Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Introduction It was mentioned in Chapter 3 that, in many cases, the allowable settlement of a shallow foundation may control the allowable bearing capacity. The allowable settlement itself may be controlled by local building codes. Thus, the allowable bearing capacity will be the smaller of the following two conditions: Wu. FS G30 = ) or allowable setement The settlement of a foundation can be divided into two major categories: (a) elastic, or immediate, settlement and (b) consolidation settlement, Immediate, or elastic, settlement of a foundation takes place during or immediately after the construction of the structure. Consolidation settlement occurs over time. Pore water is extruded from the void spaces of saturated clayey soils submerged in water. The total settlement of a foundation is the sum of the elastic settlement and the consolidation settlement. Consolidation settlement comprises two phases: primary and secondary. The fundamentals of primary consolidation settlement were explained in detail in Chapter 1. Secondary consolidation settlement occurs after the completion of primary consolidation caused by slippage and reorientation of soil particles under a sustained load. Primary consolidation settlement is more significant than secondary settlement in inorganic clays and silty soils. However, in organic soils, secondary consolidation settlement is more significant For the calculation of foundation settlement (both elastic and consolidation), it is required that we estimate the vertical stress increase in the soil mass due to the net load applied on the foundation. Hence, this chapter is divided into the following three parts: 1. Procedure for calculation of vertical stre 2. Elastic settlement calculation 3. Consolidation settlement calculation s increase 223224 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load Stress Due to a Concentrated Load In 1885, Boussinesq developed the mathematical relationships for determining the normal shear stresses at any point inside homogeneous, elastic, and isotropic mediums due to a con: centrated point load located at the surface, as shown in Figure 5.1. According to his analysis the vertical stress increase at point A caused by a point load of magnitude P is given by Ao = ——*F __ 6 = OT r=Ve ty -oordinates of the point A Note that Eq, (5.1) is not a function of Poisson’s ratio of the s Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area ‘The Boussinesq equation (5.1) can also be used to determine the vertical stress below center of a flexible circularly loaded area, as shown in Figure 5.2. Let the radius of loaded area be B/2, and let q, be the uniformly distributed load per unit area. To deter Figure 5.1 Vertical stress at a poi caused by a point load on the surface5.3 Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area 225 Figure 5.2 Increase in pressure under a uniformly Ac Ao loaded flexible circular area the stress increase at a point A, located at a depth z below the center of the circular area, consider an elemental area on the circle. The load on this elemental area may be taken to be a point load and expressed as q,r d0 dr. The stress increase at A caused by this load can be determined from Eq. (5.1) as dy = or ddr 3) “OT ‘The total increase in stress caused by the entire loaded area may be obtained by integrat- ing Eq. (5.2), or Ao = [ac = rr 3(qord0dr) be he seals (JP : 1 FT a [ (2) Similar integrations could be performed to obtain the vertical stress increase at A’, located a distance r from the center of the loaded area at @ depth z (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962). Table 5.1 gives the variation of Aa/q, with r/(B/2) and z/(B/2) [for 0 = r/(B/2) = 1). Note that the variation of Aa/q,, with depth at r/(B/2) = 0 can be obtained from Eq. (5.3). (5.3)226 Chapter §: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Table 5.1 Variation of Ao/q, for a Uniformly Loaded Flexible Circular Area 1{(B/2) 2/(B)2) ° 02 o4 06 08 10 0 1.000 —1.000——1.000-—«1.000 1.001.000 ou 0.999 0999-0998 0.995 0.976 .A84 04 0.992 0991-0987 0.970 0890 0.468 0. 097% 0973-0963. 0.922, 0793.51 o4 0949 = 0.943 09208600712 0.435 0: 0911 0902-0869 0.796 0.646.417 0.6 0864 0852, OKIE 0.732451 0.400 07 0811 0.798 0.756 067405450367 08 0.756 0.743 06990619 0.504 0.366 09 0.701 06880644 05700467 0.348. 10 0.646 0591 05250434 0.332 12 0.546 0.501 0377 0.300 15 0.424 0.392 0308 0.256 20 0.286 0.268 0224 0.196 25 0.200 0.191 0.167 0.11 3.0 0.146 0.141 0.127 0.118 40 0.087 0.085 0.080 0.075 Stress below a Rectangular Area The integration technique of Boussinesq’s equation also allows the vertical stress at point A below the corner of a flexible rectangular loaded area to be evaluated. ( Figure 5.3.) To do so, consider an elementary area dA = dx dy on the flexible I area, If the load per unit area is q,, the total load on the elemental area is, dP = q,dxdy 6: This clemental load, dP, may be treated as a point load. The increase in vertical stress ‘A caused by dP may be evaluated by using Eq. (5.1). Note, however, the need to stitute dP = q, dx dy for P and x* + y* for r* in that equation. Thus, 3q, (dx dy)z° Ine e tt The stress increase at A caused by dP = The total stress increase Ao caused by the entire loaded area at point A may now be: tained by integrating the preceding equation: ie _3qo (dx dy)z* (dx dy)z a Ep metre ‘5.4 Stress below a Rectangular Area 227 Figure 5.3 Determination of stress below the corner of a flexible A rectangular loaded area Prams Here, L (2a trtl mPt+n+2 influence factor = 7 —( ~~ 2 mt tee tL me ee tL 4a 2mnV ne + 1 ) 2 a (5.6) me + + en + tan”! where (5.7) and n= = (5.8) The variations of the influence values with m and n are given in Table ‘The stress increase at any point below a rectangular loaded area can also be found by using Eq. (5.5) in conjunction with Figure 5.4. To determine the stress at a depth z below point O, divide the loaded area into four rectangles, with O the comer common to each. Then use Eq, (5.5) to calculate the increase in stress at a depth z below O caused by each rectangular area. The total stress increase caused by the entire loaded area may now be expressed as Ao a(ht+hi hth) 6.9) where [,, Jy, 1s, and 1, = the influence values of rectangles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In most cases, the vertical stress below the center of a rectangular area is of impor- tance. This can be given by the rel Ao = ql. (5.10)9s9z7'0 OLLI 8SFOT'D —LLSGT'O OSE. LOLLVO EZISHO. —SFLEVO.PHSTI'O 10601 ZOTIVIO-Z9IEVD* Psore'0 G9LITO —LSHOTO SLED ZOSSI'O ILI. ZIST'O. SHLET'O PHSIT'O 61060 OLIV C>IEO|D GOI Z6Orz'0 L9LITO SSHOTO FLSET'O OOSBTO SGILI'O IZ9ST'OFRLET'O EFSILO B1060'0 zOLBVO IED OB {OTTO ODLITO GFFOT'D OSI. 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FEO SaEEIO IPzETO PrStO FPSO EFSIV'O IPSTTO LESII'O LZSITOS6FIT'O OSPIVO ZPEITO O9TITO SEIT 61060°0 61060'0 810600 L1060'0F1060°0 —-LO060'0-_Z86RO'D-—-SFERO'D-—_LORRO'O--FORRO'O-—-GOLRO'O ZOZ90'0 LOTI'N.-ZOTIO'D 1079010 6619010 FGI90'-—-8LIID'D S190 —OOI9'0--$S0900_F66SO'0 WIEOO —IEVO —_ZIEO'D —I9IEOD —O9IEO'D —BSIEO SISO! -SEIEO'|D —_IITEO'O —060E00 —gs0E00 = oo. os 09 os ov oF sz oz gL aL w (ponunuog) 2°5 9/921230 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement + Bay Figure 5.4 Stress below any point’ a loaded flexible rectangular area The variation of J, with m, and 1, is given in Table 5.3. Table 5.3 Variation of [, with my, and n; m, n 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.20 0.994 0.997 0.907 0097 0.997 0.997 0.997 040 0.960 0.976 0.977 0977 0.977 0977 O9T7 0.60 0.892 0.932 (0.936 0937 0.937 0.937 0.937 080 0.800 0.870 0.878 0.881 0.881 0881 0.881 1.00 0.701 0.800 0.814 O818 0818 0818 0.818 1.20 0.606 0.727 (0.748 0755 0.755 0.755 0.755 140 0.522 0.658 0.685, 0.695 0.695 0.696 0,696 1.60 0.449 0.593 0.627 0.640 0.641 0.641 0,682 180 0.388 0.534 0.573, 0591 0.592 0.593 0,593 2.00 0.336 © 0.481 0.525 0547 0.548 0549 0549 3.00 0.179 0.293 0.348 0.389 0.392 0.394 0.395 4.00 0.108 0.190 0.241 0.293 0.298 0.302 0.303 5.00 0072 0.131 0.174 0.229 0.236 0.242 0.244 6.00 0.051 0.095 0.130 0.184 0.192 0.200 0.202 7.00 0.038 —0.072—0.100 0.150 0.158 0.168 0.171 8.00 0.029 0.056 0.079 0.125 0.144 0.147 9,00 0.023 0.085 0.064 0.105 0.113 0.124 0.128 10.00 0.019 0.037 (0.053 0.089 0,097 0.108 0.1125.4 Stress below a Rectangular Area 231 Foundation BX L 2 vertical to | horizontal 2 vertical to T horizontal Figure 5.5 2:1 method of finding stress increase under a foundation Foundation engineers often use an approximate method to determine the increase in stress with depth caused by the construction of a foundation, The method is referred to as the 2: method. (See Figure 5.5.) According to this method, the increase in stress at depth ¢ is WX BXL Ao = - (B+2(L¥2) iota) Note that Eq. (5.14) is based on the assumption that the stress from the foundation spreads out along lines with a vertical-to-horizontal slope of 2:1. Example 5.1 A flexible rectangular area measures 2.5 m X 5 m in plan. It supports a load of 150 kN/m?, Determine the vertical stress increase due to the load at a depth of 6.25 m below the center of the rectangular area, Solution Refer to Figure 5.4. For this case,232 Chapter §: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement From Eqs. (5.7) and (5.8), From Table 5.2, for m = 0.2 and n = Ao = qo(41) = (150) (4) (0.0328) = 19.68 KN/m? , the value of / = 0.0328. Thus, Alternate Solution From Eq. (5.10), From Table 5.3, for m, = 2 and m, = 5, the value of /, = 0.131. Thus, Ao = (150) (0.131) = 19.65 kN/m? Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area In Section 5.4, the vertical stress increase below the corner of a uniformly loaded rect gular area was given as Ao = ql In many cases, one must find the average stress increase, Ac, below the comer of a ui formly loaded rectangular area with limits of z = Oto z = H,, as shown in Figure 5.6. can be evaluated as ' Sin Ff, olde = ale 1 where 1, = fmy ns) : Gil a 5.1 m= Gi5.5 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area 233 dolunit area Aw Y . © B—>| Plan of loaded L area A ) Figure 5.6 Average vertical stress increase due to a rectangularly loaded flexible area and p= 5.18 una (5.18) The variation of [, with m; and 13 is shown in Figure 5.7, as proposed by Griffiths (1984). In estimating the consolidation settlement under a foundation, it may be required to determine the average vertical stress increase in only a given layer—that is, between z= Hy and z = H;, as shown in Figure 5.8. This can be done as (Griffiths. 1984) Habatty ~ | és) where Aor) = average stress increase immediately below the corner of a uniformly loaded rectangular area between depths <= H, and z = H» = tyfore = 02 = 11,= (m= 2.m=£) Tay = Ta for 2 = Oto z i S W aN = i Bly i zis234 = Chapter : Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement 0.26 0.24 0.04 0.02 0.00 ou 0.2 03 0.40506 08 1.0 Figure 5.7 Griffiths’ influence factor 1, go Aunit area Section Plan b A, At Figure 5.8 Average pressure increase between z ‘comer of a uniformly loaded rectangular area ug 06 Os 04 03 on 2 34 5678910 do Ao aun) H, and z = H, below the5.5 Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area 235 Example 5.2 Refer to Figure 5.9. Determine the average stress increase below the center of the loaded area between ¢ = 3 m to z = 5 m (that is, between points A and A’). Solution Refer to Figure 5.9. The loaded area can be divided into four rectangular areas, each measuring 1.5 m X 1.5 m (L x B). Using Eq. (5.19), the average stress increase (between the required depths) below the comer of each rectangular area can be given as () funy = B)focrny oy = Oe) Sm i Section A Figure 5.9 Determination of average increase k<—3m—>| in stress below a rectangillar area236 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Referring to Figure 5.7, Iy1z) = 0.175, 80 5) (0.126) — (3) (0.175 Moray = 1 [ 2210228) — SO ng z = Mm | = 5.25 kN/m? The stress increase between z = 3 m to z = 5 m below the center of the loaded area i equal to 48ouy cryin) = (4)(5.25) = 21 KN/m* Stress Increase under an Embankment Figure 5.10 shows the cross section of an embankment of height H. For this two-dimensi loading con the vertical stress increase may be expressed as qo| (Bi + B: B do = af (ate (a, + a2) — Baa) where Go = YH Y= unit weight of the embankment soil H = height of the embankment nome (Bt) (2) a i g > nv |e Le (Note that and ay are in radians.) j 8) +e 8), ——4} Palit Figure 5.10 Embanl loading03s 4 030 4 020 os 010 5.6 Stress Increase under an Embankment 237 Figure 5.11 Influence value I’ for embankment loading (After Osterberg, 1957) (Osterberg, J. O. (1957). “Influence ‘Values for Vertical Stresses in Semi ‘Mass Due to Embankment Loadin; Proceedings, Fourth Intemational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, Vol. 1 pp. 393-396. With permission from ASCE.) For a detailed derivation of Eq. (5.20), see Das (2008). A simplified form of the equation is Aa =4,I' (5.23) where I’ = a function of B)/z and By/z. The variation of 1’ with B,/z and B,/z is shown in Figure 5.11. An application of this diagram is given in Example 5.3. Example 5.3 An embankment is shown in Figure 5.12a. Determine the stress increase under the embankment at points A, and A. Solution ‘We have yH = (17.5)(7) = 122.5 kN/m?238 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Smo g,= (25 Go = (7m) Hanae 4 OTS Nm!) = 43.75 kNfm? "= 122.5 KN/m5.6 Stress Increase under an Embankment 239 According to Figure 5.111, in this case 1’ = 0.445. Because the two sides in Figure 5.12b are symmetrical, the value of J’ for the right side will also be 0.445, so Aa = Ao + Magy = lL (etsisey + Hoan site)] = 122.5[0.445 + 0.445] = 109.03 kN/m? Stress Increase at A, In Figure 5.12c, for the left side, By = 5 m and B, = 0, so By _ 5 Buz) i and ave. earl According to Figure 5.11, for these values of By/z and B,/z, I' = 0.24; hence, Ao = 43.75(0.24) = 10.5 KN/m? For the middle section, and Thus, /’ = 0.495, so So) = 0.495(122.5) = 60.64 kN/m? For the right side, and I’ = 0.335, so ora) = (78.75) (0.335) = 26.38 KN/m? The total stress increase at point Ay is Ao = Ao) + Mog) — og) = 105 + 60.64 — 26.38 = 44.76 KN/m?240 Chapter §: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Westergaara’s Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load Boussinesq’s solution for stress distribution due to a point load was presented in Section 53 ‘The stress distribution due to various types of loading discussed in Sections 5.3 through 5, is based on integration of Boussinesq’s solution, Westergaard (1938) has proposed a solution for the determination of the verti stress due to a point load P in an elastic solid medium in which there exist alternati layers with thin rigid reinforcements (Figure 5.13a). This type of assumption may be. idealization of a clay layer with thin seams of sand, For such an assumption, the verti cal stress increase at a point A (Figure 5.13b) can be given as do =—4 (5.24) Iz’ ‘Thin rigid reinforcement oisson’s ratio of soil between the rigid layers @ Figure 5.13. Westergaard’s solution © for vertical stress due to a point load5.8 Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material 241 Table 5.4 Variation of 1, [Eq. (5.27)} 4 the y= 02 y= 04 0 0.3183 0.4244 0.9550 on 0.3090 0.4080 08750 02 0.2836 0.3646 06916 03 0.2483 0.3074 0.4997 04 0.2099 0.2491 0.3480 05 0.1733 0.1973 0.2416 06 oat 0.1547 0.1700 07 0.1143 0.1212 0.1221 08 0.0925 0.0953 0.0897 09 0.0751 0.0756 0.0673 10 0.0613 0.0605 0.0516 15 0.0247 0.0229 0.0173 20 0.0118 0.0107 0.0076 25 0.0064 0.0087 0.0040 3.0 0.0038 0.0034 0.0023 40 0.0017 0.0015 0.0010 5.0 0.0009 0.0008 0.0005 where = [fem 13>, (5.25) #, = Poisson’s ratio of the solid between the rigid reinforcements raVirye Equation (5.24) can be rewritten as (5.26) where heal) 1) (627) Table 5.4 gives the variation of J, with 4. Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area . Referring to Figure 5.2, if the circular area is located on a Westergaard-type material, the increase in vertical stress, Ag, at a point located at a depth z immediately below the cen- ter of the area can be given as242 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement (2) ‘The term 7 has been defined in Eq. (5.25). The variations of Ao/g,, with B/2= and 4, ~ are given in Table 5.5, Ao = qo) 1 — Stress Due to a Uniformly Loaded Flexible Rectangular Area Refer to Figure 5.3. Ifthe flexible rectangular area is located on a Westergaard-type mi rial, the stress increase at point A can be given as G. where m= NID wie Table 5.5 Variation of Sig, with B/2z and p, = 0 [Fq. (5.28)] Baz Aclq 0.00 0.0. 0.25 0.0572 0.33 0.0938 0.50 0.1835 0.75 03140 1.00 0.4227 125 0.5076 150 0.5736 175 0.6254 2.00 0.6667 2.25 0.7002 2.50 0.7278 2.75 0.7510 3.00 0.7706 4.00 0.8259 5.00 0.8600 6.00 0.8830 7.00 0.8995, 8.00 0.9120 9.00 0.9217 10.00 0.92955.9 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay (u, = 0.5) 243 5.6. Variation of I,, with m and 1 (1, = 0). on 02 04 05 06 10 20 5.0 10.0 0.0031 0.0061 0.0110 0.0129 0.0144 0.0061 0.0118 0.0214 0.0251 0.0282 0.0110 0.0214 0.0390 0.0459 0.0516 0.0129 0.0251 0.0459 0.0541 0.0610 0.0144 0.0282 0.0516 0.0610 0.0687 0.0183 0.0357 0.0658 0.0781_——0.0886 0.0211 0.0413 0.0768 0.0916 0.1044 0.0221 0.0435 (0.0811 0.0969 0.1107 0.0223 0.0438 0.0817 0.0977—O.L117 0.0211 0.0211 0.0223 0.0413 0.0434 0.0438 0.0768 = 0.0811_——0.0847 0.0916 0.0969-—0.0977 0.1044 0.1107 0.1117 0.1398 0.1491 0.1515 0.1743 0.1916 0.1948 0.1916 0.2184 0.2250 0.1948 0.2250 0.2341 or (5.29b) Table 5.6 gives the variation of J,, with m and n (for 4, = 0) Example 5.4 Solve Example 5.1 using Eq. (5.29). Assume 42, = Solution From Example 5.1 From Table 5.6, for m = 0.2 and n = 0.4, the value of I,, ~ 0.0214. So ‘Ao = (150)(4 x 0.0214) = 12.84 KN/m* . ic Settlement Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay (uw, = 0.5) Janbu et al, (1956) proposed an equation for evaluating the average settlement of flexible foundations on saturated clay soils (Poisson’s ratio, j1, For the notation used in Figure 5.14, this equation is244 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement 1B S.= AAs 6 where A, is a function of H/B and L/B and Ay is a function of Dy/B. Christian and Carrier (1978) modified the values of A, and A, to some extent as pr sented in Figure 5.14. “TF iil y kK—B— 10 Ar 09 08 0 5 10 15 20 DIB on 1 10 100 1000 Figure 5.14 Values of A, and A for elastic settlement calculation—Eq, (5.30) (After Christian and Carrier, 1978) (Christian, J. T. and and Carrier, W. D. (1978). “Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsi's chart reinterpreted,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 15, pp. 123-128. © 2008 NRC Canada or its licensors. Reproduced with permission.)5.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 245 Table 5.7 Range of B for Clay (Eq. (5.31) Plasticity I Index ocr =1 ocr = 2 OcR=3 OCR = 4 OCR = 5 <30 1500-600 1380-500 1200-580, 950-380, 730-300, 3010 50 600-300 550-270 580-220 380-180 300-150 >50 300-150 270-120 220-100 180-90 150-75 “Interpolated from Duncan and Buchignani, (1976) The modulus of elasticity (E,) for clays can, in general, be given as E, = Bey (5.31) where c, = undrained shear strength, The parameter Bis primarily a function of the plasticity index and overconsolidation ratio, Table 5.7 provides a general range for B based on that proposed by Duncan and Buchignani (1976). In any case, proper judgment should be used in selecting the magnitude of B. Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity ‘The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated by using the theory of elasticity, From Hooke’s law, as applied to Figure 5.15, we obtain H s.= [es Load = g, unit area # $ [ (Ao, - w,Ao, - w,Ao,)dz (5.32) hy Incompressible Figure 5.15 Elastic settlement of shallow layer foundation246 Chapter : Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement where 5, = elastic settlement E, = modulus of elasticity of soil H = thickness of the soil layer 14, = Poisson’s ratio of the soil Ao, Ao, Aor, = stress increase due to the net applied foundation load in the x, y, and z directions, respectively Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible (see Figure 5.16 and Bowl 1987), the settlement may be expressed as Se = qo(aB') 63 where o = net applied pressure on the foundation 1, = Poisson’s ratio of soil E, = average modulus of elasticity of the soil under the foundation, measured from to about z = 5B B/2 for center of foundation = B for comer of foundation shape factor (Steinbrenner, 1934) 1-2, =Ft+ 6: 1 F=7(Ay+ Ay) 6 Foundation BX L i = Rigid Flexible foundation foundation settlement settlement /7 Poisson's ratio Figure 5.16 Elastic settlement of flexible and rigid foundations5.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 247 tan"'A, (5.36) (: + Vii 1)Vnl ea Ag = m'in (5.37) (mr + Vm? + ivi +n? _—— (5.38) im? +n? +1 Ar= (5.39) m+n? +1 Dy E, depth factor (Fox, 1948) = f( >. a. and (5.40) a factor that depends on the location on the foundation where settlement is being calculated To calculate settlement at the center of the foundation, we use and To calculate settlement at a corner of the foundation, In and B, B The variations of F, and F; [see Eqs. (5.35) and (5.36)] with m’ and n’ are given in Tables 5.8 and 5.9. Also, the variation of J; with D,/B (for 1, = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) is given in Table 5.10. These values are also given in more detailed form by Bowles (1987). The elasti settlement of a rigid foundation can be estimated as Sie 0938 iocmmen (Al)248 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Table 5.8 Variation of Fy with m’ and n’ aw v 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 3.0 35 40 025° 0.014 0.013 0012 0.011 0011-0011 0.010 0.010 0.100.010 0.50 0.049 0.046 0.044 0.042 0.041 0.040.038 0.380.037 .0R7 0.75 0.095 0.090 0.087 0.084 0.082 0.080 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.074 1.00 0.142 0.138 0.134 0.130 0.127 0.125 0.121 O18 O16 OLLI 125 0.186 0.183 0.179 0.176 0.173 0.170 0.165.161 0.158 0.157 150 0.224 0.224 0.222 0.219 0.216 0.213, 0.207 0.208 0.199 0.197 175 0.257 0.259 0.259 0.258 0.255 0.253 0.247 0.242 0.238 0.235 2.00 0.285 0.290 0.292 0.292 0.291 0.289 0.284 0.279 0.275 0271 2.25 0309 0317 0.321 0.323 (0.323 0322,- «0.317 0.313 0.308 0.305 2.50 0.330 0.341 0.347 0.350 0351-0351 0.348 0.344. 0340 0.336, 2.753 0.348 0.361 0.369 0.374 0.377 0.378-— 0.377 0.373 (0.369 0.365 3.00 0.363 0.379 (0.389 0.396 0.400 0.402 0.402 0.400 0.396 0.392 3.25 0.376 = 0.394 «0.406 0415 (0.420 0423-0426 0.424 04210418 3.50 0.388 = 0.408 0422 0.431 0.438 04420447 0.447 0444 OT 3.75 0.399 0.420 0.436 0.447 (0.454 0.460 0.467.458 0.466 0.464 4.00 0.408 0.431 0.448 0.460 0.469 0.476484 0.487.486 O84 425 0417 0440 0.458 0472-0481 04840495514. 0515 OSIS 450 0.424 0.450 0.469 0.484 0.495 0,503 0.516 0.521 0.522, 0522 475 0431 0458 (0.478 0.494 0.506 0515 0.530 0.536 0.539 0.539 5.00 0.437 0.465 (0.487 0.503 0.516 0.526 0.543 «0.551 0554 0.554 5.25 0483 047204940512 0.526 0.537 «0.555 (0.564 568 0.569 3.50 0448 0.478 0.501 0.520 0.334 0.346 0.966.976 U.581_ 0.584 5.75 0453 0.483 (0.508 0.527 0.542 0.555 0.576 (0.880.594 0.597 6.00 0457 04890514 0.534 0.550 0.563585 0.598 0,606 0.609 625 0461 0493 051905400557 0.570 0.594 0.609 0.617 0.621 650 0465 0.498 0.524 0.546 0.563 0.577 0.603 0.618 0.627 0.632 675 0468 0.502 0.529 0.551 0.569 0.584 0.610 0.627 0.637 0.643 7.00 0471 0.506 0.533. 0.556 0.575. (0.590.618 0.635 0.646 0.653 725 0474 0.509 0561 0.580 0.596 0.625 0.643 0.655 0.662 750 0477 0.513 0.565 0.585 0.601 «0.631 0.650 0,663 0.671 775 0.480 0.516 0.569 0.589 0.606 0.637 0.658 0.671_——0.680. 8.00 0.482 0.519 0573 0.594 0.611 0.643 (0.664 0.678 0.688 825 0485 0.522 0577 0.598 0.615. 0.648 (0.670 0.685 0.695 850 0487 0.524 0.580 0.601 0.619 0.653 (0.676 0.692 0.703 8.75 0489 0.527 0583 0.605 0.623 «0.658 0.682.698 0.710 9.00 0.491 0.529 0.587 0.609 0.627 (0.663 0.687 «0.705 0.716 925 0.493 0.589 0.612 0.631 (0.667 0.693. 0.710 0,723 950 0.495 0565 0592 0.615 0.634 0.671 0.697 0.716 0.719 975 0496 0.536 0.568 0.595 0.618 0.638 0.675 0.702 0.721 0.735 10.00 0.498 0.537 0.570 0.597 0.621 0.641 0.679 0.707 0.726 0.740. 20.00 052905750614 06470677 0.702 0.756 «0.70708 ——ORSR. 50.00 0.548 0.598 0.640 0.678. 0.711 0.740 (0.803 0.853.895 0.931 100.00 0.555 0.605 0.649 0.688 0.722 0.753 0.819.872, 0.918 0.9565.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 249 Table 5.8 (Continued) w 45 5.0 6.0 10 8.0 9.0 100 25.0 = 50.0 100.0 025 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010.010 H.0100.010 O10. 0.010 050 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 075 0.073 0.073 0.072, 0.072, 0.072, 0.072, 0.071.071 0.071. 0.071 100 0.114.113 0.120.112.1201 0.110 0.110 125 0.155 0.154 0.530.152 O.152_OIST IST 0.150 0.150 0.150 150 0.195 0.194 0.192.191 0.190 0.190 0.189 0.188 0.188 0.188 175 0.233 0.232 (0.229 0.228 0.227 0.226 «0.225 0.223, 0.223 0.223 2.00 0.269 0.267 0.264 0.262 0.261 0.260 0.259 0.257 0.256 0.256 225 0.302 0.300 0.296 0.294 0.291 0.291 0.287 0.287 (0.287 250 0.333. 0.331 0.324 0.321 0.320 0.316 0.315 0.315, 275 0,362 0.359 0.352 0.348 0.347 0.342 0.342 3.00 0.389 0.386 =—0.382—0.378 0374 0.373, 0.367 0.367 325 0415 0.412 0407 (0.403 0.399 0,307 0.390 0.390 350 0.438 0.430 © 0.427 0.421 0.420 0412 0411 375 0.461 04530449 (0.446 0.443 O41 0.432 0.432 400 0.4820. 0474 = 0.470 0.466. 0.464 (0.462 0451 0.451 425 0516 0496 0484 0.473. «0.471471 (0.470 0462 0.460 450 0520 0517 0513 0.508 0.505 0.502 0.499 0487 0.487 475 0537 05350530 0.526 0.523. 0.519 0.517 0.504 0,503 500 0554 0552 0548 0.543 0.540 0.536 0.534 0519 0519 525 0569 0.568 0.564 0.560 0.556 0.553. 0.550 0534 0.534 590 0.984 U9830579 0575 OST 0.508 0.585 0549 0.548 S75 0.597 0594 0590-0586 0.583 0.580 0.583 0.562 600 0611 0.608 0.604 0.601. 0.598 0.595, 0576 0.575 625 0.623 0.621 0.618 0.615 0.611 0.608 0589 0.588 650 0.635 0.635 0.634 0.631 0.628 0.625 0.622 0.601 0,600 675 0.646 0.647 0.646 0.644 0.641 0.637 0.634 0613 0612 7,00 0.656 0.658 «0.658 0.656 (0.653 0.650 (0.647 0.624 0.623 125 0.666 0.669 0.669 0.668 0.665 0.662 (0.659 0.635 0.634 750 0.676 0.679 0.680 0.679 0.676 -—0.673 0.670 0.646 0.645 175 0.685 (0.688 0.690 0.689 (0.687 0.684 0.681 0.656 0.655 8.00 0.694 0.697 0.700 0.700 0.698 0.695 0.692 0.666 0.665 825 0.702 0.706 = 0.710 0.710 0,708 0.705 0.703 0.676 0.675 850 0.710 0.714 0.719.719 0.718 0.715 0.713 0.686 0.684 875° 0.717 0.722. 0.727 0.728) 0.727, 0.725 0.723 0.695 0,693 9.00 0.725 0.730 0.736 0.737 (0.736 0.735. (0.732 0.710 0.704 0.702 925° 0.731 0.737 0.744 «0.746 0.745 0.744 0.742 0.719 0.713.711 950 0.738 0.744 0.752 0.754 0.754 0.753 0.751 0.728 0.721 0.719 975 0.744 (0.751 (0.759 0.762 0.762.761 0.759 0.737 0.729 0.727 10.00 0.750 0.758 0.766 = 0.770 0.770 0.770 0.768 0.745 0.738 0.735 m0 OTR -—«.896 0.925 0.945 0.959 0.969 0.977 0.982 0.965 0.957 5000 0.962 0.989 1.034 1.070, 1,100, 1.125.146 1.265 1.279 1.261 10000 0.990 1.020 1.072, 1.141.150 1.182.209 1.408 1.489 1.499250 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Table 5.9 Variation of F; with m’ and n’ Y 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 3.0 35 40 0.049 0.050 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0 0.052 0.074 0.077.080 «0.081 0.083 0.084 0.086. 0.086 0.0878 0.087 0.083 0.089 0.093 0,097 0.099 0.101 0.104. 0.106 0.107 0.108 0.083 0.091 0.098 0.102 0.106 0.109 0.114.117 0.190.120 0.080 0.089 0.096 0.102, 0.107 OTL 0.118 0.122 0.125 0.127 0.075 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.105 0.110 0.180.124 0.128 0.130 0.069 0.079 0.088 0.095 0.101 0.107 0.170.123 0.128.131 0.064 0.074 0.083 0.090 0.097 0.102, 0.114 0.121 0.127 0.131 0.059 0.069 0.077 0.085 0.092 0.098 0.110.119 0.125 0.130. 0.055 0.064 0.073. 0.080, «0.087 0.093 0.106 O.1IS 0.122 0.127 0.051 0.060 0.068 0.076. 0.082 0.089 0.102 OIE 0.190.125 0.048 0.056 0.064 0.071.078 0.084 0.097108 0.045 0.053 0.060 0.067 0.074. 0.080 0.093 0.104 0.120.119 0.042 0.050 0.057 (0.064 0.070 0.076 0.089 0.100 0.109.116 0.040 0.047 0.054 0,060 0.067 0.073 0.086 0.096 0.105.113 0.037 0.044 0.051 0.057 0.063 0.069 0.082 0.093 0.102.110 0.036 0.042 0.049 (0.055.061 0.066 0.079 0.090 0,099 0.107 0.034 0.040 0.046 0.052 0.058 0.063 0.076 0.086 0.096 0.104 0.032 0.038 0.044 0.050 0.055 0.061 0.073 0.083 0.093.101 0.031 0.036—-0.042 «0.048.053 0.058 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.029 0.035 0.040 0.046 0.051 0.056 0.067 0.078 0.087 0.095, 0.028 0.033 (0.039 0.044 0.049 0.054 0.065. 0.075 0.084 0.092 0.027 0.032 (0.037 0.042 0.047 0.052 0.063 0.073 0.082 0.090 0.026 0.031 0.036 0.040.045 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.079 0.087 0.025 0.030 0.034 0.039.044 0.048 0.058 0.068 0.077 0.085 0.024 0.029 0.033 0.038.042 0.046 0.056 0.066 0.075 0.083 0.023 0,028 0.032 0.036 0.041 0.045 0.055 0.064 0.073 0.080 0.022 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.053 0.062 0.071 0.078 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.034 0.038 0.042 0.051 0.060 0.069 0.076 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.04 0.059 0,067, 0.074 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.0320.036. 0.039 0.057 0,065 0.072 0.020 0.023 0.027 (0.031 «0.035 0.038 0.047 0.055. 0.063 OUT 0.019 0.023 0.026 0.030 0.034 (0.037 0.046 0.054 0,062 0.069 0.018 0.022 0.026 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.045 0.053 0.060 0.067 0.018 0.021 0.025. «0.028 0.032 0.035 0.043 0.051 0.059 0.066 0.017 0.021 0.028 0.031 (0.034——0.042 0.050 0,057 0.064 0.017 0.020 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.041 0.049 0.056 0.063 0.017 0.020 0.026 0.029 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.061 0.016 0.019 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.039 0.047 0.054 0.060 0.016 0.019 0.025 0.028 0.031 0.038 0.046 0.052 0.059 0.008 0.010 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.003 0.004 0.006 0,006 0.008 0.010 0.010.013 100.00 0.002 -0.002— 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 (0.0065.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 251 Table 5.9 (Continued) mm 7 45 5.0 60 10 80 9.0 100 25.0 50.0 100.0 025 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053. 0.053 0.053 050 0.087 (0.087—(0.088—0.088—0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088.088 075 0.109 0.109 0.109 0.110.110 O10 OO OO 100 0.121 0.122, 0.123, 0.123 0.124 0.124 0.124.125 0.125 0.125 125 0.128 0.130 0.131 0.132 0.132 01330133 0.840.134 0.134 150 0.132 0.134 0.136 0.137 0.138 0.138 0.139 0.140 0.140 0.140 17S 0.134 0.136 0.138.140 O.1410.142 0.142.144 0.144 0.145 200 0.134 0.136 0.139 0.141.143 0.144.145 0.147 0.147.148. 225 0.136 0.140 0.142 0.144 0.145 0.146 0.149 0.150 0.150 250 0.132 0.135 0.139 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.147 ISL OST. OSI 275 0.130 0.133 0.138 0.142.144 0.146 0.147 0.152 0.152 0.153 300 0.127 0.131 0.137 O.14T 144.450.147.152 O13 ONS 3250125 0.129 0.135 0.140 0.143 0.145 0.147013 0.140.154 350 0.122 0.126 0.133 0.138 0.142 0.144 0.146 0.153 0.150.155 375 0.119 0.124 0.131 0.137 0.141 0.143.145 OIS4 OSS LISS 400 0.116 0.121 0.129 0.135 0.139 0.142.145 .1540.155 0.156 425 0.113 0.119 0.127 0.133 0138 ONL O14 0.154 0,156 0.156 450 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.140 0.143 0.154 0.156 0.156 475 0.107 0.113 0.123 0.130 0.135 0.139 0.142.154 0.156 0.157 500 0.105 0.111 0.120 0.128 0.133 0.137 0.140 0.140.156 0.157 $25 0.102 0.108 0.118 0.126 0.131 0.136 0.139 0.154 0.156 0.157 550 0.099 0.106. 0.116 0.124 0.130 0.134 0.154 0.156 0.157 575 0.097 0.103, 0.113 0.122, 0.128 0.133 0.154 0.157 0.157 600 0.094 0.101 ONT 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.153 0.157 0.157 625 0.092 0.098 0.109 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.153 0.157 0.158 650 0.090 0.096 0.107 0.116 0.122 0.128 0.153 0.157 0.158 675 0.087 0.094 0.105 0.114 0,121 0.126 0.153 0.157 0.158 7.00 0.085 0.092 0.103 0.112 0.119 0.125 0.152 0.157 0.158 725 0.083 0.090 0.101 0.110 0.117 0.123 0.152 0.157 0.158 750 0.081 0.088 0.099 0.108 O.1S 0.121 0.152 0.156 0.158 775 0.079 0.086 0.097 0.106 0.114 0.120 O15! 0.156 0.158 800 0.077.084 0.095 0.104 OZ ULI. W131 0.156 0.158 825 0.076 0.082 0.093 0.102 0.110 0.117 0.150 0.156 0.158 850 0.074 0.080 0.091 0.101 0.108.115 0.150 0.156 0.158 875 0.072, 0.078 0.089 0.099 0.107, 0.114 0.150 0.156 0.158 9.00 0.071 0.077 0.088 0.097 0.105 0.112 0.149 0.156 0.158 925 0.069 0.075 0.086 0.096 0.104 0.110 0.116 0.149 0.156 0.158 950 0.068 0.074 0.085 0.094 0.102.109 0.148 = 0.156 0.158 975 0.066 0.072, 0.083. 0.092 0.100 0.107 0.148 0.156 0.158 10.00 0.065 0.071.082 0.091 0,099 0.106 0.147 0.156 0.158 20.00 0.035 0.039 (0.046 0.053. 0,059 0.065 0.124 0.148 0.156 50.00 © 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.071 = 0.113 0.142 10000 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.011 (0.013 0.014 0.039 = 0.071 0.113252 Chapter §: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Table 5.10 Variation of 1, with D,/B, B/L, and j., in eect My, DIB 02 05 10 03 0.2 095 0.93 0.90 4 090 086 O81 06 O85 080 0.74 10 078 071 065 04 0.2 097 0.96 0.93 o4 093 089 0.85 06 089° 0840.78 10 082 0.75 (0.69 0s 02 099 0.98 0.96 04 095 0.93 O89 06 092 087 ~—0.82 10 oss 079 072 Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of E, may vary with depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987) recommended using a weighted average of E, in Eq. (5.33), or VE wy Az z GAY where E,q) = soil modulus of elasticity within a depthAz % = H or SB, whichever is smaller Example 5.5 Refer to Figure 5.16 and consider a rigid square foundation 8 ft 8 ft in plan (D, = 4 fi) on a layer of normally consolidated sand. A rock layer is located at z = 36 ft. The fol lowing is an approximation of the standard penetration number (Nea) with z. zt) Neo 0-8 7 eal WL 21-36 14 Given: 42, = 0.3 and q, = 3500 Ib/ft?, Estimate the elastic settlement of the foundation. Use Eq, (2.29).5.10 Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 253 Solution Calculation of Average E, From Eq, (2.29), E, = pyaNey R=8 ft, p, ~ 2000 lb/ft’, and @ ~ 10 (since it is a normally consolidated clean sand). Given: H = 36 ft < SB. ‘The approximate variations of E, using Eq, (2.29) are given below. z(t) Azift) ME, (ib/ft?) 08 8 7 140,000 8-21 B i 220,000 21-36 1S 14 280,000 Using Eq. (5.42), ae ZEyyAzZ __ (140,000) (8) + (220,000) (13) + (280,000) (15) Goer a. 36 = 227,200 lb/ft Calculation of S, below the Center of the Foundation [Eq. (5.33)] From Table 5.8, F; = 0.491. From Table 5.9, F; = 0.017. 1 = (2)(0.3) 1-03 For 1, = 3, D/B = 4/8 = 0.5, and B/L = 1, the value of J, is about 0.78 (Table 5.10). T= 0491 + [ Joon = 0.5007 5. = (3500) (4 (Seo )(0007) (0.78) = 0.0876 ft ~ 1.05 in.254 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Calculation of S, for Rigid Foundation From Eq. (5.41), Searigiay ~ 0.93 Seiterivic, cones) = (1.05(0.93) = 0.9765 in, ~ 0.98 in. Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement In 1999, Mayne and Poulos presented an improved formula for calculating the elast¢ settlement of foundations. The formula takes into account the rigidity of the foundation, the depth of embedment of the foundation, the increase in the modulus of elasticity the soil with depth, and the location of rigid layers at a limited depth. To use Mayne Poulos’s equation, one needs to determine the equivalent diameter B, of a rectangu foundation, or (al where B = width of foundation L = length of foundation For circular foundations, 6. where B = diameter of foundation. Figure 5.17 shows a foundation with an equivalent diameter B, located at a depth Dy below the ground surface. Let the thickness of the foundation be # and the modulus of ei ticity of the foundation material be Ey. A rigid layer is located at a depth H below bottom of the foundation. The modulus of elasticity of the compressible soil layer can given as E, + kz G4 Stok faa oe Compressible Ms Rigid layer Figure 5.17 Improved eq y for calculating elastic sett Depth, = general parameters5.11 Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement 255 With the preceding parameters defined, the elastic settlement below the center of the foundation is qBlelele ( 2) E(1 — a? 4 Iw (5.46) where, Jc. = influence factor for the variation of E, with depth E, H a ( * BS i Ip = foundation rigidity correction factor J, = foundation embedment correction factor Figure 5.18 shows the variation of Ic, with B = E,/kB, and H/B,. The foundation rigidity correction factor can be expressed as p= + —__—__ (6.47) BIS Similarly, the embedment correction factor is Ip=1- (5.48) 3.5 exp(1.22m, — oa)( 2: + 1s) J Figures 5.19 and 5.20 show the variation of J, and /,; with terms expressed in Eqs. (5.47) and (5.48). 10 os 06 o4 02 0.012 460.1 1 10 100 Figure 5.18 Variation of Ic, with B256 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement 10 0.95 09 = 085 08 = Flexibility factor 0.75 Figure 5.19 Variation of 07 tot TM rigidity correction factor Ip 0.0012 4 0.01 ou Lo 100 100 with flexibility factor Ky Kr (Bq. (5.47)] Lo 0.95 09 = 085 08 07 29 Figure 5.20 Variation of ‘embedment correction factor Ip with Dy/B. [Eq (5.48)] For a shallow foundation supported by a silty clay, as shown in Figure 5.17, Length = L = 10ft : Width = B Depth of foundation = Dy = 5 ft5.11 Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement 257 Thickness of foundation = r = 1 ft Load per unit area = q, = 5000 lb/ft? Ey = 2.3 X 10° Ib/in® The silty clay soil has the following properties: H=12ft M, = 03 E, = 1400 Ib/in® k = 25 Ib/in?/ft Estimate the elastic settlement of the foundation, Solution From Eq, (5.43), the equivalent diameter is, _ [ape _ [()G)G0) _ B= = JOO” = r08 8 0 Br jin AAO, B= iB @sy(798) ~ 7 and H 12 TE Res From Figure 5.18, for 8 = 7.02 and 1/B, = 1.5, the value of I; ~ 0.69. From Eq. (5.47), pees eM 1 4 4.6 + 10! ze xe 1400 + Z)e From Eq. (5.48 ), 3.5 exp(1.22, — oa(# +1 I258 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement 3.5 exp{(1.22) (0.3) — oail From Eq, (5.46), aBelolel 2 E, (=H) so, with q, = 5000 Ib/ft’, it follows that 5000) (7.98) (0.69) (0.789) (0.908) ( (1400) (144) 1 — 0.3%) = 0.089 ft = 1.07 in. 5 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a semiempit strain influence factor proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978). According to this met (Figure 5.21), the settlement is an $= OGG- 9) beac 6 mes where strain influence factor C, = acorrection factor for the depth of foundation embedment = (a/@ - 4} a correction factor to account for creep in soil = 1 + 0.2 log (time in years/0.1) stress at the level of the foundation s$ at the base of the foundation q q = yD, = effective s E, = modulus of elasticity of soil ‘The recommended variation of the strain influence factor /, for square (L/B = 1) circular foundations and for foundations with L/B = 10 is shown in Figure 5.21. The diagrams for | < L/B < 10 can be interpolated. Note that the maximum value of /. [that is, /q)] occurs at z = z, and then reduces zero at z =z, The maximum value of /_ can be calculated as (6. where dia = effective stress at a depth of z; before construction of the foundation5.12 Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor 259 LB>10 Figure 5.21 Variation of strain influence factor with depth and L/B The following relations are suggested by Salgado (2008) for interpolation of Z.at 0, 2:/B, and z»/B for rectangular foundations. + Latz=0 0.1 + 0.0111 (51) + Variation of 2/8 for Lm) a i, S05 +00555(=-1) <1 . B28 osss(4 1) (5.52) + Variation of z/B 2 : 25 200{ = — . Fa 2+0 2(: ; (5.53) Schmertmann et al. (1978) suggested that 2.5q, (for square foundation) (5.54) and . E, = 3.5q, (for L/B = 10) (5.55) where q, = cone penetration resistance.260 Chapter 5: Shallow Foundations: Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement It appears reasonable to write (Terzaghi et al., 1996) L Ets) = ( +04 wool) sue 636 The procedure for calculating elastic settlement using Eq. (5.49) is given here (Figure 5.22). Step I. Plot the foundation and the variation of /, with depth to scale (Figure 5.22), Step 2. Using the correlation from standard penetration resistance (Ng) or cone: penetration resistance (q,), plot the actual variation of E, with depth (Figure 5.22b). Step 3. Approximate the actual variation of E, into a number of layers of soil hav- ing a constant E,, such as Ey1y, Eyay «+ + Eyo,,. Eun (Figure 5.22b). Step 4. Divide the soil layer from z = 0 to z = z; into a number of layers by drawing horizontal lines. The number of layers will depen on the break in continuity in the J. and E, diagrams. Step 5. Prepare a table (such as Table 5.11) to obtain eae Step 6. Calculate C, and Cy E. Step 7. Calculate S, from Eq, (5.49). @ Depth, < (by Figure 5.22 Procedure for calculation of S, using the strain influence factor