a particle performing circular
motion in anticlockwise sense with centre = r cos t ( k i ) + r sin t ( k j)
O and radius r as shown in the figure. = r j cos t + r ( i ) sin t
ii. Let, = angular velocity of the particle
k i j and k j i
v = linear velocity of the particle
r = r i sin t + r j cos t
r = radius vector of the particle
r = r ( i sin t + j cos t) .(2)
Also v =
dr
dt
= r i sin t jcos t
O v v = r i sin t jcos t .(3)
r
From equation (2) and (3),
[Diagram - Mark]
v = r
iii. Linear displacement in vector form is
given by, 1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
s = r [ Mark] Q.14. *Define uniform circular motion. OR
Dividing both side by t, What is uniform circular motion?
Ans: i. The motion of a body along the
s circumference of a circle with constant
= r .(1)
t t speed is called uniform circular motion.
5
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
ii. In U.C.M, direction of velocity is along Time period = Distance covered in one revolution
the tangent drawn to the position of Linear velocity
particle on circumference of the circle. 2r
iii. Hence, direction of velocity goes on T=
v
changing continuously, however the
But v = r
magnitude of velocity is constant.
2r
Therefore, magnitude of angular T=
velocity is constant. r
iv. Examples of U.C.M: 2
T=
a. Motion of the earth around the sun.
b. Motion of the moon around the earth. Q.18. What is frequency of revolution? Express
c. Revolution of electron around the angular velocity in terms of frequency of
nucleus of atom. revolution.
Q.15. State the characteristics of uniform circular Ans: i. The number of revolutions performed by
motion. a particle performing uniform circular
motion in unit time is called as
Ans: Characteristics of U.C.M:
frequency of revolution.
i. It is a periodic motion with definite
ii. Frequency of revolution (n) is the
period and frequency.
reciprocal of period of revolution.
ii. Speed of particle remains constant but
1 1 v
velocity changes continuously. n= = = =
iii. It is an accelerated motion. T 2 2 2r
iv. Work done in one period of U.C.M is
zero. iii. Unit: hertz (Hz), c.p.s, r.p.s etc.
iv. Dimensions: [M0L0T1]
Q.16. Define periodic motion. Why U.C.M is Angular velocity in terms of frequency of
called periodic motion? revolution:
Ans: i. Definition: 2 1
A type of motion which is repeated after = = 2
T T
equal interval of time is called periodic
1
motion. But =n
ii. The particle performing U.C.M repeats T
its motion after equal intervals of time = 2n
on the same path. Hence, U.C.M is *Q.19.Define period and frequency of a particle
called periodic motion. performing uniform circular motion. State
Q.17. Define period of revolution of U.C.M. State their SI units.
its unit and dimension. Derive an expression Ans: Refer Q.17 and Q.18
for the period of revolution of a particle 1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)
performing uniform circular motion.
Ans: Definition: Q.20. Define linear acceleration. Write down its
unit and dimensions.
The time taken by a particle performing
Ans: i. Definition:
uniform circular motion to complete one
The rate of change of linear velocity
revolution is called as period of revolution.
with respect to time is called linear
2 acceleration.
It is denoted by T and is given by, T = .
6
Chapter01:CircularMotion
Q.21. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Justify this vi. Angle between BC and BD is equal to
statement.
as they are perpendicular to OB and
Ans: i. In U.C.M, the magnitude of linear
velocity (speed) remains constant but OA respectively.
the direction of linear velocity goes on vii. Since BDC OAB
changing i.e., linear velocity changes. DC AB v AB
ii. The change in linear velocity is possible = =
BD AO v r
only if the motion is accelerated. Hence, viii. For very small t, arc length s of
U.C.M is an accelerated motion. circular path between A and B can be
Q.22. *Obtain an expression for acceleration of taken as AB
a particle performing uniform circular v s v
motion. = or v = s
v r r
OR where, v = change in velocity
Define centripetal acceleration. Obtain an
v v s
expression for acceleration of a particle Now, a = lim = lim
t 0 t t 0 r t
performing U.C.M by analytical method.
Ans: Definition: v s v v2
a= lim = v=
The acceleration of a particle performing r t 0 t r r
U.C.M which is directed towards the centre As t 0, B approaches A and v
and along the radius of circular path is called becomes perpendicular to the tangent
as centripetal acceleration. i.e., along the radius towards the centre.
The centripetal acceleration is directed along
ix. Also v = r
the radius and is also called radial
acceleration. r 2 2
a= = 2r
Expression for acceleration in U.C.M by r
analytical method (Geometrical method):
i. Consider a particle performing uniform x. In vector form, a = 2 r
circular motion in a circle of centre O Negative sign shows that direction of a
and radius r with a uniform linear
velocity of magnitude v. is opposite to the direction of r .
ii. Let a particle travel a very short distance v2
Also a = r0 , where r0 is the unit
s from A to B in a very short time r
interval t. vector along the radius vector.
iii. Let be the angle described by the
Q.23. Derive an expression for linear acceleration of
radius vector OA in the time interval t
a particle performing U.C.M. [Mar 98, 08]
as shown in the figure.
Ans: Refer Q.22
C D
Q.24. Derive an expression for centripetal
v acceleration of a particle performing uniform
M
B circular motion by using calculus method.
v Ans: Expression for centripetal acceleration by
calculus method:
O A
r i. Suppose a particle is performing U.C.M
in anticlockwise direction.
The co-ordinate axes are chosen as
shown in the figure.
iv. The velocities at A and B are directed Let,
along the tangent. A = initial position of the particle
v. Velocity at B is represented by BC which lies on positive X-axis
while the velocity at A is represented by P = instantaneous position after time t
AM . [Assuming AM = BD] = corresponding angular displacement
7
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
= constant angular velocity vi. From equation (1) and (3),
r = instantaneous position vector at time t a = 2 r
ii. From the figure, Negative sign shows that direction of
acceleration is opposite to the direction
r = i x + jy of position vector.
where, i and j are unit vectors along vii. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration is
X-axis and Y-axis respectively. given by,
a = 2r
Y v v2
As = a=
v r r
P(x, y) Note:
N y r To show a = v ,
r
X v = k ( r i sin t + r j cos t)
O x A
= r2 sin t ( k i ) + r2 cos t ( k j)
= r2 sin t j + r2 cos t ( i )
k i j and k j i
iii. Also, x = r cos and y = r sin
= r2 i cos t r2 j sin t
r = [r i cos + r j sin ]
= a [From equation (3)]
But = t
Q.25. Derive an expression for centripetal
r = [r i cos t + r j sin t] ....(1) acceleration of a particle performing
iv. Velocity of the particle is given as rate uniform circular motion. [Mar 02, Mar 06]
of change of position vector. Ans: Refer Q. 24
dr d *Q.26.Derive the relation between linear
v = = [r i cos t + r j sin t] acceleration and angular acceleration if a
dt dt
particle performs U.C.M.
d d Ans: Relation between linear acceleration and
= r cos t i + r sin t j
dt dt angular acceleration in U.C.M:
i. Consider a particle performing U.C.M.
v = r i sin t + r j cos t
with constant angular velocity with
v = r ( i sin t + j cos t) ....(2) path radius r.
v. Further, instantaneous linear ii. Magnitude of linear acceleration is
acceleration of the particle at instant t is given by,
given by, v
a = lim
t 0 t
dv d
a = = [r ( i sin t + jcos t)] dv
dt dt a=
dt
d
= r ( i sin t jcos t ) iii. But, v = r
dt d d dr
d d a= (r) = r +
= r ( sin t )i (cos t )j dt dt dt
dt dt iv. Since, r = constant
= r ( i cos t j sin t) dr
=0
= r2 ( i cos t + j sin t) dt
d
2
a = r
a = (r i cos t + r jsin t) ....(3) dt
8
Chapter01:CircularMotion
d From figure,
But, = Magnitude of resultant linear
dt
a = r acceleration is given by | a | = a 2R a T2
In vector form,
Q.28. For a particle performing uniform circular
a = r
Sr.
U.C.M Non-U.C.M
No ii. According to Newtons second law of
i. Circular motion with Circular motion with motion, acceleration must be produced
constant angular speed variable angular speed by a force acting in the same direction.
is known as uniform is called as non-uniform
iii. If m is the mass of particle performing
circular motion. circular motion.
ii. For U.C.M, = 0 U.C.M then the magnitude of centripetal
For non-U.C.M, 0
iii. In U.C.M, work done In non-U.C.M, work force is given by,
by tangential force is done by tangential FCP = Mass of particle
zero. force is not zero. centripetal acceleration
FCP = maCP
iv. Example: Motion of the Example: Motion of a
v2
earth around the sun. body on vertical circle. iv. But, aCP = = v = r2
r
16
Chapter01:CircularMotion
18
Chapter01:CircularMotion
H mv 2M
TM mg cos 90 = [From (1)]
vH r
TH
T vM mv 2M
H
TM 0 =
TTM r
O M
N M mv 2M
vP TM = .(4)
r
T
TTLL P From equation (2), (3) and (4) it is observed
mg cos that tension is maximum at lowest position
L vL mg and minimum at highest position.
mg sin
Q.59. *Derive expressions for linear velocity at
iv. To complete vertical circular path, the lowest point, midway and top position for a
necessary centripetal force is provided particle revolving in a vertical circle if it
by the difference in the tension T and has to just complete circular motion
mg cos . without string slackening at top.
mv 2p OR
T mg cos = .(1) Obtain an expression for minimum velocity
r of a body at different positions, so that it
where, vp = velocity at point P. just performs vertical circular motion.
v. When body is at highest position, Ans: Expression for velocity in vertical circular
tension in the string = TH and = . motion:
Using equation (1), i. Consider a body of mass m which is tied to
mv 2H one end of a string and moves in a vertical
TH mg cos =
r circle of radius r as shown in the figure.
where vH = velocity at highest point
vM
mv 2H vH H
TH mg (1) = [ cos = 1]
r mg
mv 2H 2r TH
TH + mg = N M
r O r
mv 2H TL
TH = mg .(2) vL
r vN L
vi. When the body is at bottom position:
ii. Let,
= 0
vH = velocity at highest position
cos = 1
From equation (1), vL = velocity at lowest position
mv 2L vM = velocity at midway position
TL mg cos 0 = The velocity at any point on the circle is
r
where TL = tension at lowest point tangential to the circular path.
vL = velocity at lowest point iii. Velocity at highest position:
mv 2L Tension in the string at highest position
TL mg =
r mv 2H
TH = mg .(1)
mv L 2 r
TL = + mg .(3)
r In order to continue the circular motion,
vii. When the body is at midway position, TH 0
(M or N) TH = 0
= 90
Equation (i) becomes
cos 90 = 0
If tension at horizontal position is TM mv 2H mv 2H
mg = 0 = mg
then r r
19
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
v 2H = rg 5 1
mgr mgr = mv 2M
vH = rg .(2) 2 2
3 1
Equation (2) represents minimum mgr = mv 2M
velocity at highest point so that string is 2 2
not slackened. 2
v M = 3rg
To continue vertical circular motion, vM = 3rg .(6)
vH rg (at top position). Equation (6) represents minimum
iv. Velocity at lowest position: velocity of a body at midway position, so
According to law of conservation of that it can safely travel along vertical
energy, circle. To continue vertical circular
Total energy at L = Total energy at H motion, vM = 3rg .
(K.E)L + (P.E)L = (K.E)H + (P.E)H
.(3) Q.60. Derive an expression for the minimum
At lowest point, P.E = 0 velocity of a body at any point in vertical
1 circle so that it can perform vertical
K.E = mv 2L circular motion.
2 Ans: Expression for minimum velocity at any
At highest point, point in V.C. motion:
1 i. Consider a body of mass m,
P.E = mg (2r) and K.E = mv 2H
2 performing vertical circular motion of
From equation (3) path radius r. P is any point on the circle
1 1 as shown in the figure. We have to find
mv 2L 0 mv 2H mg(2r) velocity at P.
2 2
1 1 1 ii. Let vP = velocity at P
mv 2L mv 2H (4 mgr)
2 2 2 H
1 1
mv 2L m v 2H 4gr
2 2
v L v H 4gr
2 2
.(4) O
N M
rh r
To complete vertical circular motion, K P
vH = rg h
rg L
2
v 2L 4rg = rg + 4 rg
v 2L = 5 rg vP
vL = 5rg (5) In OKP,
Equation (5) represents minimum OK = r cos
velocity at the lowest point, so that body h = r OK
can safely travel along vertical circle.
= r r cos
v. Velocity at midway position:
1
h = r (1 cos )
At midway position, K.E = mv 2M and iii. From principle of conservation of
2
P.E = mgr energy,
Total energy at L = Total energy at M Total energy at L = Total energy at P
(P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)M + (K.E)M (P.E)L + (K.E)L = (P.E)P + (K.E)P
1 1 1 1
0+ m 5rg = mgr + mv 2M
2 2 0 + mv 2L = mgh + mv 2P
2 2
5mgr 1
= mgr + mv 2M But min. vL = 5rg
2 2
20
Chapter01:CircularMotion
1 1 1 1 5
5mgr = mgr (1 cos ) + mv 2P K.E = mv 2L = m 5rg = mgr
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 Total energy at lowest point = K.E + P.E
mv 2P 5 mrg mrg (1 cos ) 5 5
2 2 = mgr + 0 = mgr
2 2
5
= mrg 1 cos 5
2 (T.E)L = mgr ....(2)
2
1 2 rg(5 2 2cos ) Equation (2) represents energy of
vP =
2 2 particle at lowest point in V.C.M
v 2P = (3 + 2 cos ) rg iv. When the particle is at midway point
in V.C.M:
vP = (3 2cos )rg
P.E = mgh = mgr [ h = r]
Q.61. *Obtain expression for energy at different 1 1 3
positions in the vertical circular motion. K.E = m v 2M = m 3rg = mgr
2 2 2
Hence show that total energy in vertical Total energy at M = K.E + P.E
circular motion is constant. 3
OR = mgr + mgr
Show that total energy of a body 2
performing vertical circular motion is 5
(T.E)M = mgr ....(3)
conserved. [Mar 11] 2
Ans: Expression for energy at different points in Equation (3) represents total energy of
V.C.M: particle at midway position in V.C.M
i. Consider a particle of mass m revolving v. From equation (i), (ii) and (iii),
in a vertical circle of radius r in it is observed that total energy at any
anticlockwise direction. 5
point in V.C.M is mgr, i.e., constant.
ii. When the particle is at highest point H: 2
1 1 Hence, total energy of a particle
K.E = mvH2 = m rg [ vH = rg ] performing vertical circular motion
2 2
P.E = mg(2r) = 2mgr remains constant.
Total energy at highest point Q.62. *A particle of mass m, just completes the
T.E = K.E + P.E vertical circular motion. Derive the
1 5 expression for the difference in tensions at
T.E = mgr + 2mgr = mgr the highest and the lowest points. [Mar 13]
2 2
5 OR
(T.E)H = mgr ....(1) Show that for a body performing V.C.M.,
2 difference in tension at the lowest and
Equation (1) represents energy of highest point on vertical circle is 6mg.
particle at the highest point in V.C.M. Ans:
vH H
vH H
vM
TH
TH
O O
2r M r
r
TL
TL
vL L vL
L [ Mark]
i. Suppose a body of mass m performs
iii. When particle is at lowest point L:
V.C.M on a circle of radius r as shown
P.E = 0 [ At lowest point, h = 0] in the figure.
21
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
ii. Let, a = constant acceleration of particle
TL = tension at the lowest point ii. The angular displacement of a particle
TH = tension at the highest point in rotational motion after time t is given
vL = velocity at the lowest point by = 0 t + 1 t2
vH = velocity at the highest point 2
[ Mark] It is analogous to the kinematic equation
iii. At lowest point L, of linear motion,
mv 2L s = u t + 1 at2
TL = + mg [ Mark] 2
r
At highest point H, where,
mv 2H s = linear displacement
TH = mg [ Mark] u = initial velocity
r a = constant acceleration
mv 2L mv 2H t = time interval.
TL TH = + mg mg
r r iii. The angular velocity of rotating particle
m 2 after certain angular displacement is
=
r
vL v2H + 2mg given by,
2 = 02 + 2
m 2
TL TH =
r
v L v 2H + 2mg ....(1) It is analogous to the kinematic equation
of linear motion
iv. By law of conservation of energy,
(P.E + K.E) at L = (P.E + K.E) at H v2 = u2 + 2as,
where,
1 1
0 + mv 2L = mg.2r + mv 2H u = initial velocity
2 2 v = final velocity
1
m v 2L v 2H = mg.2r a = constant acceleration
2 s = linear displacement
v 2L v 2H = 4gr ....(2)
From equation (1) and (2), Summary
m 1. Motion of a particle along a circumference of
TL TH = (4gr) + 2mg [ Mark]
r a circle is called circular motion.
= 4mg + 2mg
2. Angle described by a radius vector in a given
TL TH = 6mg [ Mark] time at the centre of circle to other position is
called as angular displacement.
1.10 Kinematical equation for circular motion in
analogy with linear motion 3. Infinitesimal small angular displacement is a
vector quantity. Finite angular displacement is
*Q.63.State the kinematical equations for circular a pseudo vector (scalar), as for large values of
motion in analogy with linear motion. , the commutative law of vector addition is
Ans: The kinematical equations of circular motion not valid.
are analogue to the equations of linear motion
which is given below: 4. The rate of change of angular displacement
i. Angular velocity of a particle at any w.r.t time is called angular velocity.
time t is given by, d
= 0 + t, It is given by = .
where, dt
0 = initial angular velocity of the particle Angular velocity relates with linear velocity
= angular acceleration of the particle by the relation, v = r or v = r.
It is analogue to the kinematical
equation of linear motion, 5. The rate of change of angular velocity w.r.t
v = u + at time is called as angular acceleration.
where, u = initial velocity of particle d 0
It is given by relation, = .
v = final velocity of particle dt t
22
Chapter01:CircularMotion
6. There are two types of acceleration aR (radial) Case 1: At highest point, = 180
and aT (tangential) in non U.C.M. vH = rg
dv
Formula for aR = 2r and aT = = r, Case 2: At lowest point, = 0
dt
resultant acceleration of a particle in vL = 5rg
non-U.C.M is given by, a = a 2R a T2 . Case 3: At horizontal point, = 90
vM = 3rg
7. Centripetal force is directed towards the centre
along the radius and makes the particle to 16. Energy of a particle at any point in vertical
move along the circle. 5
circular motion is given by T.E = mgr
8. Centrifugal force is directed away from the 2
centre along the radius and has the same
Formulae
magnitude as that of centripetal force.
9. The process in which the outer edge of the 1. In U.C.M angular velocity:
road is made slightly higher than the inner v
edge is called as banking of roads. i. = ii. =
r t
rg 2
10. The formula for vmax = rg and vmin = . iii. = 2n iv. =
T
On frictional surface, a body performing
circular motion, the centripetal force is 2. Angular displacement:
provided by the force of friction given by, 2t
i. = t ii. =
Fs = mg. T
11. The angle of banking () is given by, 3. Angular acceleration:
v2 1 2
tan = . i. = 2 ii. = (n2 n1)
rg t t
12. The period of revolution of the conical 4. Linear velocity:
pendulum is given by, i. v = r ii. v = 2nr
r l cos
T = 2 = 2 5. Centripetal acceleration or radial
g tan g
v2
acceleration: a = = 2r
13. The linear speed of the bob of conical r
pendulum v = rg tan
6. Tangential acceleration: a T = r
14. Tension at any point P in vertical circular
7. Centripetal force:
motion is given by,
mv 2P mv 2
T= + mg cos i. FCF = ii. FCP = mr2
r r
Where, vP = velocity at any point in V.C.M 42 mr
Case 1: At highest point, = 180 iii. FCP = 42 mrn2 iv. FCP =
T2
mv 2H v. FCP = mg = m r 2
so, TH = mg
r
Case 2: At lowest point, = 0 v2
8. Inclination of banked road: = tan1
mv 2L rg
so, TL = + mg
r
9. Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid
15. Velocity at any arbitrary point is given by, skidding on a curve unbanked road:
v= rg 3 2cos vmax = rg
23
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
10. Maximum safe velocity on banked road: 20. Kinematic equations of linear motion:
1 2
tan i. v = u + at ii. s = ut + at
i. vmax = rg s 2
1 s tan iii. v2 = u2 + 2as
(in presence of friction) 21. Kinematic equations of rotational motion:
1
ii. vmax = rg tan (in absence of friction) i. = 0 + t ii. = 0t + t2
2
2
11. Height of inclined road: h = l sin iii. = 0 + 2
2
24
Chapter01:CircularMotion
Solution: th
ii. Time taken for of circular
1
Given: Length of minute hand, r = 5 cm, 5
T = 60 min = 60 60 = 3600 s path (t)
To find: i. Angular speed ()
ii. Linear speed (v) Formulae: i. v = r ii. =
t
2 Calculation: From formula (i),
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T v 300
= =
Calculation: From formula (i), r 1500
2 3.142 300 1
= = = = 0.2 rad/s
3600 1500 5
= 1.74 103 rad/s The angular displacement () of the
From formula (ii), th
aircraft to complete
1
v = r = 5 102 1.74 103 of the
5
v = 8.7 105 m/s 2
Ans: The minute hand of the clock has angular circular path is = rad
5
speed 1.74 103 rad/s and linear speed
From formula (ii),
8.7 105 m/s.
2 / 5
t = =
0.2
*Example 4
2 3.142
Calculate the angular velocity and linear velocity t= = 6.284 s
of a tip of minute hand of length 10 cm. 5 0.2
Solution: Ans: The angular speed of the aircraft is 0.2 rad/s
th
Given: T = 60 min. = 60 60 s = 3600 s, 1
and time taken by it to complete of
l = 10 cm = 0.1 m 5
To find: i. Angular velocity () circular path is 6.284 s.
ii. Linear velocity (v)
*Example 6
2 Propeller blades in aeroplane are 2 m long
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
T i. When propeller is rotating at 1800 rev/min,
Calculation: From formula (i), compute the tangential velocity of tip of the
2 2 3.142 blade.
= = ii. What is the tangential velocity at a point on
T 3600
blade midway between tip and axis?
= 1.744 103 rad/s
Solution:
From formula (ii),
1800
v = r = 0.1 1.745 103 Given: l = 2 m, n = 1800 r.p.m =
60
v = 1.745 104 m/s
= 30 r.p.s.
Ans: The tip of the minute hand has angular
r1 = l = 2m, r2 = l/2 = 1m
velocity 1.744 103 rad/s and linear velocity To find: i. Tangential velocity of tip of the
1.745 104 m/s. blade ( vT1 )
ii. Tangential velocity at a point on
Example 5
blade midway between tip and
An aircraft takes a turn along a circular path of
axis ( v T2 )
radius 1500 m. If the linear speed of the aircraft
is 300 m/s, find its angular speed and time taken Formula: v = 2nr
1
th Calculation: i. From formula,
by it to complete of circular path. Tangential velocity of the tip of
5 blade,
Solution: vT1 = 2nr1 = 2 3.14 30 2
Given: r = 1500 m, v = 300 m/s
vT1 = 376.8 m/s
To find: i. Angular speed ()
25
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
ii. Tangential velocity at a point Example 9
midway between tip and axis, The spin dryer of a washing machine rotating at
v T2 = 2nr2= 2 3.14 30 1 15 r.p.s. slows down to 5 r.p.s. after making
50 revolutions. Find its angular acceleration.
v T2 = 188.4 m/s
[Mar 15]
Ans: i. The tangential velocity of tip of the Solution:
blade is 376.8 m/s. Given: n0 = 15 r.p.s., n = 5 r.p.s.,
ii. The tangential velocity at a point on blade No. of revolutions = 50
midway between tip and axis is 188.4 m/s. To find: Angular acceleration ()
Formulae: i. = 2n
Example 7 ii. 2 = 02 2 [ Mark]
A particle, initially at rest, performs circular
Calculation: Using formula (i),
motion with uniform angular acceleration
0.2 rad/s2. What speed will it attain in = 2 5 = 10
10 seconds? 0 = 2 5 = 30
Solution: In 1 revolution, angular displacement
Given: 1 = 0, = 0.2 rad/s2, t = 10 s = 2
To find: Speed (2) in 50 revolutions, angular
Formula: 2 = 1 + t displacement = = 100
Calculation: From formula, Using formula (ii),
2 = 0 + (0.2) 10 (10)2 = (30 )2 + 2(100 )
2 = 2 rad/s [ Mark]
Ans: Speed attained by the particle in 10 seconds is 900 2 100 2
=
2 rad/s. 200
= 4 rad/s2 = 12.56 rad/s2
Example 8 Ans: Angular acceleration of spin dryer is
The frequency of a particle performing circular 12.56 rad/s2. [1 Mark]
motion changes from 60 r.p.m to 180 r.p.m in
20 second. Calculate the angular acceleration. *Example 10
[Oct 98] The length of hour hand of a wrist watch is
Solution: 1.5 cm. Find magnitude of
60 i. angular velocity
Given: n1 = 60 r.p.m = = 1 rev/s,
60 ii. linear velocity
180 iii. angular acceleration
n2 = 180 r.p.m = = 3 rev/s, iv. radial acceleration
60
t = 20 s v. tangential acceleration
To find: Angular acceleration () vi. linear acceleration of a particle on tip of
hour hand.
1
Formula: = 2 Solution:
t Given: T = 12 60 60 = 43200 s,
Calculation: From formula,
r = 1.5 cm = 1.5 102 m
2n 2 2n1 2 (3 1)
= = To find: i. Angular velocity ()
t 20 ii. Linear velocity (v)
2 3.142 2 iii. Angular acceleration ()
=
20 iv. Radial acceleration (aR)
3.142 v. Tangential acceleration (aT)
=
5 vi. Linear acceleration (a)
= 0.6284 rad/s2 Formulae:
Ans: Angular acceleration of the particle is 2
i. = ii. v = r
0.6284 rad/s2. T
26
Chapter01:CircularMotion
d Solution:
iii. = iv. aR = v
dt Given: H = 6 m, r = 2 m,
v. aT = r vi. a = aR + aT u = 0 (body starts from rest)
Calculation:
To find: i. Radial acceleration (aR)
i. From formula (i),
2 3.142 ii. Total Acceleration (aTotal)
= v2
43200 Formulae: i. aR =
= 1.454 104 rad/s r
ii. From formula (ii), ii. aTotal = a 2R a T2
v = 1.5 102 1.46 104
v = 2.19 106 m/s Calculation: Height lost by the body = 6 2 = 4 m
iii Since angular velocity of hour hand is From equation of motion,
constant. v2 = u2 + 2gh
=0 v2 = 0 + 2 9.8 4 = 78.4
iv. From formula (iv), From formula (i),
aR = 2.182 106 1.454 104
78.4
aR = 3.175 1010 m/s2 aR =
2
v. From formula (v),
aT = 0 1.5 102 aR = 39.2 m/s2
aT = 0 aT = g = 9.8 m/s2
vi. From formula (vi), From formula (ii),
a = 3.175 1010 + 0
a = 3.175 1010 m/s2
aTotal = 39.2 2 9.82
Ans: i. The hour hand of the wrist watch has = 1536.64 96.04 = 1632.68
angular velocity 1.454 104 rad/s. aTotal = 40.4 m/s2
ii. The hour hand of the wrist watch has
Ans: i. The magnitude of radial acceleration of
linear velocity 2.19 106 m/s.
iii. The hour hand of the wrist watch has the block is 39.2 m/s2.
angular acceleration 0. ii. The total acceleration of the block
iv. The hour hand of the wrist watch has is 40.4 m/s2.
radial acceleration 3.175 1010 m/s2.
v. The hour hand of the wrist watch has Example 12
tangential acceleration 0. A car of mass 1500 kg rounds a curve of radius
vi. Linear acceleration of the particle on tip 250m at 90 km/hour. Calculate the centripetal
of hour hand is 3.175 1010 m/s2.
force acting on it. [Mar 13]
*Example 11 Solution:
A block of mass 1 kg is released from P on a Given: m = 1500 kg, r = 250 m,
frictionless track which ends in quarter circular 5
v = 90 km/h = 90 = 25 m/s
track of radius 2 m at the bottom as shown in the 18
figure. What is the magnitude of radial To find: Centripetal force (FCP)
acceleration and total acceleration of the block
when it arrives at Q? mv2
Formula: FCP = [ Mark]
P
r
Calculation: From formula,
1500 25
2
FCP = [ Mark]
H=6m 250
Q
FCP = 3750 N
r=2m Ans: The centripetal force acting on the car is
3750 N. [1 Mark]
27
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
Example 13 ii. From formula (ii),
A racing car completes 5 rounds of a circular aCP = (0.1)2 250
track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of the track if aCP = 2.5 m/s2
the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of iii. From formula (iii),
2 m/s2. [Oct 13]
2000 25
2
Solution: FCP =
250
Given: 5 rounds = 2r(5), t = 2 minutes = 120 s FCP = 5000 N
To find: Radius (r) Ans: The car has,
Formula: acp = 2r [ Mark] i. angular speed 0.1 rad/s.
Calculation: From formula, ii. centripetal acceleration 2.5 m/s2.
acp = 2r iii. centripetal force 5000 N.
v2
2 =
r Example 15
2r (5) 10r A one kg mass tied at the end of the string 0.5 m
But v = =
t t long is whirled in a horizontal circle, the other
1002 r 2 end of the string being fixed. The breaking
2 = tension in the string is 50 N. Find the greatest
rt 2
speed that can be given to the mass.
120 120
r= [ Mark] Solution:
100
Given: Breaking tension, F = 50 N,
= 144 m
m = 1 kg, r = 0.5 m
Ans: The radius of the track is 144 m. [1 Mark]
To find: Maximum speed (vmax)
*Example 14 mv 2max
Formula: B.T = max.C.F =
r
A car of mass 2000 kg moves round a curve of
radius 250 m at 90 km/hr. Compute its Calculation: From formula,
i. angular speed F r
v2max =
m
ii. centripetal acceleration
50 0.5
iii. centripetal force. v 2max =
1
Solution:
Given: m = 2000 kg, r = 250 m, vmax = 50 0.5
5 vmax = 5 m/s
v = 90 km/h = 90 = 25 m/s Ans: The greatest speed that can be given to the
18
mass is 5 m/s.
To find: i. Angular speed ()
ii. Centripetal acceleration (aCP)
Example 16
iii. Centripetal force (FCP)
A mass of 5 kg is tied at the end of a string
v
Formulae: i. = ii. aCP = 2r 1.2 m long revolving in a horizontal circle. If the
r
breaking tension in the string is 300 N, find the
mv 2 maximum number of revolutions per minute the
iii. FCP =
r mass can make.
Calculation: i. From formula (i), Solution:
25 Given: Length of the string, r = 1.2 m,
=
250 Mass attached, m = 5 kg,
= 0.1 rad/s Breaking tension, T = 300 N
28
Chapter01:CircularMotion
To find: Maximum number of revolutions per Example 18
minute (nmax) A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string
Formula: Tmax = mr2max is whirled in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed
Calculation: From formula, of 40 revolutions/min in a horizontal plane. What
5 1.2 (2n)2 = 300 is the tension in the string? What is the maximum
speed with which the stone can be whirled
5 1.2 42n2 = 300
around if the string can withstand a maximum
300
n2max = = 1.26618 tension of 200 N? (NCERT)
4 3.142 6.0
2
Solution:
nmax = 1.26618 = 1.125 rev/s Given: m = 0.25 kg, r = 1.5 m, Tmax = 200 N,
nmax = 1.125 60 n = 40 rev. min1 =
40
rev s1
nmax = 67.5 rev/min 60
Ans: The maximum number of revolutions per To find: i. Tension (T)
minute made by the mass is 67.5 rev/min. ii. Maximum speed (vmax)
mv 2max
Formulae: i. T = mr2 ii. Tmax =
Example 17 r
A coin placed on a revolving disc, with its centre 2
Calculation: Since, = 2n =
at a distance of 6 cm from the axis of rotation just 60
slips off when the speed of the revolving disc = 1.33 rad s1
exceeds 45 r.p.m. What should be the maximum From formula (i),
angular speed of the disc, so that when the coin is T = 0.25 1.5 (1.33)2
at a distance of 12 cm from the axis of rotation, it
T = 6.55 N
does not slip?
From formula (ii),
Solution:
T r
Given: r1 = 6 cm, r2 = 12 cm, n1 = 45 r.p.m v2max = max
m
To Find: Maximum angular speed (n2)
200 1.5
Formula: Max.C.F = mr2 v2max =
0.25
Calculation: Since, mr1mr222
vmax = 1200
[As mass is constant]
2 2 vmax = 34.64 m s1
r11 = r22
Ans: i. The tension in the string is 6.55 N.
2 r1 ii. The maximum speed with which the stone
=
1 r2 can be whirled around is 34.64 m s1.
2n 2 r1
= Example 19
2n1 r2
A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has its
n2 r1 centre at a distance of 0.1 m from the axis of the
=
n1 r2 rotating disc. If the coefficient of friction between
the coin and the disc is 0.25; find the angular
r1 6
n2 = n1 = 45 r.p.m speed of disc at which the coin would be about to
r2 12 slip off. (Given g = 9.8 m/s2) [Oct 11]
45 Solution:
r.p.m = 31.8 r.p.m
2 Given: r = 0.1 m, = 0.25
Ans: The maximum angular speed of the disc To find: Angular speed ()
should be 31.8 r.p.m. Formula: v = r
29
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
Calculation: Using formula, 1 100 100 5
n = 33 rev/min = rev/min = r.p.s = r.p.s
v rg g 0.25 9.8
1/ 2 2 3 180 9
= = = =
r r r 0.1 10
= 2n =
= 4.949 rad/s 9
Ans: The angular speed of the disc at which the g = 0.15 9.8 = 1.47 m/s2
2
coin would be about to slip off is 4.949 rad/s. 2 10 2
and r1 = 0.04 0.488 m/s
g
Example 20 As g > r12, the coin will revolve with the record.
A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the centre For the second coin,
of a turntable of radius 1.5 m just begins to slip 2
10
when the turnable rotates at a speed of 90 r.p.m. r22 = 0.14 = 1.706 m/s
2
9
Calculate the coefficient of static friction between
the coin and the turntable. [g = 9.8 m/s2]. [Mar 16] As r22 > g, the coin will not revolve with the record.
Solution:
Given: r = 5 cm = 0.05 m Brain Teaser
90 Example 22
n = 90 r.p.m. = r.p.s.,
60 A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner
g = 9.8 m/s2 wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m
To find: Coefficient of static friction (s) rotating about its vertical axis with 200 rev/min.
The coefficient of friction between the wall and
r2 his clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum
Formula: s = [ Mark]
g rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the man
2 90 to remain stuck to the wall (without falling) when
Calculation: Since, = 2n = the floor is suddenly removed? (NCERT)
60
Solution:
= 3 rad/s The horizontal force N of the wall on the man
0.05 (3) 2 provides the necessary centripetal force.
s = [ Mark]
9.8 mv 2
N = mr2
0.45 (3.14) 2 r
= = 0.4527
9.8 The frictional force acting upwards balances the
Ans: The coefficient of static friction between the weight mg of the man.
coin and the turntable is 0.4527. [1 Mark] i.e., N or mg mr2
g g
2 or 2
Example 21 r r
1 So, the minimum angular velocity of rotation of the
A disc revolves with a speed of 33 rev/min. and
3 drum is given by,
has a radius of 15 cm. Two coins are placed at g 9.8
4 cm and 14 cm away from the centre of record. min = =
r 0.15 3
If the co-efficient of friction between the coins
and the record is 0.15, which of the coins will min = 4.667 rad s1
revolve with the record? (NCERT) Ans: The minimum rotational speed of the cylinder
Solution: is 4.667 rad s1.
The coin will revolve with record if the force of friction
is enough to provide centripetal force. If this force is not
Example 23
enough, then the coin will slip off the record.
To prevent slipping, the condition is Calculate the maximum speed with which a car
mg mr2 can be safely driven along a curved road of
g r2 radius 30 m and banked at 30 with the
For the first coin, r = 4 cm = 0.04 m, horizontal [g = 9.8 m/s2]. [Mar 96]
30
Chapter01:CircularMotion
Solution: (15) 2
Given: r = 30 m, = 30, g = 9.8 m/s 2 tan
30 9.8
To find: Maximum speed (vmax) = tan1(0.7653 )
Formula: vmax = rg tan = 37 25
Calculation: From formula, Ans: i. The centripetal force required is provided
by the lateral force action due to rails.
vmax = 30 9.8 tan 30
ii. The angle of banking required is 37 25.
1 30 9.8
= 30 9.8 = *Example 26
3 1.732
A motor cyclist at a speed of 5 m/s is describing a
vmax = 13.028 m/s circle of radius 25 m. Find his inclination with
Ans: The maximum speed with which the car can vertical. What is the value of coefficient of
drive safely is 13.028 m/s. friction between tyre and ground?
Solution:
Example 24 Given: v = 5 m/s, r = 25 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed To find: i. Inclination with vertical ()
of 720 km h-1 with its wings banked at 15. What ii. Coefficient of friction ()
is the radius of the loop? (NCERT) v2 v2
Solution: Formulae: i. tan = ii. = g
rg r
5
Given: v = 720 km h1 = 720 = 200 m/s, Calculation: From formula (i),
18
5
2
= 15 1
tan = = = 0.1021
To find: Radius (r) 25 9.8 9.8
v2 = tan1 (0.1021) = 550
Formula: tan = From formula (ii),
rg
52
Calculation: From formula, = = 0.1021
25 9.8
v2 Ans: i. The inclination of the motor cyclist with
r
g tan vertical is 550.
200 ii. The value of coefficient of friction
2
31
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
From formula (ii), Example 30
tan = 0.1417 A motorcyclist rounds a curve of radius 25 m at the
= tan1 (0.1417) = 8 4 speed of 36 km/hr. The combined mass of motorcycle
Ans: i. The minimum value of coefficient of and motorcyclist is 150 kg. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
friction to prevent skidding 0.1417. i. What is centripetal force exerted on the
ii. The angle at which the road should be motorcyclist?
banked is 8 4. ii. What is upward force exerted on the
motorcyclist?
Example 28 iii. What angle the motorcycle makes with
A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal vertical? [Feb 13 old course]
circle attached at the end of a 1 m long string. If Solution:
the string makes an angle of 30 with vertical, 5
Given: r = 25 m, v = 36 = 10 m/s,
calculate the centripetal force acting on the stone. 18
(g = 9.8 m/s2). [Mar 14] m = 150 kg
Solution: To find: i. Centripetal force (F)
Given: m = 1 kg, l = 1 m, = 30, ii. Upward force (N cos )
g = 9.8 m/s2 ii. Angle motorcycle makes with
To find: Centripetal force (FCP) vertical ()
mv 2 mv 2
Formulae: i. FCP = ii. v = rg tan Formulae: i. F= [ Mark]
r r
[ Mark] ii. N cos = mg [ Mark]
Calculation: Substituting formula (ii) in (i), v2
iii. tan =
2
m rg tan rg
FCP = = mg tan Calculation: From formula (i),
r
[ Mark] 150 (10) 2
F= [ Mark]
= 1 9.8 tan 30 25
1 9.8
F = 600 N
= 9.8 = = 5.658 N From formula (ii),
3 1.732
N cos = 9.8 150 = 1470 N
Ans: The centripetal force acting on the stone is 5.658 N. From formula (iii),
[1 Mark] v2
= tan1 [ Mark]
Example 29 rg
A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal 102
circle attached at the end of 1.5 m long string. If = tan1 [ Mark]
the string makes an angle of 30 with vertical, 25 9.8
compute its period. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [July 16] = 2212
Solution: Ans: i. Centripetal force exerted on the
Given: m = 2 kg, l = 1.5 m, = 30, motorcyclist is 600 N. [ Mark]
g = 9.8 m/s2 ii. Upward force exerted on the
To find: Period (T) motorcyclist is 1470 N. [ Mark]
iii. Angle the motorcycle makes with
l cos
Formula: T = 2 [ Mark] vertical is 2212. [ Mark]
g
Calculation: From formula, *Example 31
1.5 cos 30 A circular race course track has a radius of
T = 2 3.14 [ Mark] 500 m and is banked to 10. If the coefficient of
9.8
friction between tyres of vehicle and the road
1.5 0.8660 surface is 0.25. Compute.
= 6.28
9.8 i. the maximum speed to avoid slipping.
T = 2.29 s ii. the optimum speed to avoid wear and tear
Ans: Period of revolution is 2.29 s. [1 Mark] of tyres. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
32
Chapter01:CircularMotion
Solution: h = 1 sin (1132)
Given: r = 500 m, = 10, = 0.25 = 1 (0.2000) = 0.2 m
To Find: i. Maximum speed to avoid h = 20 cm
slipping (vmax) Ans: The elevation of the outer rail above the inner
ii. Optimum speed to avoid wear rail is 20 cm.
and tear of tyres (vo)
tan Example 33
Formulae: i. vmax = rg s
1 s tan A string of length 0.5 m carries a bob of mass
0.1 kg at its end. It is used as a conical pendulum
ii. vo = rg tan with a period 1.41 s. Calculate angle of
Calculation: i. From formula (i), inclination of string with vertical and tension in
0.25 tan10 the string.
vmax = 500 9.8 Solution:
1 0.25 tan10
Given: l = 0.5 m, m = 0.1 kg, T = 1.41 s
vmax = 46.72 m/s To find: i. Angle of inclination ()
ii. From formula (ii), ii. Tension in the string (T)
vo = 500 9.8 tan10 l cos
Formulae: i. T = 2
g
= 500 9.8 0.176
vo = 29.37 m/s mg
ii. Tension, T =
Ans: i. The maximum speed to avoid slipping is cos
46.72 m/s. Calculation: From formula (i),
ii. The optimum speed to avoid wear and 0.5 cos
tear of tyres is 29.37 m/s. 1.41 = 2 3.142
9.8
Example 32 1.41 cos
=
The radius of curvature of meter gauge railway 2 3.142 19.6
line at a place where the train is moving with a 2
speed of 10 m/s is 50 m. If there is no side thrust 1.41 cos
= 19.6
on the rails, find the elevation of the outer rail 2 3.142
above the inner rail. 1.41
2
33
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
Solution: Solution:
Given: l = 120 cm = 1.2 m, r = 0.2 m,
m = 150 g = 0.15 kg
To find: Tension in the string (T) l
h T cos
mg
Formula: Tension, T =
cos r
Calculation:
T mg
h l
T cos Given: l = 50 cm = 0.5 m,
O r r = 30 cm = 0.3 m,
mg m = 100 g = 100 103 kg = 0.1 kg
To find: i. Angle made by the string with
By Pythagoras theorem, vertical ()
l2 = r2 + h2 ii. Tension in the supporting thread
h2 = (1.2)2 (0.2)2 (T)
= 1.4 iii. Speed of bob (v)
h = 1.183 m [1 Mark] r
The weight of bob is balanced by Formulae: i. tan =
h
vertical component of tension T. v2
Tcos = mg .(i) ii. tan =
rg
From figure,
h Calculation: By Pythagoras theorem,
cos = l2 = r2 + h2
l
h2 = l2 r2
h2 h2
cos2 = 2 2 h2 = 0.25 0.09 = 0.16
l r h2
h = 0.4 m
h
cos = i. From formula (i),
r h2
2
0.3
tan = = 0.75
Substituting in formula, 0.4
mg r 2 h 2 = tan1 (0.75)
T=
h = 3652
2 ii. The weight of bob is balanced by
r vertical component of tension T
= mg 1 [ Mark]
h T cos = mg
0.04 h 0.4
= 0.15 9.8 1 cos = = = 0.8
1.4 l 0.5
[ Mark] mg 0.1 9.8
T= =
= 1.491 N cos 0.8
Ans: Tension in the string is 1.491 N. [1 Mark] T = 1.225 N
Example 35 iii. From formula (ii),
A conical pendulum has length 50 cm. Its bob of mass v2 = rg tan
100 g performs uniform circular motion in v2 = 0.3 9.8 0.75 = 2.205
horizontal plane, so as to have radius of path 30 cm. v = 1.485 m/s
Find Ans: i. Angle made by the string with vertical is
i. the angle made by the string with vertical 3652.
ii. the tension in the supporting thread and ii. Tension in the supporting thread is 1.225 N.
iii. the speed of bob. iii. Speed of the bob is 1.485 m/s.
34
Chapter01:CircularMotion
*Example 36 Example 38
A bucket containing water is whirled in a vertical A stone of mass 5 kg, tied to one end of a rope of
circle at arms length. Find the minimum speed at length 0.8 m, is whirled in a vertical circle. Find
top to ensure that no water spills out. Also find the minimum velocity at the highest point and at
corresponding angular speed. [Assume r = 0.75 m] the midway point. [g = 98 m/s2] [Oct 14]
Solution: Solution:
Given: r = 0.75 m, g = 9.8 m/s2 Given: m = 5 kg, r = 0.8 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
To find: i. Minimum speed (vH) To find: i. Minimum velocity at the highest
ii. Angular speed (H) point (vH)
ii. Minimum velocity at midway
v
Formulae: i. vH = rg ii. H = H point (vM)
r
Formulae: i. vH = rg [ Mark]
Calculation: From formula (i),
vH = 0.75 9.8 ii. vM = 3rg [ Mark]
vH = 2.711 m/s Calculation: From formula (i),
From formula (ii), vH = 0.8 9.8 = 7.84 = 2.8 m/s
2.711 [ Mark]
H = From formula (ii),
0.75
H = 3.615 rad/s vM = 3 0.8 9.8
Ans: i. For no water to spill out, the minimum = 3 2.8
speed at top should be 2.711 m/s. = 4.85 m/s [ Mark]
ii. The angular speed of the bucket is Ans: The minimum velocity at the highest point and
3.615 rad/s. midway point is 2.8 m/s and 4.85 m/s
respectively.
Example 37
A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of
*Example 39
length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by
A stone weighing 1 kg is whirled in a vertical
giving velocity at lowest point as 7 m/s. Find the
circle at the end of a rope of length 0.5 m.
velocity at the highest point.
Find the tension at
[Acceleration due to gravity = 98 m/s2] [Oct 15] i. lowest position ii. mid position
Solution: iii. highest position
Given: m = 100 g= 0.1 kg, r = 50 cm = 0.5m, Solution:
g = 9.8 m/s2, vL = 7 m/s Given: m = 1 kg, r = l = 0.5 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
To find: Velocity at the highest point (vH) To find: i. Tension at lowest position (TL)
2 T.E.(H) ii. Tension at mid position (TM)
Formula: vH = 4gr [ Mark] iii. Tension at highest position (TH)
m
mv 2L
Calculation: Total energy at highest point, Formulae: i. TL = + mg
r
1
T.E.(H)= K.E. at lowest point = mv 2L mv 2M
2 ii. TM =
[ Mark] r
1 mv 2H
T.E.(H) = 0.1 7 2 [ Mark] iii. TH = mg
2 r
= 2.45 J [ Mark] Calculation: Since, v 2L = 5rg
From formula, From formula (i),
2 2.45 5rg
vH = 4 9.8 0.5 = 29.4 TL = m g = 6mg
0.1 r
vH = 5.422 m/s = 6 1 9.8 = 58.8 N
Ans: The velocity at the highest point is 5.422 m/s. TL = 58.8 N
[1 Mark] Since, v2M = 3rg
35
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
From formula (ii), ii. From formula (ii),
TM = m
3rg 50 (250) 2
= 3 mg Fbottom = + 50 9.8
r 5 103
= 3 1 9.8 = 29.4 N = 625 + 490
TM = 29.4 N Fbottom = 1115 N
Since, v 2H = rg Ans: i. The force exerted by seat on the pilot at
From formula (iii), the top of loop is 135 N.
ii. The force exerted by seat on the pilot at
rg
TH = m g = 0 the bottom of loop is 1115 N.
r
TH = 0 *Example 41
Ans: i. The tension at lowest position in the An object (stone) of mass 0.5 kg attached to a rod
vertical circle is 58.8 N. of length 0.5 m is whirled in a vertical circle at
ii. The tension at mid position in the constant angular speed. If the maximum tension
vertical circle is 29.4 N. in the string is 5 kg wt. Calculate
iii. The tension at highest position in the i. speed of the stone
vertical circle is 0. ii. maximum number of revolutions it can
*Example 40 complete in a minute.
A pilot of mass 50 kg in a jet aircraft is executing Solution:
a loop-the-loop with constant speed of 250 m/s. If Given: m = 0.5 kg, r = l = 0.5 m,
the radius of circle is 5 km, compute the force Tmax = 5 kg wt. = 5 9.8 N
exerted by seat on the pilot To find: i. Speed (v)
i. at the top of loop. ii. Maximum number of
ii. at the bottom of loop. revolutions (nmax)
mv 2
Pilot A Formulae: i. Tmax = + mg
r
v
N1 ii. n=
mg 2r
Calculation: i. From formula (i),
r
N2 v2 = (T mg)
Pilot m
T
v2 = r g
B m
mg
5 9.8
Solution: = 0.5 9.8
0.5
Given: m = 50 kg, v = 250 m/s,
= 49 4.9 = 44.1
r = 5 km = 5 103 m
To find: i. Force at the top of loop (Ftop) v = 44.1 = 6.64 m/s
ii. Force at the bottom of loop ii. From formula (ii),
(Fbottom) v
nmax = [ v = r]
mv 2 2r
Formulae: i. Ftop = mg
r 6.64
=
mv 2 2 3.14 0.5
ii. Fbottom = + mg
r = 2.115 r.p.s
Calculation: i. From formula (i), nmax = 2.115 60
50 (250) 2 = 126.9 r.p.m
Ftop = 50 9.8 Ans: i. The speed of the stone is 6.64 m/s.
5 103
ii. The maximum number of revolutions
= 625 490
the stone can complete in a minute is
Ftop = 135 N
126.9 r.p.m.
36
Chapter01:CircularMotion
*Example 42 acting on it, if its angular speed of rotation is
A ball is released from height h along the slope 0.6 rad/s.
and moves along a circular track of radius R
6. A body of mass 1 kg is tied to a string and
without falling vertically downwards as shown in
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 1 m.
5
the figure. Show that h = R. Calculate the maximum number of revolutions
2 per minute, so that the string does not break.
Breaking tension of the string is 9.86 N.
A
7. A coin just remains on a disc rotating at
120 r.p.m when kept at a distance of 1.5 cm
h R from the axis of rotation. Find the coefficient
of friction between the coin and the disc.
8. A coin kept on a horizontal rotating disc has
B its centre at a distance of 0.25 m from the axis
Solution: of rotation of the disc. If = 0.2, find the
The total energy of any body revolving in a vertical angular velocity of the disc at which the coin
5 is about to slip off. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
circle = mgR.
2 9. With what maximum speed a car be safely
When a ball is released from a height h along the driven along a curve of radius 40 m on a
slope and moves along a circular track of radius R horizontal road, if the coefficient of friction
without falling vertically downwards, its potential between the car tyres and road surface is 0.3?
energy (mgh) gets converted into kinetic energy. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
1 2 5
mv = mgR 10. A vehicle is moving along a circular road
2 2 which is inclined to the horizontal at 10.
Hence according to law of conservation of energy, The maximum velocity with which it can
5 move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the radius
mgh = mgR
2 of the circular road.
5 11. Calculate angle of banking for circular track
gh = gR
2 of radius 50 m as to be suitable for driving a
5 car with maximum speed of 72 km/hr.
h= R
2 12. At what angular speed should the earth rotate
about its axis so that apparent weight of a
EXERCISE body on the equator will be zero? What would
be the length of the day at that periodic time?
Section A: Practice Problems [Radius of earth = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2]
1. Calculate the angular speed of minute hand of 13. A body of mass 200 gram performs circular
a clock of length 2 cm. motion of radius 50 cm at a constant speed of
240 r.p.m. Find its linear speed.
2. Determine the angular acceleration of a
rotating body which slows down from 14. A body of mass 2 kg is tied to a string 1.5 m
500 r.p.m to rest in 10 seconds. long and revolved in a horizontal circle about
the other end. If it performs 300 r.p.m,
3. The minute hand of a clock is 5 cm long. calculate its linear velocity, centripetal
Calculate the linear speed of an ant sitting at acceleration and force acting on it.
the tip.
15. A string breaks under a tension of 10 kg-wt. If
4. Calculate the angular speed and linear speed the string is used to revolve a body of mass
of tip of a second hand of clock if second hand 12 g in a horizontal circle of radius 50 cm,
is 5 cm long. what is the frequency of revolution and linear
5. A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle speed with which the body can be revolved?
of radius 20 cm. Calculate the centripetal force [g = 9.8 m/s2]
37
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
16. The breaking tension of a string is 80 kg-wt. A 2. Obtain an expression for optimum speed of a
mass of 1 kg is attached to the string and car on a banked road. [Oct 99]
rotated in a horizontal circle on a horizontal
3. Explain
surface of radius 2 m. Find the maximum
i. Centripetal force
number of revolutions made without breaking.
ii. Centrifugal force. [Mar 00]
[g = 9.8 m/s2]
4. What is banking of road? Obtain an
17. Find the angle of banking of a railway track of
expression for angle of banking. On what
radius of curvature 250 m, if the optimum
factors does it depend?
velocity of the train is 90 km/hr. Also find the
[Oct 00, 02, 04, Mar 06]
elevation of the outer track over the inner
track if the two tracks are 1.6 m apart. 5. Derive the expression for the maximum speed
of a vehicle on the banked road. State the
18. The distance between two rails of rail track is factors on which the optimum speed depends.
1.6 m along a curve of radius 800 m. The
[Mar 01]
outer rail is raised about the inner rail by
10 cm. With what maximum speed can a train 6. Derive an expression for radial acceleration of
be safely driven along the curve? a particle performing uniform circular motion.
Why is it so called? [Mar 04, Oct 05]
19. A particle, initially at rest, performs circular
motion with uniform angular acceleration 7. What is centripetal and centrifugal force?
0.18 rad/s2. What speed, in r.p.m will it attain [Mar 04]
in a time of 10 seconds? What is angular
displacement in this time? 8. A certain body remains stationary on the
vertical inner wall of a cylindrical drum of
20. Determine the force that presses the pilot
against his seat at the upper and lower points radius r, rotating at a constant speed. Show
of a loop, if the weight of the pilot is 75 kgf., that the minimum angular speed of the drum is
the radius of the loop is 200 m and the g
velocity of the plane looping the loop is , where is coefficient of friction
r
constant and equal to 360 km h1.[g = 10 m/s2]
between the body and surface of the wall.
21. A 50 g mass is attached to a string and rotated [Oct 06]
in a vertical circle of radius 1.8 m. What is the
minimum speed the mass must have at the top v2
of the circle in order that the string may not 9. For a conical pendulum prove that tan =
rg
slacken? What will be the velocity of mass
and the tension in the bottom of the circle [Oct 09]
under the above conditions? [g = 9.8 m/s2]
10. Obtain an expression for maximum speed with
22. A body of mass 1 kg tied to string is whirled which a vehicle can be driven safely on a
in a vertical circle of radius 1 m. Find velocity banked road. Show that the safety speed limit
and tension in the string is independent of the mass of the vehicle.
i. at the top of the circle [Mar 10, Oct 10]
ii. at the bottom of the circle and
11. Derive an expression for linear velocity at
iii. at a point level with the centre.
lowest point and at highest point for a particle
Assume that the mass just goes around the
revolving in vertical circular motion. [Oct 11]
circle at the top with minimum speed without
the string slackening.
Section C: Numerical Board Problems
Section B: Theoretical Board Questions 1. A train rounds a curve of radius 150 m at a
1. Define angle of banking. Draw a neat labelled speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the angle of
diagram showing different forces and their banking so that there is no side thrust on the
rails. Also find the elevation of the outer rail
components acting on a vehicle moving on a
over the inner rail, if the distance between the
banked road. [Oct 97] rails is 1 m. [Oct 96]
38
Chapter01:CircularMotion
2. An object of mass 400 g is whirled in a iii. centripetal acceleration
horizontal circle of radius 2 m. If it performs iv. centripetal force [Mar 09]
60 r.p.m, calculate the centripetal force acting
13. A stone of mass one kilogram is tied to the end
on it. [Oct 96, Mar 01]
of a string of length 5 m and whirled in a verticle
3. Find the angle which the bicycle and its rider circle. What will be the minimum speed required
will make with the vertical when going round at the lowest position to complete the circle?
a curve at 27 km/hr on a horizontal curved [Given: g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 10]
road of radius 10 m. [g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 98]
4. Find the angle of banking of curved railway Section D: Multiple Choice Questions
track of radius 600 m, if the maximum safety
1. When a particle moves in a circle with a
speed limit is 54 km/hr. If the distance
uniform speed
between the rails is 1.6 m. find the elevation
(A) its velocity and acceleration both are
of the outer track above the inner track.
constant.
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 98]
(B) its velocity is constant but the
5. The vertical section of a road over a bridge in acceleration changes.
the direction of its length is in the form of an (C) its acceleration is constant but the
arc of a circle of radius 4.4 m. Find the velocity changes.
greatest velocity at which a vehicle can cross (D) its velocity and acceleration both change.
the bridge without losing contact with the road
2. A particle is performing a U.C.M along a
at the highest point, if the center of the vehicle
circle of radius R in half the period of
is 0.5 m from the ground.
revolution, its displacement and distance
[Given: g = 9.8 m/s2] [Oct 01]
covered are
6. If the frequency of revolution of an object (A) R, R (B) 2R, 2R
changes from 2 Hz to 4 Hz in 2 second, (C) 2R, R (D) 2 R , 2R
calculate its angular acceleration. [Oct 03]
3. A particle rotates in U.C.M. with tangential
7. The minute hand of a clock is 8 cm long. velocity v along a horizontal circle of
Calculate the linear speed of an ant sitting at diameter D. Total angular displacement of
its tip. [Mar 05] the particle in time t is _______ [Mar 16]
8. The frequency of a spinning top is 10 Hz. If it is v
(A) vt (B) t
brought to rest in 6.28 sec, find the angular D
acceleration of a particle on its surface. [Oct 05]
vt 2vt
(C) (D)
9. Calculate the angle of banking for a circular 2D D
track of radius 600 m as to be suitable for
driving a car with maximum speed of 4. When a body performs a U.C.M it has
180 km/hr. [g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 06] (A) a constant velocity.
(B) a constant acceleration.
10. A vehicle is moving along a curve of radius (C) an acceleration of constant magnitude
200 m. What should be the maximum speed but variable direction.
with which it can be safely driven if the angle (D) an acceleration, which changes with time.
of banking is 17? (Neglect friction)
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [Mar 07] 5. When a body performs a U.C.M
(A) its velocity remains constant.
11. An object of mass 1 kg is tied to one end of a (B) work done on it is zero.
string of length 9 m and whirled in a verticle (C) work done on it is negative.
circle. What is the minimum speed required at the (D) no force acts on it.
lowest position to complete a circle? [Oct 08]
6. Angular speed of the second hand of a watch is
12. An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of (A) /60 rad/s
length 5 m is revolved in a horizontal circle. If (B) /30 rad/ s
it makes 60 r.p.m. Find its (C) rad/s
i. angular speed ii. linear speed (D) 2/3 rad/s
39
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
7. When a particle moves in a uniform circular 15. A flywheel rotates at a constant speed of
motion. It has 2400 r.p.m The angle in radian described by
(A) radial velocity and radial acceleration. the shaft in one second is
(B) tangential velocity and radial (A) 2400 (B) 80
acceleration. (C) 20 (D) 4800
(C) tangential velocity and tangential
acceleration. 16. A body is revolving with a uniform speed v in a
(D) radial velocity and tangential acceleration. circle of radius r. The tangential acceleration is
(A) v/r (B) Zero
8. For a particle moving along a circular path, (C) v /r2
(D) v/r2
the angular velocity vector () is directed
(A) along the radius towards the centre. 17. For keeping a body in uniform circular
(B) along the radius but away from the centre. motion, the force required is
(C) along the tangent to the circular path. (A) centrifugal (B) radial
(D) along the axis of rotation. (C) tangential (D) centripetal
9. The ratio of the angular speeds of the hour 18. The magnitude of centripetal force cannot be
hand and the minute hand of a clock is expressed as
(A) 1 : 12 (B) 1 : 6 42 mr
(A) mr2 (B)
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 12 : 1 T2
(C) mv (D) mv/
10. A wheel having radius one metre makes 30
revolutions per minute. The linear speed of a 19. Particle A of mass M is revolving along a
particle on the circumference will be circle of radius R. Particle B of mass m is
(A) /2 m/s (B) m/s revolving in another circle of radius r. If they
(C) 30 m/s (D) 62 m/s take the same time to complete one revolution,
then the ratio of their angular velocities is
11. A particle starts from rest and moves with an (A) R/r (B) r/R
angular acceleration of 3 rad/s2 in a circle of 2
R
radius 3 m. Its linear speed after 5 seconds (C) 1 (D)
will be r
(A) 15 m/s (B) 30 m/s 20. If a cycle wheel of radius 0.4 m completes one
(C) 45 m/s (D) 7.5 m/s revolution in 2 seconds, then acceleration of
the cycle is _______. [Mar 11]
12. Angular speed of a minute hand of a wrist 2
watch in rad/s is [Oct 10] (A) 0.4 m/s (B) 0.4 m/s2
2
2 0.4
(A) (B) (C) m/s2 (D) m/s2
60 900 0.4 2
21. A particle is performing circular motion. Its
(C) (D)
1800 3600 frequency of revolution changes from 120 rpm
to 180 rpm in 10 s. The angular acceleration of
13. To enable a particle to describe a circular path, the particle is
what should be the angle between its velocity (A) 1 rad/s2 (B) 0.628 rad/s2
and acceleration? 2
(C) 0.421 rad/s (D) 0.129 rad/s2
(A) 0 (B) 45
(C) 90 (D) 180 22. Which of the following force is a pseudo
force?
14. The bulging of earth at the equator and (A) Force acting on a falling body.
flattening at the poles is due to _______. (B) Force acting on a charged particle
[Mar 14] placed in an electric field.
(A) centripetal force (C) Force experienced by a person standing
(B) centrifugal force on a merry-go- round.
(C) gravitational force (D) Force which keeps the electrons moving
(D) electrostatic force in circular orbits.
40
Chapter01:CircularMotion
23. In uniform circular motion, the angle between 30. A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a
the radius vector and centripetal acceleration is horizontal circle with constant angular velocity.
(A) 0 (B) 90 If the string is released, the stone flies _____
(C) 180 (D) 45 [Oct 09, Mar 10]
24. The centripetal force acting on a mass m (A) radially inward
moving with a uniform velocity v on a circular (B) radially outward
orbit of radius r will be (C) tangentially forward
mv 2 1
(A) (B) mv2 (D) tangentially backward
2r 2
1 mv 2 31. A particle performs a uniform circular motion
(C) mrv2 (D)
2 r in a circle of radius 10 cm. What is its
centripetal acceleration if it takes 10 seconds
25. A body performing uniform circular motion
has _______. [Oct 08] to complete 5 revolutions?
(A) constant velocity (A) 2.5 2 cm/s2 (B) 52 cm/s2
(B) constant acceleration (C) 102 cm/s2 (D) 202 cm/s2
(C) constant kinetic energy
(D) constant displacement 32. When a car takes a turn on a horizontal road,
the centripetal force is provided by the
26. Which of the following statements about the
(A) weight of the car.
centripetal and centrifugal forces is correct?
(A) Centripetal force balances centrifugal force. (B) normal reaction of the road.
(B) Both centripetal force and centrifugal (C) frictional force between the surface of
force act in the same frame of reference. the road and the tyres of the car.
(C) Centripetal force is directed opposite to (D) centrifugal force.
centrifugal force.
(D) Centripetal force is experienced by the 33. On being churned the butter separates out of
observer at the centre of the circular milk due to _______.
path described by the body. (A) centrifugal force (B) adhesive force
27. The linear acceleration of the particle of mass (C) cohesive force (D) frictional force
m describing a horizontal circle of radius r,
with angular speed is 34. When a particle moves on a circular path then
(A) /r (B) r the force that keeps it moving with uniform
(C) r 2
(D) r2 velocity is
(A) centripetal force.
28. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The
(B) atomic force.
maximum speed at which a car can make a turn,
if the coefficient of static friction is 0.75, is (C) internal force.
(A) 2.1 m/s (B) 14 m/s (D) gravitational force.
(C) 21 m/s (D) 7 m/s
35. A car is moving along a horizontal curve of
29. Centrifugal force is radius 20 m and coefficient of friction
(A) a real force acting along the radius. between the road and wheels of the car is 0.25.
(B) a force whose magnitude is less than If the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2,
that of the centripetal force. then its maximum speed is _______ .
(C) a pseudo force acting along the radius
[Mar 08]
and away from the centre.
(D) a force which keeps the body moving (A) 3 m/s (B) 5 m/s
along a circular path with uniform speed. (C) 7 m/s (D) 9 m/s
41
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
36. A particle of mass m is observed from an 43. A cyclist has to bend inward while taking a
inertial frame of reference and is found to turn but a passenger sitting inside a car and
move in a circle of radius r with a uniform taking the same turn is pushed outwards. This
speed v. The centrifugal force on it is is because
mv 2 (A) the car is heavier than cycle.
(A) towards the centre.
r (B) centrifugal force acting on both the
mv 2 cyclist and passenger is zero.
(B) away from the centre. (C) the cyclist has to balance the centrifugal
r
force but the passenger cannot balance
mv 2
(C) along the tangent through the particle. the centrifugal force hence he is pushed
r outward.
(D) zero. (D) the speed of the car is more than the
37. If a cyclist goes round a circular path of speed of the cycle.
circumference 34.3 m in 22 s, then the angle
44. The minimum velocity (in m s1) with which a
made by him with the vertical will be
car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius
(A) 42 (B) 43 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
(C) 49 (D) 45 skidding is (g = 10 m/s2)
38. A motor cycle is travelling on a curved track (A) 60 (B) 30
of radius 500 m. If the coefficient of friction (C) 15 (D) 25
between the tyres and road is 0.5, then the
maximum speed to avoid skidding will be 45. Maximum safe speed does not depend on
[g = 10 m/s2] (A) mass of the vehicle.
(A) 500 m/s (B) 250 m/s (B) radius of curvature.
(C) 50 m/s (D) 10 m/s (C) angle of inclination (banking).
39. A coin placed on a rotating turntable just slips (D) acceleration due to gravity.
if it is placed at a distance of 4 cm from the
centre. If the angular velocity of the turntable 46. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of
is doubled, it will just slip at a distance of 72 km per hour on a flat road takes a turn on
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm the road at a point where the radius of
curvature of the road is 20 metres. The
(C) 4 cm (D) 8 cm
acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. In order
40. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are to avoid skidding, he must not bend with
moving in concentric orbits of radius R and r. respect to the vertical plane by an angle
If their time periods are same, then the ratio of greater than
their centripetal acceleration is (A) = tan1(6)
(A) R/r (B) r/R (B) = tan1(2)
(C) R2/r2 (D) r2/R2
(C) = tan1(25.92)
41. A body is moving in a horizontal circle with (D) = tan1 (4)
constant speed. Which one of the following
statements is correct? 47. A car of mass 1500 kg is moving with a speed
(A) Its P.E is constant. of 12.5 m/s on a circular path of radius 20 m
(B) Its K.E is constant. on a level road. What should be the coefficient
(C) Either P.E or K.E of the body is constant. of friction between the car and the road, so
(D) Both P.E and K.E of the body are that the car does not slip?
constant. (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.8
42. A cyclist bends while taking a turn to
(A) reduce friction. 48. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r with
(B) generate required centripetal force. constant speed v. Its angular acceleration will be
(C) reduce apparent weight. (A) vr (B) v/r
(D) reduce speed. (C) zero (D) vr2
42
Chapter01:CircularMotion
49. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Minimum 56. The period of a conical pendulum is
velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom (A) equal to that of a simple pendulum of
to complete the circle will be same length l.
(A) 17.7 m/s (B) 12.4 m/s (B) more than that of a simple pendulum of
(C) 10.2 m/s (D) 16.0 m/s same length l.
(C) less than that of a simple pendulum of
50. A curved road having a radius of curvature of same length l.
30 m is banked at the correct angle. If the (D) independent of length of pendulum.
speed of the car is to be doubled, then the
radius of curvature of the road should be 57. When a car crosses a convex bridge, the
(A) 62 m (B) 120 m bridge exerts a force on it. It is given by
(C) 90 m (D) 15 m mv 2 mv 2
(A) F = mg + (B) F =
r r
51. The time period of conical pendulum is 2
mv 2 2
_______. [Oct 11] (C) F = mg (D) F = mg + mv
l cos l sin r r
(A) (B) 2
g g 58. Out of the following equations which is
l cos l sin WRONG? [Mar 12]
(C) 2 (D)
g g (A) r F (B) ar v
52. The period of a conical pendulum in terms of (C) at r (D) v r
its length (l), semivertical angle () and
acceleration due to gravity (g) is: [Mar 15] 59. A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/s on a
1 l cos 1 l sin circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is
(A) (B) increasing at the rate of 2 m/s2. The
2 g 2 g acceleration of the car is
l cos l tan (A) 2 m/s2 (B) 9.8 m/s2
(C) 4 (D) 4 (C) 2.7 m/s 2
(D) 1.8 m/s2
4g g
60. A ball of mass 250 gram attached to the end of a
53. A stone of mass m is tied to a string and is string of length 1.96 m is moving in a horizontal
moved in a vertical circle of radius r making circle. The string will break if the tension is
n revolutions per minute. The total tension in more than 25 N. What is the maximum speed
the string when the stone is at its lowest point with which the ball can be moved?
is (A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s
(A) m(g + nr2) (C) 11 m/s (D) 14 m/s
(B) m (g + nr)
(C) m (g + n2 r2) 61. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m
(D) m [g + (2 n2 r)/900] with a speed of 36 km/hr. The centripetal
force acting on the car will be
54. A car is moving on a curved path at a speed of (A) 1200 N (B) 1000 N
20 km/ hour. If it tries to move on the same (C) 750 N (D) 250 N
path at a speed of 40 km/hr then the chance of 62. Angle of banking does not depend upon
toppling will be (A) Gravitational acceleration
(A) half (B) twice (B) Mass of the moving vehicle
(C) thrice (D) four times (C) Radius of curvature of the circular path
55. Consider a simple pendulum of length 1 m. Its (D) Velocity of the vehicle
bob performs a circular motion in horizontal 63. What would be the maximum speed of a car
plane with its string making an angle 60 with on a road turn of radius 30 m, if the coefficient
the vertical. The period of rotation of the bob of friction between the tyres and the road is
is (Take g = 10 m/s2) 0.4?
(A) 2 s (B) 1.4 s (A) 6.84 m/s (B) 8.84 m/s
(C) 1.98 s (D) none of these (C) 10.84 m/s (D) 4.84 m/s
43
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
64. In a conical pendulum, when the bob moves in 70. Water in a bucket is whirled in a vertical circle
a horizontal circle of radius r, with uniform with a string attached to it. The water does not
speed v, the string of length L describes a cone fall down even when the bucket is inverted at the
of semivertical angle . The tension in the top of its path. We conclude that in this position.
string is given by (A) mg = mv2/r
mgL (L2 r 2 )1/ 2 (B) mg is greater than mv2/r
(A) T = 2 2 (B) (C) mg is not greater than mv2/r
(L r ) mgL
(D) mg is not less than mv2/r
(C) T = mgL (D) T = mgL 2
71. Let denote the angular displacement of a
L2 r 2 L2 r 2 simple pendulum oscillating in a vertical
65. In a conical pendulum, the centripetal force plane. If the mass of the bob is m, the tension
mv 2 in the string at extreme position is
acting on the bob is given by (A) mg sin
r (B) mg cos
mgr mgr (C) mg tan
(A) (B)
L r
2 2 L2 r 2 (D) mg
(C)
L2 r 2 (D)
mgL 72. Kinetic energy of a body moving in vertical
circle is
mgL L r
2 2 1/ 2
(A) constant at all points on a circle.
66. A metal ball tied to a string is rotated in a (B) different at different points on a circle.
vertical circle of radius d. For the thread to (C) zero at all the point on a circle.
remain just tightened the minimum velocity at (D) negative at all the points.
highest point will be 73. The difference in tensions in the string at
(A) 5gd (B) gd lowest and highest points in the path of the
particle of mass m performing vertical
(C) 3gd (D) gd
circular motion is [July 16]
67. Which quantity is fixed of an object which (A) 2 mg (B) 4 mg
moves in a horizontal circle at constant speed? (C) 6 mg (D) 8 mg
(A) Velocity 74. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical
(B) Acceleration circular path of radius 1 m. The difference
(C) Kinetic energy between the kinetic energies at its highest and
(D) Force lowest position is
68. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is rotated at the end (A) 20 J
of a string in a vertical circle of radius 1.0 m at (B) 10 J
a constant speed of 5 m s1. The tension in the (C) 4 5 J
string at the highest point of its path is (D) 10 ( 5 1) J
(A) 0.5 N (B) 1.0 N
(C) 1.5 N (D) 15 N 75. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking
angle 45. The maximum safe speed of a car
69. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light having mass 2000 kg will be, (coefficient of
inextensible string of length L = (10/3) metre friction between tyre and road is 0.5)
in whirling in a circular path of radius L in a (A) 172 m/s (B) 124 m/s
vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum (C) 99 m/s (D) 86 m/s
tension in the string to the minimum tension is
4 and if g is taken to be 10 m/s2. The speed of 76. For a particle in circular motion the centripetal
the stone at the highest point of the circle is acceleration is
(A) 20 m/s (A) less than its tangential acceleration.
(B) 10 / 3 m/s (B) equal to its tangential acceleration.
(C) more than its tangential acceleration.
(C) 5 2 m/s (D) may be more or less than its tangential
(D) 10 m/s acceleration.
44
Chapter01:CircularMotion
77. One end of a string of length l is connected to 9. 232
a particle of mass m and the other to a small 10. 24.48 m/s
peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the
11. 21 m/s
particle moves in a circle with speed v the net
force on the particle (directed towards the 12. i. 6.28 rad/s ii. 31.4 m/s
centre) is (NCERT) iii. 197.192 m/s2 iv. 394.384 N
mv 2 13. 15.65 m/s
(A) T (B) T
l 14. 1.47 N
mv 2 Section D
(C) T + (D) 0
l
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C)
5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (D)
ANSWERS 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (C)
Section A 13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (B)
1. 1.74 103 rad/s 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (B)
2. 5.237 rad/s2 21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (D)
3. 8.72 105 m/s 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (C)
4. 1.07 101 rad/s, 5.235 103 m/s 29. (C) 30. (C) 31. (C) 32. (C)
5. 0.036 N 33. (A) 34. (A) 35. (C) 36. (D)
6. 30 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (A)
7. 0.2418 41. (D) 42. (B) 43. (C) 44. (B)
8. 2.8 rad/s
45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (C)
9. 10.84 m/s
10. 57.87 m 49. (A) 50. (B) 51. (C) 52. (C)
11. 39 12 53. (D) 54. (D) 55. (B) 56. (C)
12. 1.237 103 rad/s, 5080 s 57. (C) 58. (D) 59. (C) 60. (D)
13. 12.57 m/s 61. (B) 62. (B) 63. (C) 64. (C)
14. 47.13 m/s, 1480 m/s2, 2.960 103 N 65. (A) 66. (D) 67. (C) 68. (C)
15. 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s 69. (B) 70. (C) 71. (C) 72. (B)
16. 3.150 rev/s
73. (C) 74. (A) 75. (A) 76. (D)
17. 1419, 0.3955 m
77. (A)
18. 22.16 m/s
19. 17.18 r.p.m, 1.43 rad Hints to Multiple Choice Questions
20. 300 kgf, 450 kgf
21. 42 m/s, 9.39 m/s, 2.94 N 2. In half the period, particle is diametrically
22. i. 3.13 m/s, zero opposite to its initial position. Hence, its
ii. 7 m/s, 58.8 N displacement is 2R. It has covered a semicircle,
hence distance covered by particle is R.
iii. 5.42 m/s, 29.4 N
S
Section C 3. =
r
1. 1513, 0.2625 m D
2. 31.59 N S = vt and r =
2
3. 2952 2vt
=
4. 212, 0.061 m D
5. 6.429 m/s
11. v = r = r (t) = 3 3 5 = 45 m/s
6. 6.28 rad/s2
7. 1.396 102 cm/s 2400
15. d = dt = 2n dt = 2 1 = 80
8. 10 rad/s2 60
45
Std.XIISci.:PerfectPhysicsI
r
r
but v = rg tan and tan =
h
v= r2 g / h
1/ 2
r 2 2
T = mg 1
rh
2 2 2
but h = (L r )
1/ 2
r
2
T = mg 1
L2 r 2
mgL
=
L2 r 2
65. Centripetal force,
mv 2 mgL r mgr
= T sin = =
r L r
2 2 L L2 r 2
46