Sản Xuất Benzen Từ Toluent

n tt nghip Thit k phn xng THDA sn xut Benzen
MC LC
Trang
M U ........................................................................................................ 7
Phn I
TNG QUAN
A. ..............................................................................................................N
guyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha toluen
I. ..........................................................................................................N
guyn liu hydro ...................................................................................... 9
1. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht vt l .......................................................................................... 9
2. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht ha hc ...................................................................................... 9
3. .......................................................................................................
ng dng ca hydro ................................................................................. 10
4. .......................................................................................................T
n cha .................................................................................................. 11
II. .........................................................................................................N
guyn liu toluen.................................................................................... 11
1. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht vt l ca toluen ...................................................................... 11
2. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht ha hc ca toluen ................................................................... 13
3. .......................................................................................................
ng dng ca toluen ................................................................................ 14
III.........................................................................................................S
n phm benzen..................................................................................... 14
1. .......................................................................................................T
m hiu v benzen ................................................................................. 14
2. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht vt l ca benzen ..................................................................... 16
3. .......................................................................................................T
nh cht ha hc ca benzen ................................................................. 17
4. .......................................................................................................
ng dng .................................................................................................. 18
Nguyn Xun Dng HD1001 1

5. .......................................................................................................
c tnh .................................................................................................... 19
6. .......................................................................................................A
n ton trong x l, lu tr v vn chuyn benzen ................................ 20
B. ..............................................................................................................H
ydrodealkylation of toluen THDA
I. ..........................................................................................................C
s l thuyt .......................................................................................... 22
II. .........................................................................................................C
c phn ng trong qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha ................................. 23
1. .......................................................................................................P
hn ng chnh ........................................................................................ 23
2. .......................................................................................................C
c phn ng ph quan trng .................................................................. 23
III.........................................................................................................N
hit ng hc ca phn ng ................................................................. 23
IV. ........................................................................................................C
c cng ngh hydrodealkyl ha ............................................................ 24
1. .......................................................................................................Q
u trnh hydrodealkyl ha c xc tc .................................................... 24
1.1. ................................................................................................
iu kin phn ng ............................................................................ 24
1.2. ................................................................................................X
c tc ............................................................................................... 25
1.2.1. ...........................................................................................G
ii thiu cc loi xc tc ph bin ............................................ 25
1.2.2. ...........................................................................................
iu kin lm vic ca xc tc .................................................... 25
1.2.3. ...........................................................................................
c tnh xc tc ........................................................................... 25
1.2.4. ...........................................................................................T
ng hp xc tc ......................................................................... 27
2. .......................................................................................................Q
u trnh hydrodealkyl ha nhit ............................................................ 28
2.1. ................................................................................................
iu kin lm vic ............................................................................. 28
2.2. ................................................................................................S
cng ngh ................................................................................ 29

V. .........................................................................................................M
t s cng ngh in hnh ca qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha toluen
1. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh ca UOP ................................................................................ 29
2. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh hydrodealkyl ha ca DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL ........ 31
2.1. ................................................................................................G
ii thiu ........................................................................................... 31
2.2. ................................................................................................
u im ca cc cng ngh ............................................................... 32
2.3. ................................................................................................S
cng ngh chung DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL ................. 33
3. .......................................................................................................T
nh kinh t ca qu trnh THDA ........................................................... 34
C. ..............................................................................................................M
t s phng php khc sn xut benzen ................................................. 35
I. ..........................................................................................................R
eforming xc tc .................................................................................... 36
1. ........................................................................................................C
c phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc tc .......................... 36
2. .......................................................................................................
iu kin phn ng .................................................................................. 36
3. .......................................................................................................X
c tc ca qu trnh reforming .............................................................. 37
3.1. ................................................................................................C
c loi xc tc.................................................................................. 37
3.2. ................................................................................................C
c yu t nh hng n hot tnh xc tc ..................................... 37
4. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh reforming xc tc .................................................................. 37
4.1. ................................................................................................C
ng ngh bn ti sinh ...................................................................... 37
4.2. ................................................................................................T
i sinh lin tc ................................................................................. 38
II. .........................................................................................................P
hn ng bt phn b toluen sn xut benzen v xylen ....................... 38
1. .......................................................................................................
Nguyn l chung ca phng php ...................................................... 38

2. .......................................................................................................C
c phn ng ........................................................................................... 40
3. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh sn xut.................................................................................. 40
4. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh tatoray sn xut benzen in hnh trong cng nghip ........ 41
III.........................................................................................................X
ng nhit phn ....................................................................................... 42
1. .......................................................................................................C
s ca qu trnh .................................................................................. 42
2. .......................................................................................................
iu kin ca qu trnh ............................................................................ 43
3. .......................................................................................................C
ng ngh x l xng nhit phn bng hydro ......................................... 43
3.1. ................................................................................................G
iai on hydrodedien ha ................................................................ 43
3.2. ................................................................................................G
iai on hydrodesunfua ha ............................................................ 44
3.3. ................................................................................................N
guyn tc lm vic chung ca c hai giai on ............................... 44
IV. ........................................................................................................S
n xut benzen t than .................................................................... 44
1. .......................................................................................................C
s l thuyt ......................................................................................... 44
2. .......................................................................................................S
cng ngh ...................................................................................... 45
D. ..............................................................................................................L
a chn cc qu trnh sn xut benzen ..................................................... 46
Phn II
TNH TON THIT K
A. ..............................................................................................................S
cng ngh thit k ............................................................................... 48
B. ..............................................................................................................T
nh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nhit lng ........................................ 51
I. ..........................................................................................................P
hn mm tnh ton Hysys ..................................................................... 51

II. .........................................................................................................T
rnh t tnh ton trong phn mm Hysys ........................................... 51
III.........................................................................................................T
nh ton s liu ban u ........................................................................ 52
1. .......................................................................................................T
nh nng sut benzen ............................................................................. 52
2. .......................................................................................................T
nh cn bng vt cht............................................................................. 52
2.1. ................................................................................................T
nh lng biphenyl .......................................................................... 54
2.2. ................................................................................................T
nh lng kh metan sau qu trnh phn ng .................................. 54
2.3. ................................................................................................T
nh lng toluen .............................................................................. 55
2.4. ................................................................................................T
nh lng kh hydro cn tiu th cho phn ng .............................. 55
2.5. ................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht l phn ng R 101 ............................................ 56
IV. ........................................................................................................X
y dng s m phng trn Hysys ................................................... 56
1. .......................................................................................................C
c k hiu trong Hysys .......................................................................... 56
2. .......................................................................................................M
t s nguyn tc khi lm vic trong Hysys ........................................... 57
3. .......................................................................................................X
y dng s ........................................................................................ 57
V. .........................................................................................................N
hp s liu vo s Hysys .................................................................. 57
VI. ........................................................................................................
iu chnh thng s trong Hysys ............................................................ 58
1. .......................................................................................................T
hay i thnh phn dng nguyn liu ................................................... 58
2. .......................................................................................................T
hay i t l chia ti TEE 100 ............................................................ 59
3. .......................................................................................................T
hay i iu kin chng ct ti thp T 101........................................ 59
4. .......................................................................................................T
hay i iu kin chng ct ti thp T 102........................................ 60

5. .......................................................................................................T
hay i nhit chng ct thp T 103 .............................................. 61
6. .......................................................................................................T
hay i s liu thp chng T 103....................................................... 61
7. .......................................................................................................K
im tra kt qu ....................................................................................... 62
VII. Tnh cn bng vt cht nhit lng ca qu trnh THDA
1. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht nhit lng ca thit b phn ng chnh R 101 ... 62
2. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht thp tch pha p sut cao V 101 ............................. 63
3. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht thp tch pha p sut thp V 102 ............................ 64
4. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht ti thp chng tch kh T 101 ................................. 65
5. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht thp chng tch sn phm benzen T 102 ............... 66
6. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht thp chng tch sn phm toluen T 103 ................. 67
7. .......................................................................................................C
n bng vt cht cho ton qu trnh ...................................................... 68
C. ..............................................................................................................T
nh ton kch thc thit b phn ng chnh ............................................ 74
I. ..........................................................................................................T
nh chiu cao l phn ng ..................................................................... 74
II. .........................................................................................................T
nh ton kch thc bch ni ................................................................ 76
Phn III
THIT K XY DNG NH MY
I. ..........................................................................................................P
hn tch a im xy dng nh my .................................................. 77
1. .......................................................................................................C
c yu cu chung ................................................................................... 77
2. .......................................................................................................C
c yu cu v khu t xy dng ............................................................ 79
3. .......................................................................................................C
c yu cu v v sinh cng nghip ........................................................ 79

II. .........................................................................................................P
hn tch thit k mt bng nh my .................................................... 79
1. .......................................................................................................N
guyn tc phn vng ............................................................................. 79
2. .......................................................................................................
u nhc im ca nguyn tc phn vng .............................................. 80
3. .......................................................................................................C
c hng mc cng trnh ......................................................................... 80
3.1. ................................................................................................B
ng thng k cc hng mc ............................................................. 80
3.2. ................................................................................................C
c d liu kinh t k thut ............................................................... 81
III.........................................................................................................T
hit k mt bng .................................................................................... 83
1. .......................................................................................................Y
u cu t ra i vi nh my ............................................................... 83
2. .......................................................................................................T
hp sn xut hydrocacbon ca UOP .................................................. 83
3. .......................................................................................................G
ii php thit k xy dng ..................................................................... 84
3.1. ................................................................................................G
ii php xy dng l thin ............................................................... 84
3.1.1. ...........................................................................................
ngha v tc dng ..................................................................... 85
3.1.2. ...........................................................................................C
c nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng l thin ............................. 85
3.2. ................................................................................................T
hit k xy dng .............................................................................. 85
Phn IV
TNH TON KINH T
I. ..........................................................................................................C
c s liu ban u .................................................................................. 88
II. .........................................................................................................S
vn u t phn xng ...................................................................... 88
1. .......................................................................................................V
n u t c nh ................................................................................... 88

1.1. ................................................................................................C
hun b mt bng ............................................................................. 88
1.2. ................................................................................................P
hn xng........................................................................................ 88
1.3. ................................................................................................V
n u t thit b ............................................................................. 89
1.4. ................................................................................................C
hi ph xy dng v lp t ............................................................... 89
1.5. ................................................................................................T
hu t ............................................................................................. 89
1.6. ................................................................................................C
hi ph cho qu trnh chy th v hng dn s dng thit b ......... 89
2. .......................................................................................................C
hi ph u t khai thc ........................................................................... 90
2.1. ................................................................................................C
hi ph nguyn vt liu ...................................................................... 90
2.2. ................................................................................................C
hi ph cho in nc........................................................................ 90
2.3. ................................................................................................T
ng chi ph cho cng nhn .............................................................. 91
2.4. ................................................................................................C
hi ph bo dng ............................................................................. 91
2.5. ................................................................................................C
hi ph cho nhng vn v s c ngng hot ng ....................... 92
3. .......................................................................................................V
n u t lu ng ................................................................................ 92
4. .......................................................................................................T
nh khu hao phn xng ...................................................................... 92
5. .......................................................................................................T
ng chi ph sn xut chung.................................................................... 92
6. .......................................................................................................C
hi ph qu l doanh nghip .................................................................... 93
Phn V
T NG HA
I. ..........................................................................................................K
hi nim .................................................................................................. 95

II. .........................................................................................................M
c ch v ngha ca t ng ha trong sn xut ........................... 95
III.........................................................................................................M
t s dng t ng ................................................................................. 95
1. .......................................................................................................T
ng kim tra v t ng bo v ....................................................... 96
2. .......................................................................................................D
ng t ng iu khin .......................................................................... 96
3. .......................................................................................................D
ng t ng iu chnh .......................................................................... 97
4. ........................................................................................................D
ng iu khin phn hi ........................................................................ 97
IV. ........................................................................................................C
u to ca mt s thit b t ng ....................................................... 97
1. .......................................................................................................B
cm bin p sut ................................................................................. 97
2. .......................................................................................................B
cm ng nhit ................................................................................ 98
3. .......................................................................................................B
cm ng mc o cht lng ................................................................. 98
4. .......................................................................................................B
cm ng bin lu lng ..................................................................... 99
V. .........................................................................................................T
hit k m hnh t ng ha............................................................... 100
1. .......................................................................................................C
c k hiu c bn trong thit k t ng ha (P&ID)......................... 100
2. .......................................................................................................T
ng ha trong phn xng THDA ................................................. 101
Phn VI
AN TON LAO NG TRONG PHN XNG
I. ..........................................................................................................M
c ch .................................................................................................. 103
1. .......................................................................................................N
guyn nhn do k thut ....................................................................... 103
2. .......................................................................................................N
guyn nhn do t chc ........................................................................ 103

3. .......................................................................................................N
guyn nhn do v sinh......................................................................... 104
II. .........................................................................................................C
ng tc m bo an ton lao ng ..................................................... 104
1. .......................................................................................................C
ng tc gio dc t tng.................................................................... 104
2. .......................................................................................................T
rang b phng h lao ng .................................................................. 104
3. .......................................................................................................C
c bin php k thut .......................................................................... 104
4. .......................................................................................................C
ng tc v sinh..................................................................................... 105
5. .......................................................................................................Y
u cu v sinh i vi mt bng nh my ........................................... 105
III.........................................................................................................Y
u cu v phong chng chy n trong nh my ............................... 106
1. .......................................................................................................P
hng chng chy ................................................................................. 107
2. .......................................................................................................N
gn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy ......................... 107
3. .......................................................................................................N
gn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy ................................ 107
4. .......................................................................................................N
hng bin php t chc m bo an ton chy n ......................... 108
IV. ........................................................................................................C
c yu cu v an ton giao thng trong nh my ............................. 109
KT LUN ................................................................................................ 111
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................ 112
PH LC ................................................................................................... 113

M U
. ,
. y
.
.
.
( Benzen
Toluen Xylen). trong 1
. 250
sn phm ring bit hoc phn loi sn phm. Trong lch s, tiu th chnh ca
benzen c trong sn xut tylbenzen (i vi polystyrene), cumene (i vi
phenol v acetone), v cyclohexane (i vi nylon).ng k s lng benzen
cng c tiu th trong sn xut anilin, cht ty ra alkylate, v maleic
anhydride.[3]
T cch y nhiu thp nin, cc nh sn xut nhn ra tm quan trng ca
benzen. Cc phng php sn xut benzen trong cng nghip cng khng ngng
pht trin cung cp ngun nguyn liu trung gian ny cho tng hp hu c
ha du.
Trn thc t, ngun cung cp hydrocacon thm ni chung, v benzen ni
ring khng hon ton c ngun gc t du m.
. Bng chng l trc nm
1940, y chnh l phng php ch yu cung cp ngun benzen v sn phm
th benzen. Hin nay
. [2]

Benzen c th thu c t mt s qu trnh quan trng trong lc ha du, nh

qu trnh reforming xc tc, cracking xc tc, Cracking hi. Mc d trong cc
qu trnh ny, benzen ch l sn phm ph, song sn lng l ng k. Trong
qu trnh reforming xc tc, vi ngun nguyn liu naphta cung cp lng
benzen v sn phm BTX ch yu.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc li chuyn ha phn an du th
. Song
cng l nhng ngun thu BTX quan trng trong cng nghip.
Mt s qu trnh mi cho t
. Hay qu trnh Hydrodealkyl ha

trc tip toluen cho sn phm benzen vi chuyn ha rt cao. Qu trnh
ny c th thc hin d dng nh xc tc hydrodealkyl ha toluen_HDA hay
di tc dng ca nhit thermal hydrodealkyl of toluen_THDA.
.
Trong n ny, c s phn tch r rng v s cng ngh, cng nh cc
iu kin ti u pht huy ht cng sut mi s . V sau l s la chn,
tnh ton mt s sao cho cng ngh khng ch p ng yu cu v nng
sut, cht lng benzen m cn tha mn iu kin v kinh t nh chi ph u
t, gi thnh sn phm, xy dng

Phn I
TNG QUAN
A. Nguyn liu v sn phm
I. Nguyn liu Hydro
_catalytic reforming. Hydro c s dng cho cc mc ch lm sch sn

phm, x l hydro cc phn on hay s dng cho qu trnh hydrocraking. Qu
trnh reforming c nh gi l ngun thu hydro di do (hm lng t
85 93%) v r tin, r hn t 10 n 15 ln so vi hydro thu uc bng cc cch
iu ch khc .
1. Tnh cht vt l
- L 1 phi kim, tn ti dng kh. L kh nh nht trong tt c cc kh,
hydro nh hn khng kh 15 ln.
- Hydro c 3 ng v
Bng 1 : Cc ng v ca hydro
ng v H11 H12 H13
Tn Proti Dteri Triti

% 99.948 0.016 0.0001
- Hydro c nhit si v nhit nng chy thp.
Tnc = - 259,10C
Ts = - 252,60C
- Hydro tn ti dng n cht (H2) v hp cht (H2 ,
du m,)
- Hydro ch yu tn ti trong v tr ( Chim trng lng mt tri), hydro
hu nh khng c mt trong kh quyn.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Tnh bn
Do mi nguyn t H2 t n cu hnh kh him nn phn t H2 rt bn.
n 20000C mi bt u phn hy, nn H2 km hot ng k thng :
20000C
H2 2H

Tnh kh.(Kh nng cho H+)
H - 1e H+
Ion H+ c in tch l +1, khng cn e no, kch thc li v cng nh:
rH =1,5*10-5cm
rH+ =10-8cm
Nn H+ khng tn ti trng thi t do, m lun kt hp vi cc nguyn t

hay phn t khc.
- Phn ng vi cc phi kim :
H 2 +X 2 t C 2HX
0
1
H 2 + O2 550 C H 2O
0
2
- H2 kh c 1 s oxit KL v KL. (iu ch KL bng phng php nhit
luyn)
H 2 +CuO t0C Cu+H 2O
- No ha cc hp cht cha no :
C2 H 4 +H 2 xt C2 H 6
Tnh OXH.
Khi tc dng vi 1 s KL hot ng nh KL kim, hay kim th th to ra H -
(hydrua)
H+1e=H- (hydrua)
2Na + H t0
2NaH (Natrihydrua)
2
NaH + H 2O = NaOH + H 2
3. ng dng ca hydro :
- Trong cng nghip : Sn xut ra NH3, T sn xut ure.
- Sn xut HCl, CH3OH, hydro ha hp cht cha no.
- Tinh ch du m ( loi b S, olefin,)
- H2 cng vi O2 lng lm nhin liu tn la
- Do nh hn khng kh, hydro c bm vo kh cu.

- Hydro c tc khuch tn nhanh nn c dng lm mt cc chi tit

my.
4.
, cht do v cc sn phm du kh. N c th c vn

chuyn n ngi dng cui thng qua ng ng dn - l phng php r
nht - nhng c nhng ng ng hin c tng i t so vi cc h thng kh
t t nhin. 300$ v 600$
cho mi km.
Nn kh hydro
, c bit l khong cch di.
Hydrogen lng -253 C.
,
t
.
, lm mt cht lng
kh hydro.
II. Nguyn liu Toluen
1. Tnh cht vt l ca toluen [4].
Toluen l mt cht lng khng mu, c mi hng, nhng khng sc
bng benzen.
.
Bng 2: Tnh cht vt l ca Toluen [4].
Tnh cht Gi tr
(vC) 92.13
Nhit si, oC 110,625
Nhit ng c, oC -94,991
T trng, g/ml 20oC 0,8669
25oC 0,8623
Ch s khc x nP 68oF 1,4969
77oC 1,4941
Nhit ti hn, oC 320,8
(% V) Trn 6.8
1.3

, atm 40
T trng ti hn, g/ml 0,29
PV/RT ti hn 0,26
Nhit ho hi hv, Kcal/mol 20oC 9,08
25oC 8,00
Nhit nng chy H, Kcal/mol 1,582
Hng s nghim lnh, mol/K A 0,02508
B 0,0019
Nhit to thnh HF, Kcal/mol Kh 11,950
Lng 2,867
o
Entropy, S Kh 76,42
Lng 52,48
Nng lng to thnh t do F Kh 29,228
Kcal/mol Lng 27,282
Da vo cng thc [4]: Log(P) = A B / (C + t)
C = 219,482
A = 1344,860
P : mmHg
T : oC
nh sau:
Bng 3
Nhit p sut Nhit
(mmHg) (oC) (mmHg) ( oC)
10 6,36 300 80,56
20 18,38 400 89,84
30 26,03 500 96,52
40 31,76 600 102,51
50 36,394 700 107,57
60 40,308 800 112,40
80 46,733 900 116,84
100 51,940 1000 120,17
150 61,942 1200 127,52
200 69,498 1500 136,41

Toluen to mt hn hp ng ph vi a s parafin, ru, naphtalen... nhit

ng ph ca hn hp rt gn vi nhit si ca cu t th hai. Toluen khng
to hn hp ng ph vi mt s cht nh: heptan, metyl cyclohexan, Cis-1,3-
dimetyl cyclohexan.
2. Tnh cht ho hc ca Toluen [4].
Cu to ca toluen nh sau:
H
H C H
Do c cu trc vng v nhnh bn nh trn nn toluen c cc phn ng ca c

nhnh bn v ca c vng thm.
a. Phn ng ca vng thm.
Nhm CH3 l nhm th loi mt ca vng benzen do nh hng ca hiu ng
lin hp v siu lin hp ca nhm th vi electron trong vng benzen lm
mt e trong vng benzen tng ln v tng ch yu v tr octo v para, do
vy khi th ln hai th v tr nhm th mi s vo v tr octo v para.
b. Phn ng ca nhnh bn.
Ngoi phn ng th ca vng benzen, Toluen cn tham gia phn ng khc ca
nhnh.
- Phn ng to diphenyl trong iu kin nhit thch hp.
2C6H5CH3 + 0,5O2 C6H5-CH2-CH2-C6H5 + H2O
- .
2C6H5-CH3 C6H6 + CH3-C6H4-CH3
- Phn ng clometyl ho.
C6H5-CH3 + HCHO + HCl CH3-C6H4-CH2Cl + H2O
- c bit toluen cn tham gia phn ng oxi ho bng oxi khng kh vi
iu kin nhit , xc tc thch hp cho Benzaldehit hoc cng c th to axit
benzoic v cc sn phm khc:

C6H5CH3 + O2 C6H5CHO hoc C6H5COOH

- Phn ng hyro ho to naphten, metylcyclohecxan.
C6H5CH3 + 3H2 C6H11CH3
- Toluen c th thu c t than hay t du m nhng hin nay ngun thu
toluen ch yu t du m bng cc qu trnh ch bin ho hc khc nhau.
3. ng dng ca toluen [4,2].
.
+
. Hin nay,
. Theo
nghin cu ca API th nhu cu s dng Toluen trong xng khng pha ch s
tng gp i so vi xng pha ch. Tuy nhin s dng c xng khng pha
ch th cng yu cu c s u t v thay i ng k trong vng 10 nm hoc
lu hn na [4].
+T )
.
.
,
.
.[2]
+
, t.
III. Sn phm Benzen
1. Tm hiu v benzen [6,7]
Benzen c nh vt l Anh Faray (M.Faraday) pht hin ra nm 1825.
Nm 1833, nh ho l c Mitselic (E. Mitcherlich) iu ch c benzen
khi chng kh mui canxi ca axit benzoic, cho nn benzen mang tn nh vy.
Benzen - C6H6 l hidrocacbon vng thm n gin nht. Trong benzen c cha

mt tp hp vng gm su nguyn t cacbon. l nhn benzen. Nm 1865,

nh ho hc c Kekule (A.Kekule) a ra cng thc dng khp vng ca
benzen vi cc lin kt n v i lun phin nhau. Theo cc gi thuyt hin i,
su electron ca ba lin kt i trong benzen trng thi lin hp, to thnh
mt h electron thng nht.
.
Nhiu tc gi ngh cc cng thc cu to ca vng benzen, trong c
cng thc Kekule c s dng nhiu hn c. Mc d vy, cng thc Kekule
khng phn nh c y cc tnh cht ca benzen [7].
Theo quan im hin i: Benzen c cu to vng 6 cnh phng. Cc nguyn
t cacbon trong vng u trng thi lai ha sp 2 . Mi nguyn t cacbon cn
mt electron p cha lai ha. Su electron p ca 6 nguyn t cacbon khng xen
ph u c hai bn to ra m my electron p phn b u trn c 6 nguyn t
cacbon ca vng v c biu din bng cng thc sau [7]:
Cc gc ha tr u bng 1200 .
C C
C C C H
di kin kt C C c gi tr trung gian gia lin kt n C C v lin
kt i C = C:

C C C C C C
1,54 A0 1,40 A0 1,34 A0

Chng ta d dng nhn thy rng do cc electron p xen ph khp kn nn cc
lin kt C C ca vng khng mang tnh cht ca mt lin kt i C = C. Phn
t benzen c mt electron p phn b u, phn t hon ton i xng, bn, v
th m kh cng hp, kh oxi ha. N ch d ph v cu trc bn ca vng.
2. Tnh cht vt l ca benzen [6,2]
Benzen l mt hydrocacbon thm, c cng thc ha hc l C6H6, khi lng
phn t 78,11, trng thi lng, khng mu, linh ng, c mi thm c bit.
.
. Benzen khng
tan trong nc, to thnh vi nc mt hn hp si nhit 69,25 oC
. Benzen ha
tan c nhiu cht nha, m, lu hunh v nhiu cht khc, khng tan trong
nc. Do benzen l mt dung mi rt thng dng.
4: Cc thng s vt l ca benzen [8]:
im nng chy 5,5330C
im si 80,10C
Khi lng ring 25oC: 879 kg/m3
nht 200C 0,649.10-3 N.s/m2
Sc cng b mt 200C 29.10-3 N/m
Nhit dung ring 200C 1730 J/kg.o
Nhit chp chy cc kn 11,1oC.
Nhit chy ng p 25oC 9,999 kcal/mol
Nhit ha hi 8.09kcal/kmol
Nhit t bc chy trong khng kh 538oC
Nhit ti hn 289.45oC
ho tan trong nc 25oC 0.18g/100g H20
p sut ti hn 48.6 atm
Nhit nng chy 30,1 kcal/kmol
ho tan ca nc trong benzen 0.05g/100g C6H6
Nhit lng nng chy 2,351 kcal/mol
T trng ti hn 0,3 g/ml

3. Tnh cht ha hc ca Benzen [7]

V thnh phn, benzen thuc loi hidrocacbon vng khng no lin hp (dy
ng ng CnH2n-6), nhng khc vi hidrocacbon thuc dy etylen C2H4, benzen
th hin cc tnh cht vn c ca hidrocacbon no. Chng hn, benzen bn vng
vi tc dng ca cc cht oxi ho, d tham gia phn ng th hn l phn ng
cng, v.v S d benzen v nhng hp cht thm khc c cc tnh cht c bit
ny l v nhn benzen tng i bn vng i vi cc phn ng ho hc.
a. Phn ng cng hp :
Benzen
. Ph h thc hin,
i hi iu kin khc nghit : nhit , xc tc, p sut.
+ Phn ng kh :
Ni, 200 - 3000C, 300 atm
3H2
Benzen Xyclohexan
+ Tc dng vi clo :
Cl
Cl Cl
T, P
3Cl2 as
Cl Cl
Cl
b. Phn ng oxi ha : Rt kh thc hin.

Cc cht oxi ha thng thng nh KMNO4 ,K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 khng c kh
nng oxi ha nhn benzen. nhit cao, benzen b oxi ha bi oxi to
anhydric maleic vi s c mt ca xc tc V2O5 :
O
0 CH C
450 C
9/2 O2 O
V2O5 CH C
O
Benzen Anhydric maleica
c. Phn ng th electrophyl SE :
Benzen l mt nguyn liu rt quan trng trong cng nghip ho cht. Nhng
nguyn t hidro trong benzen d b thay th bng clo v cc halogen khc, bng

cc nhm sunfo-, amino-, nitro- v cc nhm nh chc khc. Clobenzen,

hexaclobenzen, phenol, anilin, nitrobenzen
- phn ng halogen ha :
X
FeX3
X2 HX ( X = Cl, Br )
- Phn ng nitro ha :
NO2
H2SO4
HNO3 H2O
55 - 600C
- Phn ng sulfo ha :
SO3H
H2SO4 H2O
- Phn ng ankyl ha :
R
RCl AlCl3
HCl
- Phn ng axyl ha :
O
O C R
AlCl3
R C Cl HCl
4. ng dng
- Benzen c vai tr quan trng trong thc t , l nguyn liu chnh sn
xut cc loi thuc tr su , thuc khng sinh , cht kich thich tng trng v v
s cc ng dng khc....... trong i sng.
- Ngi ta s dng benzen sn xut phm nhum , keo dn...

Cumen phenol
Etyl Styren
benzen
Benzen Nitro Anilin

benzen
, urephenolfomandehit dng lm
cht do, cht kt dnh, Cht dit nm
Phenol Phenol mc: nitrophenol, cht dit c: 2,4-
Formandehit D(2,4-diclophenoxiaxetic)
Toluen Trinitro toluen
benzen
- Khng khi no m cuc sng con ngi li khng c s xut hin ca

benszen , nhng cht nh long no , thuc paracetamol , thuc t su 666 ( b
ngm cm, song m u cho ng dng thuc tr sau trong nng nghip ) , khng
sinh pi cc loi , thuc tr c DDT , thuc kch thich t bin t bi cinciline ,
thuc cm aspirin.......
- Trong phng th nghim, benzen c s dng rng ri lm dung mi
- S dng ch to t nhn to , nilon , thy tinh tng hp hu c , chng
chy...... c nhiu vi tr trong cuc sng........
- Benzen l ngun nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip phm nhum
anilin, dc phm, trong vic sn xut cht ph nng cao ch s octan i vi
nhin liu ng c t v my bay
5. c tnh [9].

phc
.
Benzene c tc dng nghim trng sc khe
. Vic ht phi c th gy ra
bun ng, chng mt, nhp tim nhanh, au u, run, nhm ln, bt tnh hoc
cht. Thc phm hoc ung c cha nng cao ca benzen c th gy nn
ma, kch thch d dy, chng mt, bun ng, co git, nhp tim nhanh. benzen l
cht c cho h thng min dch. Cc Y t M v Dch v Nhn sinh (DHHS)
phn loi benzen nh l mt cht gy ung th con ngi.
, trong
.
6. An ton trong x l, lu tr v vn chuyn benzen [9]
a. Lu tr
Benzen l mt ha cht c hi v gy ung th s mt c bit n. Vn
tn tr benzen ng phng php l hon ton cn thit m bo rng cng
nhn nh my v ngi dn sng cc khu vc xung quanh khng c tip
xc vi cc ho cht c hi. N cng l cn thit gim nguy him chy gy
ra bi benzene, v n l rt d chy. Benzen l mt ha cht c s dng trong
cc ng dng cng nghip. Benzene c lu gi ti cc nh my, ni n c
s dng nh mt tin cht ha hc vi cc ha cht khc c s dng sn
xut cht kt dnh nht nh, sn phm ty ra, nha v si. N cn c lu
gi ti cc nh my cng nghip theo quy nh c quy nh bi C quan Bo
v mi trng v cc c quan khc ca chnh ph v qun l.
Sau y l mt s lu khi tn tr Benzen [9]:
- Tn tr benzen trong thng kn, ti khu vc c thng gi tt.
- Nhn in trn container, thng cha phi c ni dung xc nh v r rng.
- Duy tr nhit kho tn tr trn 80C ngn chn benzen t ng bng
- Ci t ming m si m hoc lm nng dng cun trong v xung
quanh b nu nhit trong khu vc lu gi benzen gim xung di 8 .
- S dng cc bin php cch nhit cho thng cha nhit gia bn
trong thng cha v mi trng dao ng cng t cng tt.

- Gim st cc xe vn chuyn v khu vc xung quanh n kim tra c mi

nguy him hoc nhng mi nguy him tim nng. Nhng mi nguy him ny
bao gm bt k ngun nh la hoc cc vn vi c ch lm nng.
- Kim tra b cha, thng cha thng xuyn xem c r r hay khng.
- Thng cha benzen phi t tiu chun do tnh cht an ton.
- Trong khi di chuyn qua ng ng, in tch sinh ra ti cc im mt
bch, do trn ng ng phi c b phn ni t_phn phi in tnh trnh
n.
- Trnh tt c cc hot ng lm vic trc tip vi benzen m khng c
bo h theo qui nh
- Tt c cc b cha c gi trong vng tng hn ch s c.
- Tt c cc ng c bm s c cung cp b phn ni t gp i
trnh in tch.
- Kho lu tr cc thng benzen c
trnh chy trong qu trnh sm chp.
- Tt c cc b cha phi c trang b l thng hi gii phng p sut
trong cht lng.
- Tt c cc b cha phi c trang b h thng lm mt ma h.
-
dp tt la khi c s c.
- Tt c cc thng cha phi c sn mi nm trnh thit hi.
- Tt c cc thng cha phi c trang b thang i ln cu thang
kim tra.
- Tt c cc bn, b cha phi c trang b thit b theo di s lng
b. Vn chuyn [9]
Bin php phng nga an ton trong qu trnh ti Benzene vo tu:
Tt c cc tu ch du phi c s cho php ca Gim c iu khin vt
liu n
trc khi ti trnh nhim

Lu lng ca benzen trong qu trnh ti nn c tc thp trnh tch

in
Tu ch du phi c ni t trong qu trnh ti.
benzen trnh chy n.
cp.
Trc khi ri tt c cc m tu ch du phi c ng li ng cch
B. Hydrodealkylation of toluene HDA

Phng php Hyro alkyl ho Toluen sn xut Benzen
I.
Qu trnh hyro alkyl ca cc cht thm, thng l toluene (Mc d,
c s dng cho cc hp cht thm nng hn l tt. )
Hydrodealkyl ha l phn ng cracking hydrocacbon thm c mch nhnh
trong dng hydro. Ging nh hydrocracking, phn ng ny tiu th hydro v
thun li iu kin p sut ring phn hydro cao. Qu trnh ny c thit k
hydrodealkyl ha cc metylbenzen, etylbenzen C9+ thnh benzen. N xut
pht t nhu cu benzen trong cng ngh tng hp ha du ln hn nhiu so vi
cc hp cht ny cng nh vi toloen v cc xylem (sn phm BTX). Sau khi
phn tch benzen khi sn phm reforming, cc hydrocacbon thm cao hn s
c n phn xng hydrodealkyl ha. Thit b phn ng c dng tng t
hydrocracking. Ti y, phn nhnh alkyl s c b gy v ng thi c
hydro ha. Dealkyl ha cc hp cht dng vng benzen th nhiu s lm tng
lng hydro tiu th v ng thi to ra nhiu sn phm kh hn. Di y l 1
s v d:
CH3
H2 = CH4

Phn ng benzenes nhiu nhm alkyl l:

CH3 CH4
CH3
H2 CH4
Trong qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha, phn ng c bn l tch cc nhm alkyl

gn vi nhn benzen ra di dng alkan. Nu qu trnh vn hnh ng, v
chuyn ha c hon ton nh tun hon phn hydrocacbon thm cha phn
ng, cc sn phm thu c l benzen v rt nhiu cc hydrocacbon nh, ch
yu l metan. Bt k loi no khng phi hydrocacbon thm c trong nguyn
liu, v d trong phn x l trc tip phn on xng C5+ khng qua giai on
chit dung mi, s b phn hy thnh cc parafin nh (metan). iu ny nhm
mc ch thu sn phm benzen c tinh khit cao, nhng cng ko theo lng
hydro tiu th rt ln. Cc hp cht lu hunh chuyn ha 1 phn thnh H2S.
II. Cc phn ng trong qu trnh Hydrodealkyl ha.
1. Phn ng chnh
CH3
H2 = CH4
2. Cc phn ng ph quan trng

- Hnh thnh hydrocacbon thm phn t lng ln (diphenyl). Chng
chim phn ln trong cc phn ng ph.
2 H2
biphenyl
- Hydro ha vng benzen v phn hy chng to thnh metan
CH4
- Phn hy cc parafin v naphten thnh metan, hnh thnh cacbon.

CnH2n+2 H2 CH4
III.

Nhn chung, cc phn ng lin quan n qu trnh ny u ta nhit mnh (v

d hydrocracking H= -190 -230 kJ/mol), ngoi tr phn ng to ra
hydrocacbon thm khi lng phn t ln thu nhit nh, v phn ng phn hy
metan thnh C v H. Cc phn ng ny xy ra nhit cao 650oC v ty tng
trng hp, c th thun li khi tng p sut (phn ng hydro ha) hoc khng
(phn ng phn hy, to cc). p sut ti u cho qu trnh l 5 6 MPa.
IV.
Cc qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha c th chia thnh 2 loi: hydrodealkyl ha
nhit (THDA_thermal hydrodealkylation) v hydrodealkyl ha xc tc
(HDA_hydrodealkylation).
1.
Shell, UOP, Houdry v BASF l cc hng thit k cng ngh hydrodealkyl
ha xc tc hin ang c s dng ph bin trn th gii. Phn ln cc cng
ngh ny u s dng xc tc trn c s oxyt crom (10 15% KL) mang trn
oxyt nhm.
Qu trnh ny c s tham gia ca xc tc, nn nhit phn ng thp hn
7000C.Song, trong qu trnh ny cng gp phi mt s kh khn: Hot ng ca
cc cht xc tc khng phi lun cao, nu nhit phn ng hay p sut
hyro tng ln tng vic chuyn i th cc phn ng ph nh hydrocracking
vng thm cng tng theo.
1.1. iu kin phn ng
Nh ni, do c mt xc tc nn iu kin phn ng khng kh khn nh
hydrodealkyl nh tc dng ca nhit . Hay ni cch khc, ti cng 1 iu kin
(nhit , p sut), th vic s dng xc tc s em li hiu qu cao c v hiu
xut, v chn lc sn phm. Hai biu sau th hin r u im (hnh 2,
hnh 3)
Cc iu kin tin hnh phn ng tru
ng 620oC, nhit ti a 700 720oC, p sut 4,5 MPa, t l mol
H2/hydrocacbon dng vo thit b phn ng l 6, LHSV = 1 h -1. Hiu sut tnh
theo toluen nguyn liu l 97% mol, v chuyn ha l 70% mol. Tui th ca
xc tc ti thiu 2 nm. Theo thi gian lm vic, cacbon lng ng trn xc tc,
i hi phi tng nhit lin tc t 6200C u dn nguyn liu ti 6500C
u vo thit b phn ng. Hng nm, xc tc cn c ti sinh bng qu trnh
t cc c kim sot cht trong dng kh giu oxy.

[10]
1.2.1. Gii thiu cc loi xc tc ph bin
, chng hn nh oxit Cr

, v d nh Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ir hoc

s kt hp ca chng ,
palladi, Niken.
1.2.2. iu kin lm vic ca xc tc
THDA cho sn xut benzen t cht thm nng.
BTX.
.[11]
, bao gm nhit t
khong 333,3 C n khong 555,5 C (600 10000 ong 50
n 500 psig.
1.2.3. c tnh xc tc
-
t l ng k ca SiO2: Al2O3 70:30 n 90:10.

Nguyn liu: C7+

p sut: 200 psig
chuyn ha nguyn
Xc tc: MCM - 22
Hydrodealkyl ha (xc
tc)
liu(%)
Hydrodealkyl ha
(nhit)
Nhit phn ng(0F)
Hnh 2: So snh iu kin phn ng, chuyn ha ca nguyn

liu trong 2 trng hp c v khng s dng xc tc [11]
Nguyn liu: C7+

chn lc sn phm benzen
p sut: 200 psig

Xc tc: MCM - 22
Hydrodealkyl ha (xc
tc)
(%)
Hydrodealkyl ha
(nhit)
chuyn ha nguyn liu (%)
Hnh 3: So snh chn lc sn phm ca 2 phng php hydrodealkyl

c v khng s dng xc tc [11]

Cc c tnh ca cc ht c s dng trong qu trnh sng ch ny l:

+ Trng lng c ngha l ng knh l 25-250 m, tt 40-120 m
0,3-1,5 g/cm3, prefeably 0,4-1,3 g / m3
+ Hnh dng hnh cu l ng k.
, cc ht c
, hot ng ca phn ng ny l d
dng, v s xi mn ca cc ht v cc vt liu l phn ng l rt nh
Hn na, cc ht c s dng trong qu trnh sng ch ny l cc
- -
, t dnh vi nhau, v v vy gi
-
.
nhit phn ng.
Mt loi zeolit cng c s dng ph bin l MCM-22. Thnh phn Zeolit
MCM-22 c mi quan h mol:
X 2 O 3: (n) YO 2,
60
- din tch b mt cao hn khong
400 m2/gam
1.2.4. Tng hp xc tc


, hoc trn cc
Zeolit. V d, trng hp ca platinum, h
.
-22 c th c thc hin ti mt trong
hai iu kin tnh hoc khuy trong mt l phn ng ph hp chng hn nh
bnh polypropylene hoc teflon hoc ni hp thp khng g. Phm
80 C. n khong 225 C. trong mt thi gian
kt tinh xy ra nhit dng, v d, t khong 25 gi n khong 60
ngy. Sau , cc tinh th c tch ra t cht lng v hi phc.
.
, tng
, giao thng.
2.
Vi cc qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha nhit, cc cng ty chnh pht trin v
thng mi ha cng ngh ny l Atlantic Richfield v Hydrocacbon Researche
Inc, Mitsubishi v Chioda, Gulf Oil
2.1.iu kin lm vic
V c bn, iu kin vn hnh cng ngh ny nh sau:
- Nhit dng vo thit b phn ng 6200C, nhit ti a 730 7500C
- p sut 4,3 MPa
- Thi gian lu trung bnh 25 30 giy
- T l mol H2/hydrocacbon trong dng vo thit b l 4
- chuyn ha 75%
- tinh khit ti thiu ca dng hydro l 50 60% TT.

Sn phm benzen c tinh khit rt cao, v hiu sut qu trnh t 97

99% mol ty thuc chu trnh tun hon phn sn phm nng (diphenyl,
dibenzyl).
Trong qu trnh ny, iu kin ( nhit , p sut) thng kht khe hn trong
phng php hydrodealkyl c s dng xc tc. iu ny li t ra yu cu vi
cc thit b trong qu trnh sn xut. C th:
+ Cc thit b phi phi c sc chu ng bn b vi nhit , dn n vt liu
ch to tn km hn.
+ Do phn ng hydrodealkyl l phn ng ta nhit (vi hn khong 10 kcal /
mol cho mi nhm methyl khi nhm alkyl l methyl), trong qu trnh thit k,
phi c thm cc thit b ngn chn s gia tng nhit trong l.[12]
2.2.
Ngoi tr s khc bit v iu kin phn ng, c 2 loi qu trnh ny u vn
hnh theo cng 1 s nguyn l chung. Ty thuc nguyn liu, h thng c th
ch bao gm mt s n gin hoc c thm mt b phn x l phn on
xng nhit phn C5+ vi mc ch loi b cc diolefin, cc hp cht lu hunh
bn vng, cc hp cht nito v oxybng qu trnh hydro ha chn lc.
V. Mt s cng ngh in hnh ca qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha toluene
1. Cng ngh ca UOP
Trong phn x
naphten
. C 70-85% chuyn
ho ca toluene thnh Benzene qua qu trnh ny.

Hydro - .
Toluen
-
-
- 1
-
.
-
.
-
-
.
-
)
: biphenyl

Ty thuc vo ng dng, THDA c th x l nhiu loi nguyn liu.
, du, v coproducts
nhit phn. Benzene c sn xut t THDA thng c mt im
Benzene-545.
2. Cng ngh hydrodealkyl ha DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL
2.1. Gii thiu
Cc qu trnh DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL s dng phng php
hydrodealkyl ha c s dng chuyn ho cc hp cht thm thnh benzen
tinh khit cao. Cc cng ngh ny phc v ti hn ba mi d n, v c
cp giy php c quyn trn ton th gii.
Nhng cng ngh hydrodealkyl ny c th c thit k cho cc nguyn liu
c th khc nhau ty theo yu cu. Ba cng ngh ny u c chuyn ho
thnh Benzene tinh khit cao, mi ngun i hi mt cn bng khc nhau ca
qu trnh hyro alkyl ho, qu trnh sunfua ho v phn ng
hydrocracking.
Hydro
Hydro
Benzen
Toluen
Toluen
H ST
R Th. CT
S F

5: (UOP) Thermal hydrodealkylation process [3]

Bng 5: Nguyn liu v phn ng trong qu trnh
DETOL, LITOL, PYROTOL[13]
DETOL LITOL PYROTOL
Chuyn ho cc alkyl Chuyn ho cc sn Chuyn ho phn
aromic trong khong t phm ph t C6 n C9 on t C6 n C9 ca
C7 n C10. Cng t than luyn cc. Ch cht lng nhit phn thu
chuyn ho cc hp cht yu l yu cu qu trnh c nh mt sn phm
thm C9-C10 tp trung sunfo ho v 1 lng ph ca qu trnh sn
thnh hp cht thm C8. nh hn l qu trnh xut ethylene. So vi
Ch yu l yu cu qu hyro alkyl ho v qu trnh LITOL, Thm
trnh hyro alkyl ho. hyro cracking ca cc cc phn ng
hp cht khng thm. hydrocracking ca phi
hydrocacbon thm,
nhng phn ng
desulfur t hn, phn
ng hydrodealkyl t
tng ng.
2.2. u im ca cc cng ngh
Bng 6: c trng & u im tng mi cng ngh [13]
c trng ca quy trnh Li ch ca qu trnh
chn lc cao ca hp -T l sn phm cao hn vi cng
cht thm mt nguyn liu
X l tng bc n l -Loi b yu cu cn thit cho cc
bc x l bng hyro ring bit,
gim hm lng olefin hoc lu
hunh trong nguyn liu.
-Gim chi ph
Nhit hot ng thp -Tit kim chi ph vt liu chu
nhit ca thit b.
Khng luyn cc trong h -Chi ph bo tr Thp
thng trao i nhit - Loi b cc cht thm bo ha
rn, cht thi vt liu
Sn phm tinh khit cao -Gi tr sn phm Cao

nht vt qu 99,93% wt
Bng 7: Hiu sut qu trnh [13]

Nguyn liu Sn phm
DETOL MT DETOL MT
Toluene (98% tinh khit) 1,00 Benzene (99.95% tinh 835
0 khit)
Thnh phn Hydrogen 36 Nhin liu kh 201
(70% tinh khit)
LITOL LITOL
Du nh Benzene (99.95% tinh 925
khit)
(96% BTX, 1.7% Styrene, 1000 Nhin liu kh v du 128
0.4% Sulfur)
Thnh phn Hydrogen 53
(90% tinh khit)
PYROTOL PYROTOL
Xng nhit phn Benzene (99.95% tinh 695
khit)
(73% BTX, 3.1% Styrene, 1000 Nhin liu kh v du 374
0.1% Sulfur)
Thnh phn Hydrogen 69
(90% tinh khit)
2.3. S cng ngh chung DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL
Cng ngh ny, nhn chung cng khng khc so vi cng ngh chung. Trong
cc cng on phn ng, hp th th c s dng 2 thp ni lin tip nhau qu
trnh din ra trit hn. Sn phm ra khi l phn ng c chn lc cao hn,
do phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cn sn phm tch c hp th tt hn, benzene
c tinh khit cao. Sn phm y ca thp chng l cc hydrocacbon thm
nng th c tun hon tr li nguyn liu u tng kh nng chuyn ha
ca nguyn liu. cc ci tin trn y l th mnh ca cc hng DETOL, LITOL
v PYROTOL gip cho qu trnh sn xut t c u im vt tri so vi
cc hng khc.

Phn tch
Kh lng
Lm giu
Hydro
Hnh 6: S cng ngh chung ca DETOL, LITOL v PYROTOL [13]

Xong nhc im li l qu nhiu thit b, dn dn chi ph u t phn xng,
bo tr cao. Ngoi ra, thi gian phn ng qu lu (2 l phn ng), nu khng tnh
ton k, s ng thi gia tng phn ng ph, cc v c th ko hiu xut ca c
qu trnh xung.
3.
phn t.
8
[3]
-% -%
H2 ) 2.3
Metan 17.7
Etan 0.6
Benzen 83.6
Toluen 100
0.4
102.3 102.3

Bng 9: Chi ph trong qu trnh Hydrodealkyl ha toluene

(theo thng k Gary and Handwerk _ 1994) [1]
Vt liu Chi ph Tin ch Chi ph
Toluene 170 $/tn in 0.5 $/kWh
Hydro 350 $/tn Nhin liu (metan) 2.5 $/Gj
Benzen 570 $/tn Nc (lm lnh 100C) 0.15 (0.3) $/m3
Biphenyl 100 $/tn Hi nc (gia nhit) 15 $/tn
Kh t 50 $/tn Lm lnh 400 $/Gj
Bng 10: [3]
( kW) 620
_ 10 kcal/h (106 Btu/h)
6
63 (250)
_ m3/h (gal/min) 112 (495)
ca benzen v toluen.
kh thi khi gi ca benzene (trn mt n v khi lng) l hn 1,25 ln gi
toluene.
trong giai on cao im.
THD
benzen (v d: benzen v hn hp Xylen) trong giai on nhu cu benzen thp.

C. Mt s phng php khc sn xut Benzen
.K
.
Di y l mt s phng php sn xut benzen trong cng nghip rt hiu
qu. Vic phn tch r cc iu kin cng ngh ca tng phng php l thy

r u nhc im ca chng. T c th a ra mt phng php ti u nht

ng dng v pht trin sn xut benzen, to li nhun cao nht c th.
Cc qu trnh ch yu sn xut benzen bao gm:
* Reforming xc tc.
* Hydrodealkyl ho toluen
* Nhit phn xng

* Sn xut t than
I. Reforming xc tc:
Reforming xc tc s dng nguyn liu l xng chng ct trc tip
1. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh reforming xc
:
- ( alkyl xyclohexan)
-
:
-
-
:
-
- Hydrocracking parafin, naphten
2. iu kin phn ng:
11: c trng vn tc v hiu ng nhit ca nhng phn ng
reforming quan trng:
Vn tc nh hng ca s Hiu ng
Loi phn ng
tng i tng p xut tng cng nhit
Ta nhit va
Hydrocracking Thp nht Vn tc tng
phi
Dehydro ha Khng nh hng ti s
Thp Thu nhit
to vng gim nh trong vn tc
isome ha ca Nhanh Gim vn tc Ta nhit t

paraffin
isome ha
Nhanh Gim vn tc Ta nhit t
naphten
Dehydro ha
Kh nhanh Gim chuyn ha Thu nhit
paraffin
Dehydro ha
Rt nhanh Gim chuyn ha Rt thu nhit
naphten
3.
3.1. Cc loi xc tc
- Xc tc c cha oxyt hoc sunfit Cr, Mo, Ni v W
- Xc tc c cha kim loi qu, thng l Pt hoc Pt kt hp vi kim loi
khc. Hm lng kim loi qu (Pt) dao ng trong khong 0,2 0,8% khi
lng.
Cht mang thng l Al2O3, c cha hp cht halogen (Cl, F hoc kt
hp c hai).
- Cc xc tc lng v a kim loi .
l vic a Re ( hay Ir, Ru, Ag, Au, Ge) vo thnh phn xc tc, gip
tng cng cc tnh cht ca Pt. (Ko di bn hot ng ca xc tc, kh
nng chu ng tt vi hin tng lng ng cc ln b mt xc tc)
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hot tnh xc tc
+ S hnh thnh cc lng ng: Cc lm gim din tch b mt hot ng ca
xc tc, lm cho chuyn ha gim st.
+ Ng c xc tc: ng c xc tc c th xy ra di 2 dng: ng c vnh
vin bi cc kim loi nh As, Pb, Cu, Hg v ng c c th hon nguyn gy ra
bi lu hunh, nito v cc halogen.Cc c t c th c loi b nh qu trnh
x l nguyn liu, thng l qu trnh hydrodesunfua ha.
4. Cng ngh reforming xc tc
Kt cu chung ca h thng reforming xc tc gm 3 hoc 4 thit b phn ng
c t ni tip nhau, ty theo yu cu, b phn un nng nguyn liu v h
thng gia nhit trung gian cho cc dng ra khi cc thit b.
4.1. Cng ngh bn ti sinh
- Cng ngh bn ti sinh, x l xc tc ti ch trong qu trnh dng h
thng theo nh k 6 thng dn 1 nm mt ln.

- Cng ngh ti sinh theo chu k, s dng 1 thit bi phn ng ph tr,

thay th cc thit b phn ng khc ln lt trong qu trnh ti sinh xc tc, m
bo qu trnh sn xut khng b ngt qung. H
2
Thit b phn ng
L gia nhit
Ngng t
Thit b hi lu
phn tch
Thit b
t nng
Nguyn liu My S.p. reformat
b
Hnh 7: Cng ngh reforming vi lp xc
tc c nh UOP Platforming
m
4.2. Ti sinh lin tc (dy chuyn reforming vi lp xc tc chuyn ng)

Vo nhng nm 1970, y l mt ci tin ni bt v qu trnh reforming xc
tc ca UOP v IFP gi l qu trnh CCR. Cc dy chuyn ny vn hnh theo
quy trnh lin tc tho xc tc ra, ti sinh v tun hon tr li thit b phn ng.
Cng ngh ny c p dng vi mc ch sn xut xng v c bit l sn
xut cc hydrocacbon thm, xut pht t kh nng c th tr vng ca xc tc
vi cc iu kin phn ng khc nghit, cho php vng ha su cc parafin, tch
loi nhng hp cht khng b nh hng bi qu trnh hydrocracking, v
hydrodealkyl ha cc hp cht phn t lng ln.
c bit ca dy chuyn ny l cc l phn ng chng ln nhau thnh mt
khi. Xc tc chuyn ng t chy t reator trn cng xung reator cui cng,
sau xc tc lm vic c chuyn sang thit b ti sinh khi phc li
hot tnh ri np tr li reator th nht ri to thnh chu k ln.
II. :
1.
zeolit.

K
Kh nhin liu
h
Xc tc d ti sinh

Cc thit b phn ng
Thit b
H2 tun hon
Ti sinh t nng
Nguyn liu
xc tc
Bm Sn phm
reformat
Hnh 8: S cng ngh reforming xc tc chuyn ng ti sinh lin tc

CCR Platforming ca hng UOP
Bng 12: iu kin vn hnh reforming xc tc [2]

Loi cng Khong Cng Cng Cng Cng ngh
ngh thay i ngh bn ngh ti ngh ti sn xut
chung ti sinh sinh theo sinh lin hydrocacbon
Thng s chu k tc thm
p sut (Mpa) 0,7 4 1,5 2,5 0,7 1,5 1 0,7 1,5
Nhit dng 480 550 510 510 510 520 550
v ra ca qu 540 540 540
trnh (oC)
T l mol 3 10 56 45 34 5
H2/hydrocacbon
trong nguyn
liu
Tc th tch 14 2 3,5 3,5 4 1,5 4 2
LHSV (h-1)

2.
a.
CH3
+ CH4
b. 9
hydrocacbon thm C8.

CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
2 +
CH3
c. (1,2,4,5
tetrametyl benzen)
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
2 +
CH3
CH3 CH3
3.
-
:
13 toluene
[2]
Xylen plus Tatoray Mobil LTD
ARCO Toyo Rayon Mobil
Chemical
Pha p Hi Hi
0
( C) 480 - 520 410 - 470 260 - 315
(MPa) 0.2 3-4 4.5
Khng tham Khng tham
Hydro
gia gia
SiO2-Al2O3 Zeolit T81 Zeolit ZSM-5

1,5
nm
= 3150C
4. -
4.1.
2
-
. Nu ngun cp nguyn liu l cc hp

cht thm C9 v C10 , mt hn hp ca benzene, toluene v Xylen c sn
xut v nng sut cho benzen l thp hn.
H 9 benzene [3]
:

-%
-%
wt - %
10 11
700K [3] 9 u [3]
III. Xng nhit phn:

1.
5
.
14
naphtha [2]
(%)
Xng C5+ 6 6
0
200 C C8
11.8 7.8 9.7
Olefin 5.5 2.4 3.0
Diolefin 18.1 8.7 5.9
Hydrocacbon
thm
Benzen 28.0 35.2 43.7
Toluen 13.9 17.4 21.7
C8 7.2 9.0 11.3
Alkenylbenzen 3.0 3.8 4.7
(Styren)
C9+ 12.5 15.7 -
64.6 81.1 81.4
hydrocacbon thm

100.0 100.0 100.0

220 180 150
(ppm)
2.
6 8
.
3.
, olefin
.
,
:
Hydrodes
.
Hydrodedien
5 2000
6 C8).
3.1.

:
15 [2]
(0C) 120 - 160 80 - 160

(Mpa) 2-6 2 -3
- -
.
- , hay sunfit -
niken mang trn oxyt .
nhm
(h-1) 1- 3 3-8
3.2.
-
60 1500
hyro cao).
280 3500 1,5Mpa.

3.3. .
.
IV. Sn xut benzen t than [2]:
1.

10000
(70 -
, toluen, xylen, naphtalen, antraxen, phenantren
, CO, NH3,
phenol, thiophen, pyridin
2.
300 4000
bon thm.
.
Phng php ny c thay th bng cc phng php sn xut benzen t du
kh trong nm 1930 v 1940, do t l phn trm sn lng thp ca benzen.
Qu trnh ny chim t hn 5%
Niudiln.

12
D. La chn cc qu trnh sn xut benzen:
xut, ,vv.vv.vv..
, nn t
.
c
. Trong khi yu cu t ra l m rng phm vi nguyn liu,
tng ngun nguyn liu m vn gi cht lng sn phm.
2 phng p
n

, .
,
do xng thu c t qu trnh ny c tr s octan cao (RON > 95, chim th phn
t 30- 40% trong xng thng phm th gii). Hay mt s cng ngh reforming
mi ,v d cng ngh CCR ( cng ngh ti sinh lin tc ) mi nht lm tng
ch s octan ln ng k (c th t RON>100) v h p xut vn hnh xung
cn 3 3,5 atm. Trong khi , cng ngh hydrodealkyl ha li s dng ngun
nguyn liu toluen, sn phm d tha, t gi tr chuyn ha thnh hp cht
thm cn thit nh benzen.
toluen.
Hydrodealkylation Toluen c th c thc hin bng xc tc hoc qu trnh
nhit. C hai kh tng t. toluen c gia nhit n 590-650oC v 25-40 atm
cho xc tc hydrodealkylation hoc cao nh 760oC trong cc qu trnh nhit.
chuyn ho cho c hai loi quy trnh l 70-85%.. Cc qu trnh xc tc c li
th ca ti nhit thp hn, nhng h chi ph cht xc tc & i hi hi nhiu
v gim thi gian so vi cc qu trnh nhit. Do ,
qu trnh hyro alkyl ho khng
.

TNH TON THIT K

_ /nm)
A. S cng ngh thit k
Gia nhit cho nguyn liu
Ngun nguyn liu ca c qu trnh l ngun toluen c tinh khit cao,
ngun kh hydro c tinh khit 99% ( ln 1% kh metan). C 2 dng nguyn
liu u c nhit bng nhit mi trng 250C, v p sut t 4.3 Mpa.
Ngun kh hydro c dn vo t dng <1>. Ngun toluen c trn cng vi
dng toluen tun hon <31> thnh dng <3>. Hai dng nguyn liu <1> v <3>
c i qua bm P 101 to p lc cho c qu trnh. Dng nguyn liu <5>
sau khi ra khi bm c a vo thit b trao i nhit E 101. Ti y
nguyn liu c sy s b nh trao i nhit vi dng sn phm <9> ca thit
b phn ng chnh. Ra khi thit b E 101, dng nguyn liu <6> t nhit
298,30C. Dng <6> tip tc c gia nhit bng l nung H 101 t c
nhit 6200C_nhit yu cu phn ng xy ra.
Qu trnh phn ng
Dng nguyn liu <7> sau khi ra khi l nung H 101 t nhit 6200C v
vi p sut 4.3 Mpa l iu kin cho phn ng xy ra. Dng nguyn liu <7>
trc khi vo thit b phn ng chnh R 101 c trn vi dng kh tun hon
<15>. Dng tun hon <15> c thnh phn ch yu l kh hydro v metan, trc
c nn v gia nhit n nhit phn ng. Hn hp nguyn liu l
dng <8> i vo thit b phn ng. y l thit b phn ng xuyn tm, dng
ng, ph hp cho phn ng pha kh. Phn ng chnh xy ra t chuyn ha
75% :
Toluen + Hydro Benzen + Metan
cho qua trnh tnh ton thun tin hn, ta gi s trong thit b R 101 ch
c mt phn ng ph vi chuyn ha 2%:
2 Benzen Biphenyl + Hyro
Mt khc yu cu t ra l trong dng nguyn liu trc khi phn ng, s mol
kh hydro phi gp 4 ln s mol cc hydrocacbon. Do vy trong dng <9> sn
phm ra khi thit b phn ng khng ch c sn phm chnh (Benzen), sn

phm ph (Biphenyl) m cn lng d ca nguyn liu toluen, hydro v metan.

Do cc phn ng xy ra u c hiu ng ta nhit, nn dng sn phm <9> c
nhit ln n 690,50C. Dng <9> c cho qua thit b trao i nhit E 101
sy s b nguyn liu. Sau qu trnh trao i nhit, nhit dng sn phm
h xung 533,70C.
Qu trnh tch kh
Hn hp trc khi tch kh c lm mt n 250C nh qua thit b trao i
nhit E 102. Thp tch V 101 thc hin tch kh trong iu kin p sut cao
4.3Mpa, tc l gi nguyn p sut ca nguyn liu vo. Dng sn phm kh
<12> ch yu gm hydro v metan. Dng kh ny c chia ra 2 dng <13> v
<16> vi t l 50-50. 50% lu lng dng <12> l dong <13> c nn nh
thit b C 101 y dng kh tun hon v thit b phn ng. Sau c gia
nhit nh thit b trao i nhit E 103 t nhit 6200C_nhit phn
ng. 50% lu lng dng <12> cn li l dng <16> c dn ra ngoi_sn
phm kh ca c qu trnh. Dng sn phm lng <18>ch yu l benzen, toluen
v biphenyl c tip tc cho vo thp tch p sut thp V 102. Trong thp
tch V 102, hn hp nguyn liu vo <18> c h p sut xung 280 kPa.
Ti thp tch ny lng kh c tch trit hn m khng lm tht thot
nhiu sn phm chnh nh benzen v toluen. Dng sn phm kh <19> gm ch
yu lng kh hydro v metan cn li c nhp vo dng sn phm kh ca c
qu trnh. Dng sn phm lng <20> c a sang qu trnh chng ct tch
ly sn phm chnh.
Qu trnh chng ct
Qu trnh chng ct gm 3 thp chng ct, v tng hiu qu chng tch th
ti mi thp tch u c dng hi lu sn phm nh v y. Trc khi hi lu
th dong sn phm nh c lm mt, cn dng sn phm y th c gia
nhit. u tin l thp chng tch kh T 101. Nhim v ca thp ny l loi b
hon ton lng kh hydro v metan cn li trong hn hp. Hn hp sau qu
trnh tch dng <20>, c a qua thit b trao i nhit E 104 nng
nhit ln 700C. Nhit ny c c tnh gia trn c s nhit si
ca cu t cn tch v tnh lp chn. Dng sn phm kh <22> c nhp vo
dong sn phm kh <23> ca c qu trnh. Dng sn phm lng <24> ch cn
cc cu t benzen, toluen v biphenyl.
Sau qu trnh chng, dng sn phm y c nhit ln n 124.3 0C. Trong
khi , thp chng T 102 c nhim v tch benzen th cn ngun nguyn liu
c nhit l 1000C, v vy trc khi vo tch benzen, dong sn phm ca thp

tch T 101 c lm mt nh thit b trao i nhit E 107 h nhit

xung cn 1000C l dng nguyn liu <25> ca thp chng T 102. Dng sn
phm kh <26> ca thp chng T 102 l benzen vi lu lng t nng sut
ra 152.625kmol/h. Sn phm benzen sau c lm mt v nhit 250C nh
thit b trao i nhit E 109. Dng sn phm y <28> ca thp chng T -102
cha toluen, biphenyl v ln hm lng nh benzen.
Dng <28> c nhit l 150.30C, theo tnh ton, nguyn liu trc khi vo
thp T 103 tch toluen phi c nhit l 1200C, v vy dng <28> phi
qua trao i nhit ti thit b E 1011 h nhit xung <29>. Dng sn
phm nh <30>ca thp T 103 c tun hon li nguyn liu toluen ban u
nh p lc ca bm P 106. Dng sn phm y <32> thp chng T 103 l
sn phm ph ca qu trnh Biphenyl.

B. Tnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nhit lng

I. Phn mm tnh ton Hysys
2006).
.
II. Trnh t tnh ton trong phn mm Hysys
- Tnh ton thng s ban u
T s liu ban u v nng sut sn phm benzen cn t c, ta tnh lng
nguyn liu cn cho ton qu trnh.
- Xy dng s m phng trong phn mm Hysys
Xy dng s hon thin. Hysys c cc hnh nh m phng thit b, cho
php ta lp c s tng ng vi s trong bn v PFD thit k.
- Nhp s liu tnh ton
Gia vo s liu tnh ton ban u, nhp s liu dng nguyn liu vo s
Hysys, sau iu chnh cc thng s ti cc thit b nhn c lng sn phm
benzen.
- iu chnh cc thng s trong s
Sau khi nhn c s liu sn phm. Nu lng sn phm ny cha t nng
sut ra, tip tc iu chnh s liu ti tng thit b n khi t nng sut sn
phm benzen.

Bn thn phn mm hysys cng c cng c kim tra cn bng vt cht v cn

bng nhit lng cho tng thit b v ton qu trnh. l cng c Balance.
- a ra cc s liu tnh ton
:
- /nm.
- )
, 10% metan)
- Thi gian lu trung bnh l t 25 30 (s)
- : 75%
- : 98%
- : 99%
III. Tnh ton s liu ban u
1.
24
:
(365 15) 24 = 8400 (h)

:
S mol benzen tng ng l:
2.
(H2, CH4)
Toluen
Benzen
Hyro (10% metan) THDA
Byphenyl (C12H10)
:
GToluen + Ghyro + G )= G ) +G ) + GBenzen + GByphenyl
on lm sao lng benzen

cui cng sau khi ra khi qu trnh t nng sut ra l qu trnh tnh lp i lp li
rt phc tp. Qu trnh tnh lp phi gia vo kt qu tnh trc thu hp gii
hn tnh ton v khong kt qu thu c con s chnh xc. Phng php c th
nh sau:
: (G15
6H6 .
B
7 15
8
R - 101

- 75%)
CH3
H2 CH4
(1)
-
2%)
2 H2 (2)
( Byphenyl)
2% ben .
- :
(2):
CH3
2 H2 2 CH4 ( 3 )
2.1.
- Toluen = nBenzen
- :
nToluen (3) = nBenzen (3) = 3.11479 [kmol/h]
- :
2.2. 4 sau q
4 :

= 152.625 + 3.11479
= 155.74 [kmol/h]
2.3.
- :
= 152.625 + 3.11479 = 155.74 [kmol/h]

- Do
:
- Lng toluen khng tham gia phn ng l:
= 207.653 155.74 = 51.9 [kmol/h]

2.4.
- :
nHyro = nHydro (1) + nHyro (3)
- )
:
nhyro = nToluen 4 = 207.653 4 = 830.612 [kmol/h]
GHyro = nHyroM = 830.612 2 = 1661.224 [kg/h]

-
:
- :
nHyro d = n - nHyro P.
= 830.612 154.18
= 676.432 [kmol/h]
2.5. Cn bng vt cht l phn ng R - 101
Bng 16: 101
)
<7> = <8> <9>
Hyro ) 830.612 Hyro (d) 676.432
) 1.04875 ) 1.04875
) 155.74
Benzen 0 Benzen 152.625
) 207.653 Toluen (d) 51.9
Biphenyl 0 Biphenyl 1.5574
[kmol/h] 1039.3 1039.3
IV. Xy dng s m phng trn HYSYS
1. Cc k hiu trong HYSYS
HYSYS c y cc thit b m phng phc v cho qu trnh tnh ton. Sau
y l mt s thit b phc v cho qu trnh xy dng s Hydrodealkyl ha .
Bng 17: Cc k hiu trong HYSYS
K K
hiu Tn thit b hiu Tn thit b
Material Dng vt liu Tee Chia dng
Stream
Separator Thp tch pha Pump Bm

Cooler Lm mt Compressor My nn
Heater Gia nhit Balance Cn bng
Heat Trao i nhit Mixer Nhp dng
Exchanger
Recycle Dng ti sinh Distillation Thp chng ct
Column
Short cut Chng ct m Conversion L P. theo

Distillation phng reactor chuyn ha
2. Mt s nguyn tc khi lm vic trong HYSYS

- Cc s liu mu en l ca phn mm tnh ton
- Cc s liu mu xanh l s liu c th iu chnh
- Ti mi thit b, khi nhp dng vt liu cho thit b, dng no c xy
dng th ta chn. Dng no cha c xy dng th nh tn dng trc tip
nhp.
- Lun gi ch Solver Active_ trn thanh cng c phn mm tnh
ton kt qu.
3. Xy dng s
- Gia vo s PFD, ta thit lp s tng t trn HYSYS
V. Nhp s liu vo s HYSYS
- Theo s liu tnh ton ti Bng 15, ta nhp lng nguyn liu hydro, metan,
toluen vo dng ngyn liu <1>, <2> trong s HYSYS.
Hnh 13: iu kin dng nguyn liu

Hnh 14: Lu lng dng nguyn liu

VI. iu chnh thng s trong HYSYS
- Sau khi nhp li dng tun hon vo nguyn liu, cc thp chng s i hi
li cc iu kin chng tch lm vic. Ta phi iu chnh li cc thng s ti cc
thp chng.
- Ngoi ra phi iu chnh mt s iu kin lu lng benzen sn phm ra
khi qu trnh t ng nng sut ra:
- Nhng iu kin cn iu chnh l:

+ Thnh phn nguyn liu vo dng <1> v <2>
+ Nhit v p sut hn hp trc khi vo 2 thp tch V 101 v V 102.
y l iu kin quyt nh lng vt cht tun hon, lng sn phm tht thot
theo kh thi.
+ T l chia ti thit b TEE 100, y l yu t quyt nh lng vt cht tun
hon nhiu hay t, nh hng n nguyn liu vo thp phn ng, dn n thay i
lng sn phm ra.

+ iu kin ca cc thp chng tch T-101, T-102, T-103. iu ny nh hng

n lng tht thot sn phm Benzen theo cc dng sn phm ph khc.
Sau qu trnh iu chnh, ta c s thay i nh sau:
1. Thay i thnh phn dng nguyn liu.
Bng 18: Thnh phn nguyn liu
Nguyn liu vo
Thnh phn Dng [Kmol/h]
Toluen <2> 160.3
Hydro <1> 820
Metan <1> 1.035
Hnh 15: Thnh phn dng ngyn liu hon chnh
A
13 16
( 40 % ) ( 60 % )
12
2. Thay i t l chia ti TEE 100

Hnh 16: T l chia lu lng dng <12> ti thit b TEE - 100

3. Thay i iu kin chng ct ti thp T 101
- Ti tab Design, mc Monitor, ta nhp gi tr lng sn phm nh Ovhd
Vap Rate l 0.98 [kmol/h]
Hnh 17: iu kin chng ct ti thp T - 101

4. Thay i iu kin chng ct ti thp T 102
- Ti tab Design, mc Connections, nhp s a chng ct l 15

Hnh 18: S a chng ct ti thp T - 102

- Ti tab Design, mc Monitor, nhp s liu nh sau:
Bng 19: iu kin chng ct ti thp T - 102
Reflux Ratio_t s hi lu 10
Ovhd Vap Rate_lu lng sn phm nh 153.8

5. Thay i nhit chng ct thp T 103
- Sau khi th cc s liu, ta thy lng toluen cn li trong dng sn phm
Biphenyl <32> l ln (hn 1 kmol/h). Do , ta cn tng nhit chng ct ln
tch c nhiu toluen hn. Vic ny hon ton d dng, do nhit si ca 2 cu
t ny l khc xa nhau.
- Kch p vo dng vt liu <29>, nhp nhit mi l 160 0C.

Hnh 20: iu kin dng nguyn liu thp chng ct T - 103

6. Thay i s liu thp chng ct T 103
- Ti tab Design, mc Monitor, nhp s liu nh sau:
Bng 20: iu kin chng ct ti thp T - 103
Reflux Ratio_t s hi lu 2
Ovhd Vap Rate_lu lng sn phm nh 51.9

7. Kim tra kt qu
Kim tra lu lng cui cng ca benzen ti dng <27>

Hnh 22: Kt qu dng sn phm benzen

Vi cc iu kin trn, qu trnh t nng sut ra.
VII. Tnh cn bng vt cht nhit lng ca qu trnh THDA
1. Cn bng vt cht nhit lng ca thit b phn ng chnh R 101
B
7 15
8
R - 101
9
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht:
G7 + G15 = G8 = G9
Bng 21: Cn bng vt cht l phn ng R - 101
Dng <7> Dng <15> Dng <8> Dng <9>
Cu t Nguyn liu Tun hon Nguyn liu Sn phm
u kh thp thp
Metan 1.035 103.56 104.6 263.26
Hydro 820 440.51 1260.5 1103.5
Benzen 0.84616 1.7174 2.5636 158.01
Toluen 211.35 0.19385 211.55 52.887
Biphenyl 0 0 0 1.6123

[kmol/h] 1033.235 545.98 1579.216 1579.216

1579.216
- Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng l phn ng R 101:
Q<7> + Q<15> = Q<8> + Q<9> [kj/h]
Bng 22: Cn bng nhit lng l phn ng R 101
Dng Vo Vo Ra
<7> <15> <8> <9>
7
Q [kj/h] 4.84710 3.46106
5.193107 5.193107
5.193107
2. Cn bng vt cht thp tch pha p sut cao V 101
12
11
18
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp tch:

G11 = G12 + G18
Bng 23: Cn bng vt cht thp tch V - 101
Dng <11> Dng <12> Dng <18>
Cu t Nguyn liu thp Pha kh Pha lng
Metan 263.26 258.92 4.34
Hydro 1103.5 1101.3 2.2
Benzen 158 4.2932 153.71
Toluen 52.887 0.48471 52.402
Biphenyl 1.6123 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 1364.954 214.262
1579.216

1579.216
- Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng thp tch V 101:
Q<11> = Q<12> + Q<18> [kj/h]
Bng 24: Cn bng nhit lng thp tch V 101
Dng Vo Ra
<11> <12> <18>
7
-1.91107 8.327106
Q [kj/h] -1.07710
-1.077107
3. Cn bng vt cht thp tch pha p sut thp V 102
19
V - 102
18
20
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp tch:

G18 = G19 + G20
Bng 25: Cn bng vt cht thp tch V - 102
Dng <18> Dng <19> Dng <20>
Cu t Nguyn liu
Pha kh Pha lng
thp
Metan 4.34 3.4241 0.91677
Hydro 2.2 2.135 0.06523
Benzen 153.71 0.2297 153.48
Toluen 52.402 0.02496 52.377
Biphenyl 1.6123 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 214.262 5.81377 208.448
214.262

- Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng thp tch V 102:

Q<18> = Q<19> + Q<20> [kj/h]
Bng 26: Cn bng nhit lng thp tch V - 102
Dng Vo Ra
<18> <19> <20>
5
-2.3610 8.563106
Q [kj/h] 8.327106
8.327106
4. Cn bng vt cht thp chng tch kh T - 101
22
T - 101
21
24
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho ton thp chng T 101:

G21 = G22 + G24
Bng 27: Cn bng vt cht thp chng T - 101
Dng <21> Dng <22> Dng <24>
Cu t
Nguyn liu thp Sn phm nh Sn phm y
Metan 0.91677 0.91677 0
Hydro 0.06523 0.06523 0
Benzen 153.48 0 153.49
Toluen 52.377 0 52.377
Biphenyl 1.6123 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 0.98 207.468
208.448
208.448

- Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng thp chng T 101:

Q<21> + Q6 = Q<22> + Q<24> + Q5 [kj/h]
Trong :
+ Q<i> : Nhit lng dng vt cht i
+ Qi :Nhit lng dng nng lng i
Bng 28: Cn bng nhit lng thp chng T 101
Dng Vo Ra
<21> Q6 <22> <24> Q5
6
Q [kj/h] 9.78110 1.741106 -7.438104 1.158107 1.663104
11.522106 11.522106
5. Cn bng vt cht thp chng tch sn phm benzen T - 102
26
T - 102
25
28
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp chng T 102

G25 = G26 + G28
Dng <25> Dng <26> Dng <28>
Cu t
Metan 0 0 0
Hydro 0 0 0
Benzen 153.48 152.63 0.84735
Toluen 52.377 1.1482 51.229
Biphenyl 1.6123 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 153.7798 53.688
207.46845

207.46845
Q<25> + Q9 = Q<26> + Q<28> + Q8 [kj/h]

Dng <25> Q9 <26> <28> Q8
7
Q [kj/h] 1.07810 4.949107 1.401107 2.09810 6
4.415107
60.27106 60.27106
6. Cn bng vt cht thp chng tch sn phm toluen T - 103
30
T - 103
29
32
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp T 103:

G29 = G30 + G32
Dng <29> Dng <30> Dng <32>
Cu t
Metan 0 0 0
Hydro 0 0 0
Benzen 0.84735 0.84735 0
Toluen 51.229 51.053 0.17668
Biphenyl 1.6123 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 51.9 1.79289
53.688
53.688
Q<29> + Q12 = Q<30> + Q<32> + Q11 [kj/h]
Dng Vo Ra
<29> Q12 <30> <32> Q11
6
Q [kj/h] 3.63110 3.353106 3.405106 3.726105 3.208106
6.984106 6.984106
7. Cn bng vt cht cho ton qu trnh

:
(H2, CH4)
Toluen Q
Benzen
THDA
Hyro (10% metan)
Byphenyl (C12H10)
:
GToluen + Ghyro + G )= G ) +G ) + GBenzen + GByphenyl
Bng 33: Cn bng vt cht cho ton qu trnh
Dng nguyn liu Dng sn phm
Cu t <1> <2> <23> <27> <33>
Ng.l Ng.l S.p kh S.p S.p
Hydro Toluen Benzen Biphenyl
Metan 1.035 0 159.69 0 0
Hydro 820 0 662.96 0 0
Benzen 0 0 2.8056 152.63 0
Toluen 0 160.3 0.31579 1.1482 0.17668

Biphenyl 0 0 0 0 1.6123
[kmol/h] 821.035 160.3 825.766 153.779 1.79
981.335 981.335
Bng 34: Cn bng vt cht cho ton qu trnh

Nhit lng vo Nhit lng ra
<1> -7.859104 <23> -1.177107
<2> 2.143106 <27> 7.673106
Q2 -1.63710-9 <33> 1.993105
Q3 1.11107 Q1 4.597107
Q4 1.219106 Q5 1.663104
Q6 1.741106 Q7 8.038105
Q9 4.949107 Q8 4.415107
Q12 3.353106 Q10 -1.533106
Q13 3.245106 Q11 3.208106
Q15 2.302107 Q16 6.341106
- - Q17 1.733105
Q [kj/h] 95.232106 Q [kj/h] 95.232106

Hnh 23:Cn bng vt cht ton qu trnh trong HYSYS

Bng 35: Cn bng vt cht nhit lng ton qu trnh
S dn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Phn hi 1 0 0 0.8147 0.8147 1 1 1 1 1 0.8643
T [0C] 25 25 185 113.2 113.2 299 620 620 698 524.8 25
P [kpa] 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300
G [kg/h] 1669.724 14770.17 19540.4 21210.13 21210.13 21210.13 21210.13 23911.65 23911.65 23911.65 23911.65
N[kmol/h] 821.035 160.3 212.2 1033.235 1033.235 1033.235 1033.235 1579.216 1579.216 1579.216 1579.216
G [kj/h] -7.86104 2.143106 8.8106 8.7106 8.7106 2.54107 4.84107 5.2107 5.2107 3.5107 -1.07107
S mol ca cc cu t [kmol/h]
Hydro 820 0 0 820 820 820 820 1260.5 1103.5 1103.5 1103.5
Metan 1.035 0 0 1.035 1.035 1.035 1.035 104.6 263.26 263.26 263.26
Benzen 0 0 0.846 0.846 0.846 0.846 0.846 2.5636 158 158 158
Toluen 0 160.3 211.35 211.35 211.35 211.35 211.35 211.55 52.887 52.887 52.887
Biphenyl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6123 1.6123 1.6123

Bng 35:Cn bng vt cht nhit lng ton qu trnh
S dng 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Phn hi 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0.0008 1
T [0C] 25 25 25 620 25 23.12 25 26.75 26.75 70 -148.8
P [Mpa] 4300 4300 4300 4300 4300 280 4300 280 280 280 280
G [kg/h] 6753.936 2701.574 2701.574 2701.574 4052.36 4131.84 17157.1 790478 17077.628 17077.628 14.81
N[kmol/h] 1364.954 545.98 545.98 545.98 818.97 824.786 214.262 5.8137 208.448 208.448 0.98
G [kj/h] -1.9107 -7.6106 -7.6106 3.46106 -1.4107 -1.7107 8.3106 -2.36105 8.56106 9.78106 -7.47104
S mol ca cc cu t
Hydro 1101.3 440.5 440.5 440.5 660.75 662.89 2.2 2.135 0.065 0.065 0.065
Metan 258.92 103.57 103.57 103.57 155.35 158.77 4.34 3.4241 0.9167 0.9167 0.9167
Benzen 4.2932 1.7173 1.7173 1.7173 2.5759 2.8056 153.71 0.2297 153.48 153.48 0
Toluen 0.4847 0.1938 0.1938 0.1938 0.29 0.31579 52.402 0.02496 52.377 52.377 0
Biphenyl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6123 0 1.6123 1.6123 0

Bng 35: Cn bng vt cht nhit lng ton qu trnh
S dng 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Phn hi 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.8765 1 1 0 0
T [0C] 22.89 124.3 100 118 25 151.3 160 150.3 495.4 266.9 25
P [Mpa] 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 4300 280 280
G [kg/h] 4146.647 17062.82 17062.82 12027.73 12027.73 5035 5035 4770.228 4770.228 265.5 265.5
N[kmol/h] 825.766 207.4687 207.4687 153.779 153.779 53.688 53.688 51.9 51.9 1.79 1.79
G [kj/h] -1.17107 1.16107 1.07107 1.4107 7.67106 2.1106 3.6106 3.4106 6.65106 3.7105 1.9105
S mol ca cc cu t
Hydro 662.96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Metan 159.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Benzen 2.8056 153.48 153.48 152.63 152.63 0.847 0.847 0.847 0.847 0 0
Toluen 0.31579 52.377 52.377 1.1482 1.1482 51.229 51.229 51.053 51.053 0.176 0.176
Biphenyl 0 1.6123 1.6123 0 0 1.6123 1.6123 0 0 1.6123 1.6123

C. Tnh ton kch thc thit b phn ng chnh

I. Tnh ton chiu cao l phn ng
L phn ng trong qu trnh THDA l loi l xuyn tm. Cu to c th c
th hin trong bn v kh A0. Di y l hnh v m phng cc kch thc c bn
ca l tin tnh ton.
hd
DTT
D
D D
F H1 H
D
hd
Hnh 24: Kch thc c bn l phn ng chnh R - 101
Chiu cao vng phn ng trong l H1 c tnh theo cng thc.
H1 = V1.F
Trong :
V1: th tch vng phn ng trong l (m3).
F: Tit din vng gia cc ng lc _ vng mu xm (m2).
Gi tr F c tnh theo cng thc:
Trong :
DT: ng knh trong ca l phn ng th nht; chn DT = 2.4 m
:Khong cch gia thn l v v l; chn = 0,07 m
D: ng knh ca ng trung tm; chn D = 0,5 m

F = 3.8132 (m2)
- Theo HYSYS tnh ton, ta thy rng: nguyn liu trc khi vo thp phn
ng l dng <8> c tc th tch dng vt liu l:
V = 2755 [m3/h]
Hnh 25: Cc thng s ca dng nguyn liu <8>

- Theo s liu ban u, thi gian lu nm trong khong 25 30 [s]. Ta chn
thi gian lu l 25 [s] l thi gian ti thiu cho php, nh vy s tr i sai s th
tch ti np v y thit b. Vy thit b phn ng cn c th tch vng phn ng l:
Chiu cao vng phn ng l:

H1 = V1 / F = 19.1319/3.8132 = 5.017 (m)
Chn chiu cao vng phn ng quy chun l H1 = 5 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca l phn ng l:
H = H1 + 2.hd
Trong :
hd: l chiu cao y (np) thit b. [Tra bng VIII 10, trang 382] [15]
DT = 2400 mm hd = 600 mm
Vy chiu cao tng th ca l phn ng R 101:

H = H1 + 2.hd = 5 + 20.6 = 6.2 [m]

II. Tnh ton kch thc bch ni
Db
D1
db
h
Do
Dt
Hnh 26: Kch thc bch ni y v np vi thn l phn ng

- Chn bch lin bng thp ni np v y thp vi thn thit b.
- Tra bng [XIII. 27 - 417][15], ng vi D =2400 mm ta c kch thc ca
bch nh sau:
Bng 36: Kch thc bch ni y v np vi thn l phn ng
Kch thc ni
Dt Bulng h
D Db D1 D0
mm db z
mm Ci
2400 2550 2500 2460 2415 M24 56 35

Phn III
THIT K XY DNG NH MY
( M phng t hp sn xut hydrocacbon thm ca UOP)
S tng trng kinh t ca mi quc gia ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong c
s ng gp c bit quan trng ca nn kinh t cng nghip v iu quan trng
nht vn l xc nh a im xy dng.
Xc nh a im xy dng hp l s to iu kin tt cho giai on chun b
u t l c s pht trin sn xut, kinh doanh ca nh my trc mt cng nh lu
di. V tr ca nh my s quyt nh s nh hng trc tip n mi trng.
Trong tng giai on pht trin, nh nc u c nh hng qui hoch c tm
chin lc ph hp vi s pht trin ca thc tin khch quan, th ch chnh tr,
ch trng ng li pht trin kinh t.
V vy, vic xc nh a im xy dng nh my l vn then cht tho
mn vi ch trng ng li ca nh nc nhm mc ch tn ti v pht trin lu
di.
I. Phn tch a im xy dng nh my
1. Cc yu cu chung:
Nh my c t trong khu cng nghip Dung Qut- Qung Ngi. Khu cng
nghip Dung Qut l ni c a im xy dng ph hp vi qui hoch lnh th, qui
hoch vng, qui hoch cm kinh t cng nghip v c chnh ph Vit Nam
ph duyt. Hin nay khu cng nghip Dung Qut v ang c xy dng.
( Bn qui hoch khu cng nghip Dung Qut ti phn PH LC )
Nh my sn xut Benzen t trong khu cng nghip Dung Qut to iu kin
pht huy ti a cng sut ca nh my v kh nng hp tc sn xut ca nh my
vi nh my ln cn.
Nh my sn xut Benzen t trong khu cng nghip Dung Qut, ngun nguyn
liu cho nh my l hydro cc qu trnh lc du c th p ng sn xut

benzen. Sn phm Benzen c th tiu th ngay trong ni tnh cng nh cc tnh ln

cn: Qung Nam, Nng, Bnh nh... v xut khu sang nc ngoi.
Cc ngun cung cp nng lng, nhin liu nh: in, nc, hi, kh nn, du...
c th ly t cc nh my ln cn nh vy s hn ch ti a cc chi ph cho vn
chuyn, h gi thnh sn phm v thc y pht trin ca nh my.
Qung Ngi l mt tnh nm trong vng trng im pht trin kinh t ca chnh
ph, vi d n pht trin khu cng nghip cao. Xy dng nh my ti khu cng
nghip s tn dng ti a h thng giao thng quc gia bao gm: ng st, ng
b, ng thy v ng hng khng.
Hng ng cch khong 6 km l bin c cng su Dung Qut vi su v
rng rt thun tin cho cc tu c trng ti ln cp bn v c th nhiu tu cp bn
mt ln.
Hng ty nam l mng li giao thng quc gia c c ng b ( Quc l 1A
)v ng st i qua.
Hng bc gip vi khu kinh t m Chu Lai (Qung Nam), gn sn bay Chu Lai.
V vy v mt giao thng s thun tin cho vic vn chuyn nguyn liu, nhin liu
v nh my cng nh vn chuyn sn phm ca nh my i tiu th. ng thi tn
dng ti a mng li cung cp in, thng tin lin lc v cc mng li k thut
khc.
Mt khc vt liu, vt t xy dng ly ngay trong ni tnh do gim chi ph gi
thnh u t xy dng c bn ca nh my, hn ch ti a chi ph cho vn chuyn
vt t xy dng t ni xa n, ng thi gp phn thc y s pht trin ca tnh
Qung Ngi.
Ngun nhn cng di do, y l yu t quan trng trong qu trnh y mnh
xy dng nh my cng nh vic vn hnh nh my sau ny, to iu kin cng n
vic lm cho cng dn trong tnh v cc tnh ln cn trong qu trnh th ho.
Tuy nhin do trnh k thut Vit Nam cn thp, khi xy dng v vn hnh
vn cn c cc chuyn gia nc ngoi. Ngun cng nhn ch yu l cc k s tt
nghip cc trng i hc trong nc nh Bch Khoa H Ni, Bch Khoa thnh
ph H Ch Minh, M , Tng Hp....

2. Cc yu cu v khu t xy dng:
Ti khu cng nghip Dung Qut-Qung Ngi khu t c hnh dng ch nht rt
thun tin cho xy dng v b tr mt bng sn xut.
Khu t cao ro khng b ngp lt vo ma ma, c mc nc ngm thp to
iu kin cho vic thot nc thi v nc b mt d dng.
Khu t tng i bng phng, c dc t nhin 0,7, do chi ph cho san lp
l khng ng k, mt khc li thun li cho vic cp thot nc trong ma ma.
Vi nn t st kt hp vi ong nn m bo tnh chu ti trng ln, gim
c ti a san lp nn gim ti a chi ph gia c nn mng cc hn mc cng
trnh.
3. Cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip:
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc nh my thng thi ra cc cht c hi nh: Kh
c, nc bn, khi bi, ting n.... Hoc cc yu t bc li khc nh d chy, n,
nhim mi trng.... hn ch ti a nh hng xu ca mi trng cng
nghip n khu dn c, cc di tch lch s, danh lam thng cnh ca a phng ta
phi b tr hp l. Vi a hnh ca nh my l hng ng gip vi bin v hng
gi ch o l hng ty nam v vy cc cht kh bi ca nh my s t hoc khng
nh hng ti khu dn c. ng thi phi thc hin cc gii php phn khu v b
tr hng cho hp l m bo v sinh mi trng.
II. Phn tch thit k mt bng nh my
Tng mt bng nh my c thit k da trn nguyn tc phn vng.
1. Nguyn tc phn vng:
Tu theo c tnh sn xut ca nh my m phn vng cho hp l. Trong thc tin
thit k, bin php phn chia khu t thnh cc vng theo c im s dng l ph bin
nht . Tng mt bng nh my c chia lm 4 vng chnh:
+ Vng trc nh my :
Ni b tr cc nh hnh chnh qun l, phc v sinh hot , cng ra vo, gara t
xe my, xe p, phng bo v, nh n ...Din tch t 4 20% tng din tch ton
nh my.

+ Vng sn xut :
Vng sn xut bao gm phn xng sn xut chnh, phng iu khin trung tm,
nh kho nguyn liu v kho sn phm ...Din tch t 22 25% tng din tch ton
nh my .
+ Vng ph tr phc v sn xut :
Vng ny bao gm cc kho cng c, phn xng c kh , trm in, b phn
nc sinh hot, x l nc thi, nh cu ho ... Din tch t 19 28% tng din
tch ton nh my.
+ Vng kho tng v phc v giao thng :
Vng ny bao gm ni xut sn phm, h thng kho hng, bn bi, cc cu bc
d hng ho ... Din tch t 23 37% tng din tch ton nh my.
2. u - nhc im ca nguyn tc phn vng:
* u im:
+ D dng qun l theo cc xng, cng on ca dy chuyn sn xut.
+ D dng b tr h thng giao thng trong nh my.
+ Thun li trong qu trnh pht trin nh my.
+ m bo c cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip, d dng x l cc b phn
pht sinh cc iu kin bt li trong qu trnh sn xut. iu ny c bit quan
trng trong cc nh my sn xut cc cht d chy n nh MTBE.
+ Ph hp vi c im kh hu Vit Nam.
* Nhc im:
+ H thng ng ng k thut v mng li giao thng tng ln.
+ Dy chuyn sn xut phi ko di.
+ H s xy dng, s dng t thp.
3. Cc hng mc cng trnh:
3.1. Bng thng k cc hng mc:
Cc hng mc cng trnh ca nh my c thng k trong bng

3.2. Cc d liu kinh t k thut:

Khu t xy dng c dng hnh ch nht c:
Tng din tch ton phn xng: F = 300 x 200 = 60.000 m2.
Din tch xy dng: Sxd = 30755m2.
Din tch s dng: Ssd = 3/2.Sxd = 3/2. 30755 = 46132.5 m2.
H s xy dng : Kxd =30755/60000 = 51.25%.
H s s dng : Ksd = 46132.5/60000 = 76.88%.
Bng 37 : Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh
Din
Kch thc [m] S
S
tch l
STT Tn cc hng mc cng trnh tng
ng
Di Rng Cao [m2]
1 Phng bo v 3 3 4,2 9 1 5
2 Phng y t 15 10 4,8 150 1 1
3 Nh n, cng tin 40 10 12 400 2 1
4 Nh thay ca 25 10 12 250 2 1
5 Nh hnh chnh 25 10 12 250 2 1
6 Nh xe p, xe my 20 20 5 400 1 1
7 Nh xe con 10 20 5 200 1 1
8 Nh iu khin hot ng nh my 25 10 12 250 2 1
9 Phng th nghim 10 10 12 100 2 1
10 Trm bm nc 10 7 5 70 1 1
11 Trm cu ha 10 7 5 70 1 1
12 Bn nc cho trm bm v cu ha 15 5 - 75 - 2
13 Nh xe cng ph 15 3 5 45 1 1
14 Khu vc xe ti, xe chuyn ch 30 20 5 600 1 1
15 Khu vc bn b cha nguyn liu 50 25 - 1250 - 1
16 Khu vc bn b cha sn phm 70 25 - 1750 - 1
17 Trm x l nc thi 15 10 6 150 1 1
18 Trm x l kh thi 15 10 6 150 1 1
19 Xng sa cha, bo dng thit b 30 10 6 300 1 1

20 Nh kho 20 10 6 200 1 1
21 Trm in 10 5 5 50 1 1
Khu vc sn xut (200 120)
22 Phn xng NHT 35 35 - 1225 - 1
23 Phn xng Platforming 70 35 - 2450 - 1
24 Phn xng Sulforlane 80 35 - 2800 - 1
25 Phn xng THDA 45 35 - 1575 - 1
26 Phn xng Tatoray 45 35 - 1575 - 1
27 Phn xng Isomar 35 35 - 1225 - 1
28 Phn xng Parex 70 35 - 2450 - 1
29 Thp tch Reformate - - - - - 1
30 Thp chng tch Benzen - - - - - 1
31 Thp chng tch Toluen - - - - - 1
32 Thp chng tch Xylen - - - - - 1
33 Thp chng tch Heptan - - - - - 1
34 Thp chng tch Ortho Xylen - - - - - 1
35 Thp chng tch hp cht thm nng - - - - - 1
Tng din tch xy dng 30755

Bng 38: B tr thit b trong phn xng THDA
K hiu Thit b
P1 Bm nguyn liu
E1 Trao i nhit s b
H L t gia nhit
R Thit b phn ng chnh
E2 Trao i nhit dng tun hon
C My nn dng tun hon
V1 Thp tch pha lng - kh p sut cao
V2 Thp tch pha lng kh p sut thp
P2 Bm sn phm

III.Thit k mt bng
1. Yu cu t ra i vi nh my
Nh my l mt t hp cc phn xng sn xut hydrocacbon thm, c xy
dng da trn m hnh ca tp on UOP. y l m hnh c UOP nghin cu
v pht trin nhiu nm. Gia cc phn xng c s phi hp cht ch v ngun
nguyn liu v sn phm, c bit l qu trnh chng tch sn phm. Nh m
gim ti c thit b, chi ph u t, din tch mt bng. Do , kt cu nh my
phi c thit k tht khoa hc v hp l, to s phi hp cht ch gia cc phn
xng, pht huy ti a cng sut nh my. Bn cnh vn m bo nguyn tc
phn vng trong thit k xy dng.
Ngun nguyn liu ch yu ca nh my l phn on naphta t nh my lc du
Dung Qut _ nm pha ng nh my. Sn phm ca nh my c th xut ra khu
cng nghip pha ng nh my, hay cc vng cng nghip khc trn ton quc
theo quc l 1A v ng cao tc nm pha ty nh my. V vy giao thng trong
nh my phi c b ch hp l, m bo an ton v thun tin cho qu trnh lu
thng ca dng ngi, dng xe. ng thi m bo lu thng ca nguyn liu, sn
phm, cc ho cht ph tr cng nh xc tc v cc thit b phng tin ph tr
khc.
Nh my sn xut c xy dng trn khu t c u tin c bit v a hnh,
a th, m bo c chu lc cho php khi xy dng v vn hnh, nn tng i
cao, thun tin cho cp thot nc v trnh ngp lt trong ma ma l.
Do l mt nh my ho cht, iu kin lm vic ca nh my c nhng cng
on i hi rt khc khe v ch cng ngh sn phm d gy chy n do cn
c bit ch v tuyt i m bo an ton chng chy n trong phn xng.
Vi tnh cht chy n ca nh my ho cht do vy vn trnh c hi cho con
ngi cng nh khng gy nhim mi trng cng phi c ch c bit.
2. T hp sn xut hydrocacbon ca UOP
- Quy trnh Naptha Hydrotreating (NHT) - Loi b lu hunh v cc cht
nhim nit trong nguyn liu naphtha
- Quy trnh CCR platforming Bin i nguyn liu naphta thnh cc hp
cht thm (BTX) v hydro c tinh khit cao

- Quy trnh ED Sulfolane -chit xut Benzene v toluene t reformate bng

cch s dng chng ct.
- Quy trnh Tatoray Qa trnh bt phn b toluen c p dng vi hp
cht C9, C10 + sn xut benzen v xylen.
- Quy trnh THDA S dng nhit tch nhm alkyl ca toluen v cc
hp cht thm nng sn xut benzen
- Quy trnh Parex Phn tch para-xylen c tinh khit cao t ng phn
hn hp cht thm C8
- Quy trnh Isomar Qu trnh chuyn ha ca ng phn xylen v eltyl
Benzene thnh benzen v xylen
Hnh 27: T hp sn xut hydrocacbon thm ca UOP

3. Gii php thit k xy dng
3.1. Gii php xy dng l thin

Ngy nay, cc nh my ha hc khng ch cn l mt phn xng nh vi cc

thit b chng ct n gin nh xa. S phi hp ca nhiu phn xng v qui m
sn xut bin c nh my thnh mt t hp ca nhiu qu trnh sn xut phc
tp. Yu cu v din tch cng nh khong khng ca cc ng ng v thit b
c p ng bng gii php xy dng l thin.
3.1.1. ngha v tc dng:
Gim ti trng tc dng ln khung chu lc ca cng trnh khng c ti trng bao
che, lc gi ngang.. Do vy gim c khi lng xy dng t 20 40%, tit kim
c u t ban u.
Gim thi gian thit k ,chun b v thi cng cng trnh .
Nng cao tnh linh hot ca cng trnh, d dng b tr, sp xp v sa cha thit
b, ng thi to iu kin m rng v ci to cng trnh. t phi quan tm n in
chiu sng, gim nguy c chy n.
T nhng u im trn, phn xng sn xut c th gim xy dng 5-20% so
vi dng cng trnh kn gim gi thnh 50% , do gim gi thnh sn phm t 8-
18%.
3.1.2. Cc nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng l thin :
Trong cc phn xng l thin do chu tc ng trc tip nn cc thit b chu
c s n mn, ph hu ca kh hu Vit Nam.
Qu trnh sn xut phi c c gii, t ng ho ti mt phng iu khin
trung tm, hn ch ti a lm vic ngoi tri , khi phi c mi che.
Nh iu khin trung tm phi c kt cu chng gi, chng n, y tin nghi
v an ton nht, c t ti ni c kh nng quan st tt nht ton phn xng khi
cn thit.
3.2.Thit k xy dng
Bn thit k mt bng xy dng c trnh by bn v ln (A0).
Theo nhng yu cu t ra ca nh my, v cc nguyn tc c bn trong thit
k v xy dng, ti b tr cc hng mc cng trnh nh sau :

- Theo nghin cu, hng gi ch o trong nm ca Qung Ngi l hng

ng, ngoi ra c gi ti hng bc v ty bc. Nh my c hng chnh quay v
hng bc.
- Nh my c 3 cng ra vo :
+ Cng chnh quay hng bc, l cng ln nht. Thun tin cho cng nhn ra
vo, tip khch v giao dch thng mi.
+ Cng ph bn pha ng thun tin cho xe chuyn ch ngun nguyn liu t
nh my Dung Qut.
+Cng ph pha Ty nh my thun tin cho xe chuyn ch sn phm i cc khu
cng nghip v ra ng quc l.
- Ton nh my c chia ra lm 4 khu vc c bn
+ Khu vc pha trc nh my bao gm nh hnh chnh, hi trng, nh thay
ca,...
+ Din tch trung tm nh my l t hp cc phn xng sn xut hydrocacbon
thm.
+ Hai bn nh my l cc khu nh ph tr.
+ Cui nh my l khu vc bn b cha nguyn liu, sn phm, v trm x l
kh thi v nc thi.
- Cc hng mc ca cng trnh th ty theo chc nng m c b tr u hay
cui hng gi. C th :
+ Khu vc hnh chnh, sinh hot ca cng nhn c b tr u hng gi.
+ X l kh thi, nc thi pha cui nh my.
+ Cc hng mc t c s sinh hot ca cng nhn : trm, khu vc bn b cha th
cui hng gi.
- Khu vc xe ti chuyn ch cui nh my, song u hng gi, gn
ni bn b cha nguyn liu v sn phm thun tin giao thng. Trnh ch tc
giao thng trong nh my.

- Nh cu ha gn cc phn xng, khu vc bn b cha thun tin khi

c s c chy n.
- Nh cu ha, trm nc, v bn nc gn nhau s thun tin h tr cho
nhu trong vic bn nc v cu ha.
- Khu nh iu hnh chnh u nh my, u hng gi s yn tnh v trnh
kh thi. Song t nh iu khin trung tm hon ton c th quan st ton b cc
phn xng tin cho qu trnh iu hnh.
- Trm in c b tr gc nh my, mn bn pha ty, thun tin cho
ng in vo t ng in li quc gia.
- Khu nh ph tr t c sinh hot nh : trm in, nh kho,..c b tr mn
pha ty l cui hng gi ng.
- Khu ph tr cn trnh kh thi nh my nh : nh n, cng tin, phong y
t,..c b tr mn pha ng nh my l u hng gi.
- Cc phn xng v thp chng trong khu vc sn xut c b tr sao cho
thun tin cho ng tip nguyn liu v ly sn phm, c bit l s phi hp sao
cho ng ng dn ni l ngn nht.

Phn IV
TNH TON KINH T

I. Cc s liu ban u
- S ngy lm vic ca phn xng THDA trong 1 nm l 350 ngy.
- Nng sut doanh nghip dy chuyn 100.000 tn benzen/nm.
- Nhn lc v b tr lc lng sn xut:
+ 1 qun c.
+ 1 ph qun c.
+ 4 k s cng ng ha hc.
+ 2 K s in v 2 k s c kh.
+ 20 cng nhn lnh ngh.
+ 3 bo v.
+ 2 cng nhn lm cng tc v sinh.
- Tng s 35 ngi c chia lm 3 ca:
6h 14h 22h 6h
II. S vn u t phn xng:
1. Vn u t c nh :
+ Chun b mt bng.
+ Nh xng.
+ Thit b.
+ Thu t.
+ Chy th sn xut v nh hng vn hnh.
1.1. Chun b mt bng :
Gi thit mt bng t tng i bng phng, chi ph cho sang lp v gia c t
l 100 triu VN.

1.2. Phn xng:

Gi s xy dng ton phn xng cn :
+ Mt trm tn thp, thp I cn thp I ghp, thp L, thp bn vi gi 6,5 triu
ng/tn.
+ 50 tn vt liu khc: b tng, gch, bi tum, xi mng, ct vi gi trung bnh 1
triu VN/tn.
Vy chi ph mua vt liu xy dng l:
100 x 6,5 + 50 1,0 = 700 triu VN.
1.3. Vn u t thit b:
Vi dy chuyn sn xut hin i ca hng UOP th Vit Nam cha c kh nng
v iu kin cng nh thit b ti tn sn xut cung cp ton b cc thit b phn
xng yu cu, do mt s thit b phc tp v quan trng nh thit b dehydro
ho, ete ho, thp ti sinh xc tc phi mua t nc ngoi, s cn li c th mua
trong nc hoc mua thp CT3 v gia cng.
Gi thit chi ph mua cc loi thit b nc ngoi 800 triu ng. Cn khi
lng thp CT3 cn mua ch to cc thit b cn li, ng ng l 100 tn vi
gi th trng th gii l 500 USD/tn. Vy s tin u t cho thit b l:
800 + 100 x500 16.000 = 1600 triu ng.
1.4. Chi ph xy dng v lp t:
Gi s chi ph cho xy dng phn xng v lp t thit b l 500 triu
VN.
1.5. Thu t:
Gi thu t hin nay i vi t nng nghip l 5 triu/ha nm.
5 x 2,0 = 10 triu / nm.
Gi s phn xng hot ng trong 20 nm vy chi ph cho thu t l.
10x 20 x 2,0 = 800 triu VN.
1.6. Chi ph cho qu trnh chy th v hng dn s dng thit b:

Gi s hng dn v cho phn xng sn xut hot ng trong 3 ngy khong 50

triu VN.
Vy tng chi ph c nh l:
100 + 700 + 1600 + 500 + 10 + 50 = 2960 triu VN.
2. Chi ph u t khai thc:
- Chi ph mua nguyn vt liu.
- Chi ph cho in nc.
- Chi ph cho b phn qun l doanh nghip.
- Tr lng cho cng nhn v k s.
- Chi ph bo dng.
- Chi ph cho nhng vn v s c ngng hot ng.
2.1. Chi ph nguyn vt liu:
Bng 39: Nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut benzen
[kg/h] [tn/nm]
Hydro 1653.1 13886.040
Metan 16.604 139.4736
Toluen 14770.17 124069.428
16439.874 138094.94
Tng nguyn liu cho qu trnh l:
138094.94 tn/nm.
Gi s mc gi chung cho hai loi ny l 1 triu VN/tn th chi ph mua
nguyn vt liu l:
138094.94 x 1,0 = 138094.94 triu VN/tn.
Tnh cho mt n v sn phm l:
138094.94
1,38 triu VN/benzen.
100000

2.2. Chi ph cho in nc:

+ Nc : Gi s mi gi phn xng s dng nc l 20 m3 nc, gi nc
cng nghip l 2800 /m3.
Vy chi ph cho s dng nc l :
20 .2800.24 .350 = 470.4 triu VN.
+ in : Gi s mi gi ton phn xng dng 500 kw, sinh hot dng 10kw.
Vy s in s dng trong mt nm l:
(500 + 10)x24 350 = 4284000 kw.
Gi in cng nghip hin ti l 1200 /kw. Vy chi ph s dng in l:
4284000 x 1200 = 5140,8 triu ng/nm.
Tnh cho mt n v sn phm l:
5140.8/100000 = 0.0514 triu VN/tn benzen.
Tng chi ph nc v in:
470.4 + 5140.8 = 5611.2 triu VN
2.3. Tng chi ph cho cng nhn:
- Tr lng mc bnh qun 3 triu VN/ngi : thng
- Tng chi ph tr lng cho cng nhn trong 1 nm:
35x3x12 = 1260 Triu VN/nm.
Hay 0.0126 triu VN/1 tn benzen
+ Trch 20% theo lng tr bo him x hi, bo him y t...
1260 x 0,2 = 252 triu VN/nm.
Hay 0,00252 triu VN / tn benzen
+ Tr ph cp c hi 10% lng +10% cho cc bi.
12600,2 = 252 triu VN/nm.
Hay 0,00252 triu VN/ tn benzen.
2.4. Chi ph bo dng:

Gi s chi ph bo dng mt nm l 20 triu.

2.5. Chi ph cho nhng vn v s c ngng hot ng: 50 triu.
*Vy tng chi ph khai thc l:
138094.94 + 5611.2 + 1260 + 252 + 252 + 20 + 50
= 145540.14 triu VN / nm.
3. Vn u t lu ng (Doanh thu/ s vng quay):
+ Ly s vng quay l 4.
+ n gi bn th trng l 3,5 triu VN/tn sn phm.
Doanh thu = 100000 x 3,5 = 350000 triu VN/nm.
350000
Vn u t lu ng = 87500 triu VN/nm.
4
4. Tnh khu hao phn xng :

- n gin, ta xem xt khu hao ti sn bao gm:
+ Khu hao thit b 10%: 1600 0,1 = 160 triu VN/nm.
+ Khu hao phn xng 15%: 700 x 0,15 = 105 triu VN/ nm.
- Tng khu hao ti sn c nh l: 265 triu VN/ tn benzen.
- Gi cc khu hao khc chim 20% khu hao ti sn c nh:
265 0,2 = 53 triu VN/nm.
Hay 0.53 10 3 triu VN/ tn sn phm.
Tng khu hao phn xng:
265 + 53 = 318 triu VN/nm.
Hay 3.18x10-3 triu VN/tn benzen.
5. Tng chi ph sn xut chung:
Chi ph nguyn liu trc tip + chi ph nhn cng + ch ph chung phn xng,
th hin bng sau:
Bng 40: Chi ph sn xut chung cho qu trnh THDA

Tnh mt n v Tnh cho c nm

Cc loi chi ph sn phm (triu ng)
(triu ng)
Chi ph nguyn liu trc tip
+ Nguyn liu chung 1.38 138094.94
+ in + nc 0.056 5611.2
Chi ph nhn cng
+ Lng 0.0126 1260
+ Trch 20% ng bo him 0,00252 252
+ 10% c hi v 10% bi 0,00252 252
Chi ph sn xut sut chung
cho phn xng
+ Khu hao ti sn c nh 2.6510-3 265
+ Chi ph khc 0.5310-3 53
Chi ph bo dng v nhng
s c
+ Bo dng 0.210-3 20
+ S c 0.510-3 50
Chi ph sn xut chung 1.4575 145858.14
6. Chi ph qun l doanh nghip:
- Gi s chi ph qun l doanh nghip chim 2% chi ph sn xut chung.
0,02 x 145858.14 = 2917.1628 triu VND/ nm.
hay 0,029 triu VND/tn sn phm.
- Tng gi thnh bng tng chi ph sn xut chung cng vi chi ph tiu th cng
vi chi ph qun l doanh nghip. (tng gi thnh xem bng 37)
Bng 41: Tng gi thnh qu trnh THDA
C nm Mt n v sn
STT Chi ph
(triu VN) phm (triu VND)
1 Chi ph sn xut chung 145858.14 1.45858
2 Chi ph qun l doanh nghip 2917.1628 0,029

3 Chi ph c nh 2960 0.0296

Tng gi thnh 151735.3 1.51718

Phn V
T NG HO
I. Khi nim
M hnh t ng ha trong dy chuyn cng ngh l qu trnh s dng cc dng c,
cc thit b my mc t ng. Chng iu khin s hot ng ca cc b phn trong
dy chuyn cng ngh theo ng yu cu c to dng theo ch cng ngh ca
dy chuyn .
II. Mc ch v ngha ca t ng ha trong sn xut
Vic a h thng m hnh iu khin t ng ho ny vo trong dy chuyn cng
ngh l nhm lm cho cc my mc thit b hot ng theo ch ti u nht, mt
cch chnh xc nht, trnh c s c trong thao tc iu khin, b phn ny t ng
bo ng khi c s c xy ra. Mt khc, nh s cng dng h thng t ng ho ny
vo trong dy chuyn cng ngh cho php trnh s nhm ln, gim s lng cng
nhn lm vic trong nh my, ng thi tng nng sut lao ng.
Nh h thng t ng ho m trong dy chuyn cng ngh c nhng ni sinh kh
c hi hay d gy chy n... lm cho cng nhn khng th iu khin trc tip
c, khi s dng h thng iu khin t ng s m bo an ton tnh mng
cho cng nhn .
Nh vy, vic p dng h thng m hnh iu khin t ng trong dy chuyn
cng ngh khng ch l mt vn cn thit m cn c tnh bt buc i vi cng
ngh.
III. Mt s dng t ng:
H thng t ng iu chnh bao gm i tng (T) iu chnh v b iu
chnh (BC).
B iu chnh c th gm: b cm bin v b khuch i.
+ B cm bin: dng phn nh s sai lch cc thng s iu chnh so vi gi
tr cho trc v bin i thnh tn hiu.

+ B khuch i: lm nhim v khuch i tn hiu ca b cm bin n gi tr

m c quan iu khin (CQK) c th iu chnh, c quan ny tc ng ln i
tng nhm xo i sai lch ca cc thng s iu chnh.
1. T ng kim tra v t ng bo v:
T ng kim tra cc thng s cng ngh (nhit , p sut, lu lng, nng
...) kim tra cc thng s cng ngh c thay i hay khng? Nu c th cnh
bo ch th ghi li gi tr thay i .
5
C 5.1
1 2 3
CT 5.2
T CB BK
G 5.3
N
4 PL 5.4
Hnh 28: S t ng kim tra v t ng iu chnh

Trong :
1 i tng iu chnh 2 Cm bin i tng
3 B khuch i 4 Ngun cung cp nng lng
5 C cu chp hnh 5.1 Cnh bo
5.2 Ch th bng kim loi hoc bng s 5.4 Phn loi
5.3 Ghi li s thay i
2. Dng t ng iu khin: S cu trc:
1 2 3 5
T CB SS B
N
4

Hnh 29 : S t ng iu khin
Trong :
1. i tng iu chnh.
2. Cm bin i tng.
3. B khuch i.
4. Ngun cung cp nng lng.
5. B c cho php ta c tn hiu iu khin, n l mt t chc cc tc
ng c nh hng iu khin t ng.
3. Dng t ng iu chnh: S cu trc:
T CB SS BD
CCCH BK N
Hnh 30 : S t ng iu chnh
Trong :
T i tng iu chnh N Ngun cung cp nng lng
CB Cm bin i tng BK B so snh
SS B khuch i CCCH C cu chp hnh.
BD B c
4. Dng iu khin phn hi:
Trong tt c cc dng t ng iu khin thng s dng nht l kiu h thng t
ng iu khin c tn hiu phn hi (mch iu khin khp kn). Gi tr thng tin u
ra ca thit b da trn s khc nhau gia cc gi tr o c ca bin iu khin vi
gi tr tiu chun.
IV. Cu to ca mt s thit b t ng:
1. B cm bin p sut:
Trong cc b iu chnh thng s dng b cm ng p sut kiu mng, hp
xp, piston, ng cong n hi...Vic chn b cm ng p sut ph thuc vo vic
cm ng iu chnh v chnh xc theo yu cu.

Hnh 31: B cm ng sut kiu mng Hnh 32: B cm ng kiu hp.

2. B cm ng nhit :
Hot ng ca b cm ng nhit da trn nguyn l gin n nhit, mi quan
h gia nhit ca cht kh v p sut hi bo ho ca n trong h kn da trn
nguyn l nhit in tr.
Hnh 33: Hnh 34:

Cm ng nhit kiu hp xp Cm ng nhit kiu mng
Hnh 35: Hnh 36:

Cm ng nhit kiu in tr Cm ng nhit kiu thanh
lng kim loi gin n
3. B cm ng mc o cht lng:
Mc cc cht lng c th o c bng nhiu cch khc nhau nhng phng
php n gin v c chnh xc cao l o bng phao.

Hnh 37: Hnh 38:

Kiu phao Kiu mng
4. B cm bin lu lng:
- B cm bin lu lng c xy dng trn s ph thuc vo biu thc sau:
Q = f.V
F : Din tch ca ng ng dn.
V: Tc cht lng chy trong ng dn theo nh lut Becnuli
2. P
V
S
Trong :
S: T trng ca cht lng.
P: chnh lch p sut cht lng.
- Nu t trng khng i th lu lng th tch ph thuc vo hai thng s l
tit din f v chnh lch p sut P.
Ta c hai cch o lu lng:
+ Khi tit din khng i o lu lng bng chnh lch p sut trc
v sau thit b c ng hp.
+ Khi chnh lch p sut khng i o in tch tit din ca ng dn
xc nh c lu lng ca dng chy.

V. Thit k m hnh t ng ha
1. Cc k hiu c bn trong thit k t ng ha (P&ID)
Bng 42: Cc k hiu c bn trong thit k t ng ha (P&ID)
V tr ca thit b o
Thit b o t ti nh my
Thit b o nm trc bng iu khin trong phng

iu khin
Thit b o nm sau bng iu khin trong phng
iu khin
ngha ca cc k t
XYY
K hiu T u tin (X) T th 2 hoc th 3 (y)

A Phn tch Bo ng
B n t
C dn in iu khin
D T trng, khi lng ring
E in p B phn
F Lu lng
H Tay Cao
I Cng dng in Ch dn
J Nng lng
K Thi gian, thi gian biu B iu chnh
L Mc Nh, thp
M m, m k gia, ph, trung gian
O Ca, m
P p sut, chn khng im
Q Lng, bin c
R phng x, h s Ghi m, in
S Tc , tn xut Cng tc

T Nhit Truyn ti
V nht Van, b chng rung, ca thng hi
W Khi lng Tt
Y Chuyn tip, tnh ton
Z inh v Vn chuyn
Xc nh cc kt ni ca thit b o
ng mao dn
Kiu kh nn
in
C cu iu chnh
C cu chp hnh
Gi nguyn
T ng m khi mt tn hiu
T ng ng khi mt tn hiu
2. T ng ha trong phn xng THDA
- Phn xng THDA l phn xng c kt cu kh n gin. Cc thit b chnh
bao gm l phn ng dng ng chm, thp tch pha v thp chng. Do vy, thun
tin cho qu trnh t ng ha trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Cc thit b t ng ha s dng trong qu trnh ny ch yu l:
+ Van t ng
+ Thit b o p sut v nhit
+ Thit b o mc cht lng
+ Thit bi o lu lng dng
- C th, vi bn v PFD, cc k hiu nh sau:

PC iu khin p sut
C
FIC iu khin lu lng
dng
LIC iu khin mc cht
lng
TIC iu khin nhit

Phn VI
AN TON LAO NG TRONG PHN XNG
I. Mc ch
Hin nay, an ton lao ng vn l vn hng u m mi ngnh ngh quan
tm. X hi cng pht trin th gi tr con ngi cng c cao, n gin l v
khng my mc no c th thay th c con ngi. c bit l trong cng nghip
ha cht, chi ph u t cho an ton lao ng l khng h nh (40% chi ph vn
hnh). Vy thc hin tt cng tc m bo an ton trong sn xut, trc tin
phi hiu r nguyn nhn ca tai nn lao ng. thng l cc nguyn nhn sau:
1. Nguyn nhn do k thut.
Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh trng my mc, thit b ng ng,
ni lm vic...nh:
+ S h hng cc my mc chnh v cc dng c, ph tng.
+ S h hng cc ng ng
+ Cc kt cu thit b, dng c, ph tng khng hon chnh.
+ Khng bo m khong cch an ton gia cc my mc.
+ Thiu ro chn, ngn che.
2. Nguyn nhn do t chc.
Nguyn nhn ny ph thuc vo vic t chc hoc giao nhn cng vic khng
ng quy nh bao gm:
+ Cng tc tuyn truyn km
+ Vi phm quy tc quy trnh k thut.
+ T chc lao ng, ch lm vic khng ng yu cu.
+ Gim st k thut khng y .
+ Vi phm ch lm vic.
+ S dng lao ng khng ng ngnh ngh, chuyn mn.

+ Ngi lao ng cha nm vng c iu l, quy tc an ton trong lao ng.

3. Nguyn nhn do v sinh.
+ Mi trng khng kh b nhim.
+ iu kin kh hu khng thch nghi.
+ Cng tc chiu sng v thng gi khng c tt.
+ Ting n v chn ng mnh.
+ Vi phm iu l v sinh c nhn.
II. Cng tc m bo an ton lao ng.
1. Cng tc gio dc t tng:
+ Cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht qun chng, v vy cng tc ny
phn ln l do qun chng t gic thc hin. Phn xng phi thng xuyn gio
dc mi ngi thm nhun cc ni quy ca nh my v cng tc bo h lao
ng.
+ ng thi thng xuyn kim tra thc hin quy nh, an ton khi thao tc, kp
thi gii quyt cc s c xy ra.
2. Trang b phng h lao ng.
Trong nh my, nht l trong phn xng sn xut ha cht vic cp pht y
cc trang thit b v an ton lao ng nh qun o, giy, m, gng tay l cn thit.
y l yu t ngn nga cc tai nn lao ng v cc bnh ngh nghip. ng thi
cn nhc nh thng xuyn vic kim tra thc hin ca cng nhn trong vn
ny.
3. Cc bin php k thut c xem l quan trng nht, c th l:
- Thc hin nghim chnh ch bo dng my mc ng nh k.
- Trang b y cc cng c sn xut ng tiu chun k thut
- Cc cng c thit b in phi che chn ng k thut, m bo an ton.
- Cc h thng chuyn ng, nh mt phi bao che chc chn
- Kim tra nguyn vt liu trc khi a vo sn xut.

- Trang b v bo dng thng xuyn cc van, b phn ng.

- Thng xuyn kim tra ng dn nguyn liu v sn phm
- Tuyt i tun theo cc yu cu chung
- S dng cc ho cht d chy n, gy bng phi tuyt i cn thn.
4. Cng tc v sinh.
- Cn lm tt v sinh lao ng trnh nhng bnh ngh nghip.
- Trong qu trnh sn xut phi c h thng thng gi, chiu sng cho phn
xng.
+ H thng thng gi: Trong qu trnh vn hnh my mc c s phn nhit, pht
sinh nhit, c cc kh c hi, do phi c bin php thng gi, cho tng cng
on, ngoi thng gi t nhin cn b tr h thng ht gi (qut gi loi 4000m3/h)
+ H thng chiu sng: Cn m bo yu t sng t nhin v nhn to to
iu kin cho cng nhn lm vic c thoi mi v nng sut cao, chnh xc, trnh
c bnh ngh nghip. Khi lm vic ca m cn phi m bo nh sng cho phn
xng.
+ H thng v sinh c nhn: Phn xng c khu v sinh mi tng, gm c phng
thay qun o, tm ra, v sinh m bo sc kho cho cng nhn sn xut.
+ Tiu hao nc sinh hot do cng nhn phn xng ly trung bnh
8m3/ngi/thng. Nh vy mt nm tiu th lng nc l 8x12 =
96m3/ngi/nm.
Nh vy nng cao nng sut lao ng em li hiu qu kinh t cho x hi
cn phi chm lo n cuc sng sc kho v nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. iu kin
lm vic thoi mi, sc kho m bo s gip cho mi ngi hng hi trong lao
ng sn xut.
5. Yu cu v sinh i vi mt bng nh my
- Mt bng ca nh my phi m bo iu kin thi cc cht c thun li
nh vy th mt bng phi cao mi tiu nc d dng v trnh hin tng ngm
nc t ngoi vo.
- Mt bng phi ch n hng gi v hng mt tri.

- Cc b phn sn xut c bi, kh c, c ting n cn b tr cui hng gi.

- B tr hng nh my theo hng mt tri sao cho chng nng tt nhng
iu kin chiu sng t nhin l tt nht.
III. Yu cu v phng chng chy n trong nh my
Phng chy n l mt vn ht sc quan trng ca ngnh du m, v trong cc
nh my ch bin du m c rt nhiu ngun nhin liu d gy ra chy n. Do vy,
trong nh my cn ch cc bin php phng chng chy n nhm t hiu qu
cao nht khi c s c xy ra.
Cc bin php phng chy trong nh my: Phi c cc thit b phng chy t c
nh trn cc b cha , khi c s c v chy n xy ra n t ng lm vic v cc
thit b lu ng nhm h tr vi cc thit b c nh nhm dp tt ngay sau khi c
chy n xy ra.
i vi cc nh my ho cht th phi c nh cu ho v b phn cu ho
thng trc. Nh cu ho l ni ct gi cc phng tin, dng c phng v cha
chy. Nh cu ho phi t v tr thun tin s dng nhanh nht khi c s c
xy ra.
Thit b trong phn xng lm vic iu kin p sut cao, sn phm v nguyn
liu l cc cht d gy ra chy n. Do vy phi c khong cch gia cc nh xng
thch hp nhm m bo an ton cho ngi thi hnh cng vic cng nh m bo
hn ch nh hng n cc thit b khc. Nh xng phi thong, cn ch n
hng gi.
i vi mi ngi khi ra vo nh my phi xut trnh giy t v khng c
mang cht gy n, cht d chy vo nh my v phi c s ng ca ban bo
v mi c vo khu vc nh my, nhng ngi khng c nhim v khng c
vo khu vc nh my.
i vi cng nhn vin, phi thc hin ng quy nh v an ton lao ng, cng
nhn phi hc tp o to v an ton chy n trc khi vo nh my. Phi kim tra
nh k v kin thc an ton hc hi thm kin thc cho cng nhn vin trong
nh my.
Trong nh my khng dng ngun la h, khng ht thuc l trong khi lm vic,

khng i li bng giy inh v d gy ra chp la dn n chy n. Khng mang

theo cc vt liu chy n vo ni lm vic nhm m bo cho ti a an ton v
chy n.
Nh chng ta bit nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh THDA ha
u d b chy n. V vy vn cn quan tm l phng chng chy n. Di y
l nhng yu cu v chy n.
1. Phng chng chy.
phng chng chy phi thc hin cc bin php sau y:
+ Ngn nga nhng kh nng to ra mi trng chy.
+ Ngn nga nhng kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy trong mi trng c
th chy c.
+ Duy tr nhit ca mi trng thp hn nhit cho php ln nht c th
chy c.
+ Duy tr p sut ca mi trng thp hn p sut cho php ln nht c th
chy c.
2. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy.
ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun gy chy trong mi trng chy
phi tun theo nhng quy tc v:
+ Nng cho php ca cc cht chy dng kh, hi hoc dng l lng trong
khng kh. Ni cch khc l phi tin hnh qu trnh ngoi gii hn chy n ca
hn hp hydrocacbon vi khng kh v oxi.
+ Nng cn thit ca cc cht gim nhy trong cht chy dng kh, hi
hoc lng.
3. Ngn nga kh nng xut hin nhng ngun chy.
+ Tun theo nhng quy nh v s dng, vn hnh v bo qun my mc, thit
b cng nh vt liu v cc sn phm khc c th l ngun chy trong mi trng
chy.
+ S dng thit b ph hp vi loi gian phng s dng v cc thit b bn
ngoi ph hp vi nhm v hng ca cc hn hp nguy him chy n.

+ p dng quy trnh cng ngh v s dng thit b bo m khng pht sinh ra
tia la in.
+ C bin php chng st, ni t cho nh xng, thit b.
+ Quy nh nhit nung nng cho php ln nht ca b mt thit b, sn
phm, vt liu tip xc vi mi trng chy.
+ S dng nhng thit b khng pht ra tia la in khi lm vic vi nhng
cht d chy n.
+ Loi tr nhng iu kin c th dn n t chy do nhit , do tc dng ha
hc v do vi sinh vt i vi cc vt liu v kt cu ca c s sn xut
4. Nhng bin php t chc m bo an ton chy n.
m bo an ton chy n cn thc hin nhng bin php sau y:
+ Trc khi giao vic phi t chc cho cng nhn v nhng ngi c lin quan
hc tp v cng tc an ton chy n. i vi nhng mi trng lm vic c bit
nguy him v chy n th cn b v cng nhn cn c cp giy chng nhn v
nh k kim tra li.
+ Mi phn xng, x nghip phi xy dng cc tiu chun quy phm, ni quy
an ton phng v cha chy thch hp.
+ nh k t chc kim tra vic thc hin cc quy nh v phng chy, cha
chy v bo qun cc phng tin phng, cha chy.
+ Xy dng cc phng n cha chy c th, c k hoch phn cng cho tng
ngi, tng b phn.
+ Cch ly mi trng chy vi cc ngun gy chy phi c thc hin bng
cc bin php sau y:
- C kh ha, t ng ha cc qu trnh cng ngh c lin quan n s dng vn
chuyn nhng cht d chy.
- t cc thit b nguy him v chy n ni ring bit hoc ngoi tri.
- S dng nhng thit b sn xut, bao b kn cho nhng qu trnh d chy n.
- S dng nhng ngn, khoang, bung cch ly cho nhng qu trnh d chy n.

Bn cnh nhng tai nn c th xy ra do chy n th cn mt vn cn c

quan tm l c tnh ca cc ha cht v cch phng chng. Nh chng ta
bit hu ht cc ha cht trong nhng iu kin nht nh u c th gy tc hi n
c th con ngi. C th phn chia cc ha cht nh sau:
+ Nhm 1: Gm nhng cht c tc dng lm chy hoc kch thch ch yu ln
da v nim mc nh: amoniac, vi...
+ Nhm 2: Gm nhng ha cht kch thch chc nng h hp.
- Nhng cht tan c trong nc: NH3, Cl2, CO2..
- Nhng cht khng tan c trong nc: NO3, NO2,...
+ Nhm 3: Nhng cht gy c cho my, lm bin i ng mch, ty xng.
Lm gim cc qu trnh sinh bch cu nh: benzen, toluen, xilen... Nhng cht lm
bin i hng cu thnh nhng sc t khng bnh thng nh cc amin, CO,
C6H5NO2...
+ Nhm 4: Cc cht c i vi h thn kinh nh: xng, H2S, ch s nht,
anilin, benzen...
Qua qu trnh nghin cu ngi ta ra cc phng trnh nh sau:
+ Trong qu trnh sn xut phi ch m bo an ton cho cc khu c bit l
tho, np sn phm, lc, sy, nghin l nhng khu m cng nhn thng phi tip
xc trc tip.
+ Duy tr chn trong sn xut.
+ Thay nhng cht c c s dng trong nhng qu trnh bng nhng cht t
c hi hn nu c th.
+ T ng ha, bn t ng nhng qu trnh s dng nhiu ha cht c hi.
+ Bn cnh nhng bin php k thut th ngi lao ng cn c hc tp v
an ton v phi c thc t gic cao.
IV. Cc yu cu v an ton giao thng trong nh my:
Trong nh my c rt nhiu ng giao thng v vy vic b tr cho ng i li
phi m bo khoa hc khng xy ra tai nn, m bo cho vic i li khi c s

c chy n xy ra. Mun t tt iu cn b tr ng i li trong nh my cho

hp l.
m bo cha chy tt th ng phi dn v bt k phn xng no c hai
pha. Nh my cn b tr xe cha chy c th ra vo bn pha, ca ti thiu cho
xe l 6 m. Nu nh ng ct th phi c bi quay xe, mi b rng l 12 m.

Kt lun
Trn y l ton b ni dung n ti hon thnh trong thi gian nghin cu
ti trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Tn ti l Thit k phn xng
hydrodealkyl ha toluen sn xut benzen nng sut 100000 tn/nm. c s
gip ch dn tn tnh v chu o ca c gio PGS-TS Phm Thanh Huyn,
cng vi s n lc tm ti ti liu v nghin cu ca bn thn, nay ti hon
thnh bn n ng hn. Thng qua n ny, ti hiu thm nhiu v cc qu
trnh cng ngh ha hc ni chung, v c bit l qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha
toluen sn xut benzen.
ti ca ti nghin cu v qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha toluen di tc dng ca
nhit. Tn ting anh l Thermal hydrodealkyl of toluen - THDA. Sau thi gian
nghin cu, ti hiu r v cng ngh mi m ny. V c bn, iu kin cng
ngh nh sau:
+ Ngun nguyn liu l hydro v toluen c tinh khit cao
+ Ngoi sn phm chnh l Benzen th sn phm ph ch yu l hn hp kh
hydro v metan.
+ Nhit phn ng l 6200C, p sut 4.3 Mpa, t l kh hydro / RH trong
nguyn liu l 4
y l cng ngh cn mi ti Vit Nam. Song, s vn hnh kh n gin, qui
m nh m hiu sut sn phm benzen rt cao (98%), chi ph u t v vn hnh
thp. C th ni y l cng ngh rt trin vng cho tng lai ngnh ha du sau
ny.
Bn cnh , di s ch dn ca c Phm Thanh Huyn, ti nghin cu v
hon thin ti theo phng php hon ton mi, tip cn kp thi vi cng ngh
hin nay. Cc s trong n c v theo bn v PFD. y l bn v c
dng ph bin cho cc nh my ha hc hin nay, hay ni cch khc: PFD l ngn
ng chung ca cc k s ha. Trong qu trnh tnh ton v thit k s cng
ngh, ti c hc cch thit k s trn phn mm HYSYS_mt phn mm
chuyn tnh ton v m phng cng ngh trn my tnh. Kha hc ny hon ton

khng c trong d tnh, m ny sinh trong qu trnh nghin cu. tng ny ca

c gip ti thc hin ti nhanh chng v hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Ti nhn
thy: Trong cc nh my hin nay, khng th thiu cc qu trnh bn t ng v t
ng ha. Vic tip cn phn mm tnh ton HYSYH, s cho ti kinh nghim lm
vic tt hn sau ny.
Bn n ny c hon thnh, nhng v iu kin thi gian, cng nh ti
liu tham kho cn hn ch, ni dung v phng php nghin cu cng hon ton
mi, hn na Vit Nam ngnh ho du l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip
cn tr, bc u lm quen vi cng tc thit k phn xng cho nn chc hn cn
thiu st l iu khng th trnh khi. Vy ti rt mong c s ch bo cng
nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip bn n c
hon thin hn.
Cui cng, ti xin chn thnh by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio trong B
mn Cng ngh Ho du - Hu c v cc bn. c bit l c gio PGS-TS Phm
Thanh Huyn tn tnh gip ti hon thnh bn n ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni, ngy 7 thng 7

nm 2010
Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Xun Dng
TI LIU THAM KHO

- [1] Alexandre C. Dimian - Integrated Design and Simulation of Chemical
Processes
- [2]
-
- [3] Robert A. Meyers, McGraw-Hill - Handbook of petroleum refining
processes

- [4] Mare G. NobbenhuiS, Tamas Mallat, Affous BaiKer - Applied

CatalysisaA: General 108 (1994) 241 260
- [5] -
- [6] Nguyn Minh Chu - Ha hu c - Trng i Hc S Phm Qui
Nhn. 1995
- [7] Nguyn Th Thanh - Ha hu c. Tp 2 Hp cht hu c mch vng -
Nh xut bn Gio Dc. 1998.
- [8] Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung, H L Vin - S tay qu trnh v thit
b cng ngh ha cht. Tp 1 - Nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut. 1992.
- [9] http://iipe.co.in/journal/Jan9/Article%20on%20benzene.pdf
- [10] http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5132480.html
- [11] http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5043513.html
- [12] http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5053574.pdf
- [13]http://www.cbi.com/technologies-services/benzene-via-
hydrodealkylation/
-

- [15] S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht_Tp 2 Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut.
- [16] S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht_Tp 1 Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut
PH LC


Sản Xuất Benzen Từ Toluent

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n tt nghip Thit k phn xng THDA sn xut Benzen

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TNH TON THIT K

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TNH TON KINH T

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AN TON LAO NG TRONG PHN XNG

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KT LUN ................................................................................................ 111

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................ 112

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Benzen c th thu c t mt s qu trnh quan trng trong lc ha du, nh

. Hay qu trnh Hydrodealkyl ha

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_catalytic reforming. Hydro c s dng cho cc mc ch lm sch sn

Tn Proti Dteri Triti

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Tnh kh.(Kh nng cho H+)

Nn H+ khng tn ti trng thi t do, m lun kt hp vi cc nguyn t

H 2 +CuO t0C Cu+H 2O

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- Hydro c tc khuch tn nhanh nn c dng lm mt cc chi tit

, cht do v cc sn phm du kh. N c th c vn

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Toluen to mt hn hp ng ph vi a s parafin, ru, naphtalen... nhit

Do c cu trc vng v nhnh bn nh trn nn toluen c cc phn ng ca c

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C6H5CH3 + O2 C6H5CHO hoc C6H5COOH

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mt tp hp vng gm su nguyn t cacbon. l nhn benzen. Nm 1865,

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1,54 A0 1,40 A0 1,34 A0

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3. Tnh cht ha hc ca Benzen [7]

b. Phn ng oxi ha : Rt kh thc hin.

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cc nhm sunfo-, amino-, nitro- v cc nhm nh chc khc. Clobenzen,

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Benzen Nitro Anilin

Toluen Trinitro toluen

- Khng khi no m cuc sng con ngi li khng c s xut hin ca

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- Gim st cc xe vn chuyn v khu vc xung quanh n kim tra c mi

trc khi ti trnh nhim

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Lu lng ca benzen trong qu trnh ti nn c tc thp trnh tch

benzen trnh chy n.

Trc khi ri tt c cc m tu ch du phi c ng li ng cch

B. Hydrodealkylation of toluene HDA

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Phn ng benzenes nhiu nhm alkyl l:

Trong qu trnh hydrodealkyl ha, phn ng c bn l tch cc nhm alkyl

2. Cc phn ng ph quan trng

- Hydro ha vng benzen v phn hy chng to thnh metan

- Phn hy cc parafin v naphten thnh metan, hnh thnh cacbon.

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